Habitat, Plant and Pollinator Guide Plants Plants Plants Plants Plants Woody plants Buddleia Wild Rose Heather Sea Holly Umbellifers Willowherb Dandelion Ragwort Feeding habitat Blackthorn Hawthorn Flower beds or pots Wildflowers Trees

Thick leaves, paler on underside, dense purple Thorny stems, pink/white flowers, red rosehips Low growing plant, woody stems, bell-shaped Waxy grey spiked leaves, bright blue flowerheads Several species. Hollow stems, clusters of small Tall, slender plants, long slender leaves, purple/ Hollow stems that bleed white if picked, toothed Flowers globular, yellow, clustered at top of stem flower spike flowers flowers on flat white flower head white flowers leaves, yellow flowers Includes flowers in planters or Includes wildflower meadows Includes trees, orchards, Oval leaves, long spines, white flowers, blue- Deeply lobed leaves, spiny branches,white shrubs, bushes and hedgerows black fruit flowers, red fruit pots, raised beds and borders and grassy verges Garden plants Sedum Verbena Thistle Knapweed Buttercup Vetches Nesting and shelter habitat Fruit trees Willow Chives Marjoram Bare ground Man-made homes Damp places

Stonecrops and Iceplant. Fleshy leaves, clusters Pink flowerhead in cluster at top of stem of small flowers on flat, bright flower head Spiny waxy leaves, globular purple/white flowers No spines, thistle-like purple flowers Divided leaves, cup-shaped, glossy yellow flowers Includes Bird’s-foot Trefoil, triplet leaves, yellow Round purple flowerhead, onion smell when Pointed-oval leaves, sweet-smelling pink/purple Includes bare earth and bee Includes bee hives, solitary bee Includes ponds, ditches, Includes cherry, apple, plum. White or pink Narrow leaves, fluffy yellow catkins in spring flowers often with orange base banks houses and bumblebee nests compost heaps and log piles flowers bruised flowerheads Wild plants

Other Bramble Ivy Mint Lavender Daisy Clover Nettle Dead-nettle This activity was created by the Open Air Laboratories Bare walls or fences Concrete or tarmac Short grass Network (OPAL) for Polli:Nation, a Heritage Lottery funded biodiversity and education project. Led by Learning through Landscapes, the project will support schools across the UK to transform their grounds into pollinator friendly habitats. This network of schools will spread knowledge, gather data and create ‘green /pollinatorschools stepping stones’ to assist insects in moving between areas. More information on Polli:Nation can be found at @LTL_Pollination www.polli-nation.co.uk

Includes brick or stone walls Includes paths, roads, car parks Areas where grass is mown or Thorny trailing stems, white or pink flowers, Climbing stems, glossy leaves, flowers yellow- Flowers in rings, minty smell when bruised Grows in clumps, fragrant blue or white Includes Oxeye. White petals round yellow centre Three-part leaves, round-oval pink/white flower- Stinging leaves and stems, white flowers not Similar to nettle but does not sting. Purple/white Colour illustrations by Chris Shields. © OPAL 2016. All rights reserved. and wooden or metal fences and playgrounds grazed by animals blackberry fruits green, clusters of black berries flowerheads heads always apparent flowers Habitat, Plant and Pollinator Guide Plants Plants Plants Plants Plants Woody plants Buddleia Wild Rose Heather Sea Holly Umbellifers Willowherb Dandelion Ragwort Feeding habitat Blackthorn Hawthorn Flower beds or pots Wildflowers Trees

Thick leaves, paler on underside, dense purple Thorny stems, pink/white flowers, red rosehips Low growing plant, woody stems, bell-shaped Waxy grey spiked leaves, bright blue flowerheads Several species. Hollow stems, clusters of small Tall, slender plants, long slender leaves, purple/ Hollow stems that bleed white if picked, toothed Flowers globular, yellow, clustered at top of stem flower spike flowers flowers on flat white flower head white flowers leaves, yellow flowers Includes flowers in planters or Includes wildflower meadows Includes trees, orchards, Oval leaves, long spines, white flowers, blue- Deeply lobed leaves, spiny branches,white shrubs, bushes and hedgerows black fruit flowers, red fruit pots, raised beds and borders and grassy verges Garden plants Sedum Verbena Thistle Knapweed Buttercup Vetches Nesting and shelter habitat Fruit trees Willow Chives Marjoram Bare ground Man-made homes Damp places

Stonecrops and Iceplant. Fleshy leaves, clusters Pink flowerhead in cluster at top of stem of small flowers on flat, bright flower head Spiny waxy leaves, globular purple/white flowers No spines, thistle-like purple flowers Divided leaves, cup-shaped, glossy yellow flowers Includes Bird’s-foot Trefoil, triplet leaves, yellow Round purple flowerhead, onion smell when Pointed-oval leaves, sweet-smelling pink/purple Includes bare earth and bee Includes bee hives, solitary bee Includes ponds, ditches, Includes cherry, apple, plum. White or pink Narrow leaves, fluffy yellow catkins in spring flowers often with orange base banks houses and bumblebee nests compost heaps and log piles flowers bruised flowerheads Wild plants

Other Bramble Ivy Mint Lavender Daisy Clover Nettle Dead-nettle This activity was created by the Open Air Laboratories Bare walls or fences Concrete or tarmac Short grass Network (OPAL) for Polli:Nation, a Heritage Lottery funded biodiversity and education project. Led by Learning through Landscapes, the project will support schools across the UK to transform their grounds into pollinator friendly habitats. This network of schools will spread knowledge, gather data and create ‘green /pollinatorschools stepping stones’ to assist insects in moving between areas. More information on Polli:Nation can be found at @LTL_Pollination www.polli-nation.co.uk

Includes brick or stone walls Includes paths, roads, car parks Areas where grass is mown or Thorny trailing stems, white or pink flowers, Climbing stems, glossy leaves, flowers yellow- Flowers in rings, minty smell when bruised Grows in clumps, fragrant blue or white Includes Oxeye. White petals round yellow centre Three-part leaves, round-oval pink/white flower- Stinging leaves and stems, white flowers not Similar to nettle but does not sting. Purple/white Colour illustrations by Chris Shields. © OPAL 2016. All rights reserved. and wooden or metal fences and playgrounds grazed by animals blackberry fruits green, clusters of black berries flowerheads heads always apparent flowers Habitat, Plant and Pollinator Guide Plants Plants Plants Plants Plants Woody plants Buddleia Wild Rose Heather Sea Holly Umbellifers Willowherb Dandelion Ragwort Feeding habitat Blackthorn Hawthorn Flower beds or pots Wildflowers Trees

Thick leaves, paler on underside, dense purple Thorny stems, pink/white flowers, red rosehips Low growing plant, woody stems, bell-shaped Waxy grey spiked leaves, bright blue flowerheads Several species. Hollow stems, clusters of small Tall, slender plants, long slender leaves, purple/ Hollow stems that bleed white if picked, toothed Flowers globular, yellow, clustered at top of stem flower spike flowers flowers on flat white flower head white flowers leaves, yellow flowers Includes flowers in planters or Includes wildflower meadows Includes trees, orchards, Oval leaves, long spines, white flowers, blue- Deeply lobed leaves, spiny branches,white shrubs, bushes and hedgerows black fruit flowers, red fruit pots, raised beds and borders and grassy verges Garden plants Sedum Verbena Thistle Knapweed Buttercup Vetches Nesting and shelter habitat Fruit trees Willow Chives Marjoram Bare ground Man-made homes Damp places

Stonecrops and Iceplant. Fleshy leaves, clusters Pink flowerhead in cluster at top of stem of small flowers on flat, bright flower head Spiny waxy leaves, globular purple/white flowers No spines, thistle-like purple flowers Divided leaves, cup-shaped, glossy yellow flowers Includes Bird’s-foot Trefoil, triplet leaves, yellow Round purple flowerhead, onion smell when Pointed-oval leaves, sweet-smelling pink/purple Includes bare earth and bee Includes bee hives, solitary bee Includes ponds, ditches, Includes cherry, apple, plum. White or pink Narrow leaves, fluffy yellow catkins in spring flowers often with orange base banks houses and bumblebee nests compost heaps and log piles flowers bruised flowerheads Wild plants

Other Bramble Ivy Mint Lavender Daisy Clover Nettle Dead-nettle This activity was created by the Open Air Laboratories Bare walls or fences Concrete or tarmac Short grass Network (OPAL) for Polli:Nation, a Heritage Lottery funded biodiversity and education project. Led by Learning through Landscapes, the project will support schools across the UK to transform their grounds into pollinator friendly habitats. This network of schools will spread knowledge, gather data and create ‘green /pollinatorschools stepping stones’ to assist insects in moving between areas. More information on Polli:Nation can be found at @LTL_Pollination www.polli-nation.co.uk

Includes brick or stone walls Includes paths, roads, car parks Areas where grass is mown or Thorny trailing stems, white or pink flowers, Climbing stems, glossy leaves, flowers yellow- Flowers in rings, minty smell when bruised Grows in clumps, fragrant blue or white Includes Oxeye. White petals round yellow centre Three-part leaves, round-oval pink/white flower- Stinging leaves and stems, white flowers not Similar to nettle but does not sting. Purple/white Colour illustrations by Chris Shields. © OPAL 2016. All rights reserved. and wooden or metal fences and playgrounds grazed by animals blackberry fruits green, clusters of black berries flowerheads heads always apparent flowers Habitat, Plant and Pollinator Guide Plants Plants Plants Plants Plants Woody plants Buddleia Wild Rose Heather Sea Holly Umbellifers Willowherb Dandelion Ragwort Feeding habitat Blackthorn Hawthorn Flower beds or pots Wildflowers Trees

Thick leaves, paler on underside, dense purple Thorny stems, pink/white flowers, red rosehips Low growing plant, woody stems, bell-shaped Waxy grey spiked leaves, bright blue flowerheads Several species. Hollow stems, clusters of small Tall, slender plants, long slender leaves, purple/ Hollow stems that bleed white if picked, toothed Flowers globular, yellow, clustered at top of stem flower spike flowers flowers on flat white flower head white flowers leaves, yellow flowers Includes flowers in planters or Includes wildflower meadows Includes trees, orchards, Oval leaves, long spines, white flowers, blue- Deeply lobed leaves, spiny branches,white shrubs, bushes and hedgerows black fruit flowers, red fruit pots, raised beds and borders and grassy verges Garden plants Sedum Verbena Thistle Knapweed Buttercup Vetches Nesting and shelter habitat Fruit trees Willow Chives Marjoram Bare ground Man-made homes Damp places

Stonecrops and Iceplant. Fleshy leaves, clusters Pink flowerhead in cluster at top of stem of small flowers on flat, bright flower head Spiny waxy leaves, globular purple/white flowers No spines, thistle-like purple flowers Divided leaves, cup-shaped, glossy yellow flowers Includes Bird’s-foot Trefoil, triplet leaves, yellow Round purple flowerhead, onion smell when Pointed-oval leaves, sweet-smelling pink/purple Includes bare earth and bee Includes bee hives, solitary bee Includes ponds, ditches, Includes cherry, apple, plum. White or pink Narrow leaves, fluffy yellow catkins in spring flowers often with orange base banks houses and bumblebee nests compost heaps and log piles flowers bruised flowerheads Wild plants

Other Bramble Ivy Mint Lavender Daisy Clover Nettle Dead-nettle This activity was created by the Open Air Laboratories Bare walls or fences Concrete or tarmac Short grass Network (OPAL) for Polli:Nation, a Heritage Lottery funded biodiversity and education project. Led by Learning through Landscapes, the project will support schools across the UK to transform their grounds into pollinator friendly habitats. This network of schools will spread knowledge, gather data and create ‘green /pollinatorschools stepping stones’ to assist insects in moving between areas. More information on Polli:Nation can be found at @LTL_Pollination www.polli-nation.co.uk

Includes brick or stone walls Includes paths, roads, car parks Areas where grass is mown or Thorny trailing stems, white or pink flowers, Climbing stems, glossy leaves, flowers yellow- Flowers in rings, minty smell when bruised Grows in clumps, fragrant blue or white Includes Oxeye. White petals round yellow centre Three-part leaves, round-oval pink/white flower- Stinging leaves and stems, white flowers not Similar to nettle but does not sting. Purple/white Colour illustrations by Chris Shields. © OPAL 2016. All rights reserved. and wooden or metal fences and playgrounds grazed by animals blackberry fruits green, clusters of black berries flowerheads heads always apparent flowers Habitat, Plant and Pollinator Guide Plants Plants Plants Plants Plants Woody plants Buddleia Wild Rose Heather Sea Holly Umbellifers Willowherb Dandelion Ragwort Feeding habitat Blackthorn Hawthorn Flower beds or pots Wildflowers Trees

Thick leaves, paler on underside, dense purple Thorny stems, pink/white flowers, red rosehips Low growing plant, woody stems, bell-shaped Waxy grey spiked leaves, bright blue flowerheads Several species. Hollow stems, clusters of small Tall, slender plants, long slender leaves, purple/ Hollow stems that bleed white if picked, toothed Flowers globular, yellow, clustered at top of stem flower spike flowers flowers on flat white flower head white flowers leaves, yellow flowers Includes flowers in planters or Includes wildflower meadows Includes trees, orchards, Oval leaves, long spines, white flowers, blue- Deeply lobed leaves, spiny branches,white shrubs, bushes and hedgerows black fruit flowers, red fruit pots, raised beds and borders and grassy verges Garden plants Sedum Verbena Thistle Knapweed Buttercup Vetches Nesting and shelter habitat Fruit trees Willow Chives Marjoram Bare ground Man-made homes Damp places

Stonecrops and Iceplant. Fleshy leaves, clusters Pink flowerhead in cluster at top of stem of small flowers on flat, bright flower head Spiny waxy leaves, globular purple/white flowers No spines, thistle-like purple flowers Divided leaves, cup-shaped, glossy yellow flowers Includes Bird’s-foot Trefoil, triplet leaves, yellow Round purple flowerhead, onion smell when Pointed-oval leaves, sweet-smelling pink/purple Includes bare earth and bee Includes bee hives, solitary bee Includes ponds, ditches, Includes cherry, apple, plum. White or pink Narrow leaves, fluffy yellow catkins in spring flowers often with orange base banks houses and bumblebee nests compost heaps and log piles flowers bruised flowerheads Wild plants

Other Bramble Ivy Mint Lavender Daisy Clover Nettle Dead-nettle This activity was created by the Open Air Laboratories Bare walls or fences Concrete or tarmac Short grass Network (OPAL) for Polli:Nation, a Heritage Lottery funded biodiversity and education project. Led by Learning through Landscapes, the project will support schools across the UK to transform their grounds into pollinator friendly habitats. This network of schools will spread knowledge, gather data and create ‘green /pollinatorschools stepping stones’ to assist insects in moving between areas. More information on Polli:Nation can be found at @LTL_Pollination www.polli-nation.co.uk

Includes brick or stone walls Includes paths, roads, car parks Areas where grass is mown or Thorny trailing stems, white or pink flowers, Climbing stems, glossy leaves, flowers yellow- Flowers in rings, minty smell when bruised Grows in clumps, fragrant blue or white Includes Oxeye. White petals round yellow centre Three-part leaves, round-oval pink/white flower- Stinging leaves and stems, white flowers not Similar to nettle but does not sting. Purple/white Colour illustrations by Chris Shields. © OPAL 2016. All rights reserved. and wooden or metal fences and playgrounds grazed by animals blackberry fruits green, clusters of black berries flowerheads heads always apparent flowers Habitat, Plant and Pollinator Guide Plants Plants Plants Plants Plants Woody plants Buddleia Wild Rose Heather Sea Holly Umbellifers Willowherb Dandelion Ragwort Feeding habitat Blackthorn Hawthorn Flower beds or pots Wildflowers Trees

Thick leaves, paler on underside, dense purple Thorny stems, pink/white flowers, red rosehips Low growing plant, woody stems, bell-shaped Waxy grey spiked leaves, bright blue flowerheads Several species. Hollow stems, clusters of small Tall, slender plants, long slender leaves, purple/ Hollow stems that bleed white if picked, toothed Flowers globular, yellow, clustered at top of stem flower spike flowers flowers on flat white flower head white flowers leaves, yellow flowers Includes flowers in planters or Includes wildflower meadows Includes trees, orchards, Oval leaves, long spines, white flowers, blue- Deeply lobed leaves, spiny branches,white shrubs, bushes and hedgerows black fruit flowers, red fruit pots, raised beds and borders and grassy verges Garden plants Sedum Verbena Thistle Knapweed Buttercup Vetches Nesting and shelter habitat Fruit trees Willow Chives Marjoram Bare ground Man-made homes Damp places

Stonecrops and Iceplant. Fleshy leaves, clusters Pink flowerhead in cluster at top of stem of small flowers on flat, bright flower head Spiny waxy leaves, globular purple/white flowers No spines, thistle-like purple flowers Divided leaves, cup-shaped, glossy yellow flowers Includes Bird’s-foot Trefoil, triplet leaves, yellow Round purple flowerhead, onion smell when Pointed-oval leaves, sweet-smelling pink/purple Includes bare earth and bee Includes bee hives, solitary bee Includes ponds, ditches, Includes cherry, apple, plum. White or pink Narrow leaves, fluffy yellow catkins in spring flowers often with orange base banks houses and bumblebee nests compost heaps and log piles flowers bruised flowerheads Wild plants

Other Bramble Ivy Mint Lavender Daisy Clover Nettle Dead-nettle This activity was created by the Open Air Laboratories Bare walls or fences Concrete or tarmac Short grass Network (OPAL) for Polli:Nation, a Heritage Lottery funded biodiversity and education project. Led by Learning through Landscapes, the project will support schools across the UK to transform their grounds into pollinator friendly habitats. This network of schools will spread knowledge, gather data and create ‘green /pollinatorschools stepping stones’ to assist insects in moving between areas. More information on Polli:Nation can be found at @LTL_Pollination www.polli-nation.co.uk

Includes brick or stone walls Includes paths, roads, car parks Areas where grass is mown or Thorny trailing stems, white or pink flowers, Climbing stems, glossy leaves, flowers yellow- Flowers in rings, minty smell when bruised Grows in clumps, fragrant blue or white Includes Oxeye. White petals round yellow centre Three-part leaves, round-oval pink/white flower- Stinging leaves and stems, white flowers not Similar to nettle but does not sting. Purple/white Colour illustrations by Chris Shields. © OPAL 2016. All rights reserved. and wooden or metal fences and playgrounds grazed by animals blackberry fruits green, clusters of black berries flowerheads heads always apparent flowers Pollinators Pollinators Species Quest Species Quest Species Quest Species Quest

Bumblebees Honeybees Butterflies Moths  Where to look  Identification features  Why we’d like you to record this species  Where to look  Identification features  Why we’d like you to record this species  Where to look  Identification features  Why we’d like you to record this species  Where to look  Identification features  Why we’d like you to record this species Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Lepidoptera Lepidoptera Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta) Holly Blue (Celastrina argiolus) Red-tailed Bumblebee (Bombus lapidarius) Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Present in all countries of the UK occurring in Caterpillars feed on Holly flower-buds in the Common in lowland England, Wales, Scotland all habitats. Caterpillars feed on Nettle. Adults Widely distributed. Honeybees can be active all spring, Ivy flower-buds in the autumn. Adults and Ireland. Collects pollen from a wide range  nectar on many flowers especially Buddleia and  year round, including mild days in the winter  often seen flying high above and around bushes  of flowering plants, including native wildflowers Ivy (Mar-Oct) and shrubs (Apr-May and also Aug-Sept) and some garden plants A bold and striking butterfly, mostly black with Body all black with a red tail. Males have yellow Smaller than a bumblebee. Brown bands on the two red bands and white markings. Wingspan A bright blue, small and fast flying species.  faces and yellow stripes. Look out for pollen  black abdomen. Body length of workers 14mm 64-78mm  Wingspan 26-34mm  sacs on the hind leg

Common in England and Wales, is this species This species is kept in hives by beekeepers, but How many can you spot and how early are they expanding its range in Northern Ireland and Is it spreading into Northern Scotland? there are also feral populations. Is it becoming Long seen?  Long Clubbed  Scotland?   less common? antennae Most antennae antennae species have Two pairs of Two pairs of feathered see-through see-through Butterflies antennae Meadow Brown (Maniola jurtina) Six-spot Burnet (Zygaena filipendulae) Common Carder Bumblebee (Bombus pascuorum) Thick-legged Flower Beetle (Oedemera nobilis) wings wings rest with their wings closed Most moths Present in all countries of the UK and an Round Striped ginger Present in all countries of the UK. Caterpillars A long tongued bee that collects pollen from Only found in England and Wales. Often seen vertically over rest with their indicator of grassy places such as meadows, furry body, brown body, feed on Bird’s-foot Trefoil. Adults seen in grassy deep tubed flowers including Foxglove and on open flowers, including Hawthorn and their body wings open road verges and gardens. Caterpillars feed    8-30mm 5-15mm areas (June-Aug) Dead-nettles Hogweed Various sizes Various sizes  on fine-leaved grasses. Adult butterflies seen fluttering across grasses often feeding on Daisy A long, thin black moth with 6 separate red Elongated body with long antennae. Wing cases species and Bramble (Jul-Sept) A ginger brown bumblebee with black hairs on Solitary bees Beetles Hoverflies Other flies dots on each wing and thick, black antenna. metallic blue-green that don’t meet in the Mainly brown with orange patches on the   the body. Body length 10-15mm  Wingspan 25-39mm middle. Body length 12mm Hymenoptera Coleoptera Diptera Diptera  forewing and a black ‘eye-spot’ with a white dot. Wingspan 40-60mm Once common in gardens in England and An indicator of flower-rich grassy places, how Widely distributed throughout the UK. Is it Can you attract more by creating areas with Wales, numbers have fallen in recent years. Is it  flowery is your grassland?  becoming less common across the UK?   long grass? doing better in urban or rural areas?

Brimstone (Gonepteryx rhamni) Marmalade Hoverfly (Episyrphus balteatus) Ashy Mining-bee (Andrena cineraria) Red Soldier Beetle (Rhagonycha fulva) Present in England and Wales, rare visitor to Widely distributed in England, Wales and This species will be seen busy nectaring on a Often seen on the flower heads of Umbellfiers Scotland and Northern Ireland. Caterpillars feed Northern Ireland. Collects pollen from many variety of flowers. In a good year large numbers where they are often found together in large on Buckthorn. Adults often seen flying along  different plants, including Buttercups, Brambles   can be seen numbers and many of them will be mating hedgerows and wooded areas (Mar-May and  and Wild Roses. Look out for colonies of this Long Short club- Short also Aug-Sept). Attract by planting Buckthorn species in the spring where bare earth banks antennae Red eyes. Thin ‘moustache-shaped’ line Hard outer like antennae antennae Vivid yellow-green colour with leaf shaped are in full sun Black antenna, long red/orange body and head, between the orange/yellow bands. Body length Two pairs of wing cases  wings. Always rest with wings closed. Wingspan   wing cases with black tips. 7-10mm long (elytra), wing Large eyes Large eyes 20mm Glossy blue-black abdomen. Grey hairs on the see-through 60-74mm wings cases meet One pair of  thorax. Body length 12mm. Active in Spring in the middle Striped body Narrower see-through Found in all countries of the UK . This species Once common in gardens, numbers have fallen forming a T Will providing nectar along hedgerows early in body than wings can migrate in large numbers from continental Is this species spreading into Scotland? in recent years. Is it doing better in urban or shape the year boost numbers? bumblebee,   Europe. Is it becoming less common?   rural areas? 3-15mm Various sizes Hovers or darts in flight, various sizes Various sizes Pollinators Pollinators Species Quest Species Quest Species Quest Species Quest

Bumblebees Honeybees Butterflies Moths  Where to look  Identification features  Why we’d like you to record this species  Where to look  Identification features  Why we’d like you to record this species  Where to look  Identification features  Why we’d like you to record this species  Where to look  Identification features  Why we’d like you to record this species Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Lepidoptera Lepidoptera Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta) Holly Blue (Celastrina argiolus) Red-tailed Bumblebee (Bombus lapidarius) Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Present in all countries of the UK occurring in Caterpillars feed on Holly flower-buds in the Common in lowland England, Wales, Scotland all habitats. Caterpillars feed on Nettle. Adults Widely distributed. Honeybees can be active all spring, Ivy flower-buds in the autumn. Adults and Ireland. Collects pollen from a wide range  nectar on many flowers especially Buddleia and  year round, including mild days in the winter  often seen flying high above and around bushes  of flowering plants, including native wildflowers Ivy (Mar-Oct) and shrubs (Apr-May and also Aug-Sept) and some garden plants A bold and striking butterfly, mostly black with Body all black with a red tail. Males have yellow Smaller than a bumblebee. Brown bands on the two red bands and white markings. Wingspan A bright blue, small and fast flying species.  faces and yellow stripes. Look out for pollen  black abdomen. Body length of workers 14mm 64-78mm  Wingspan 26-34mm  sacs on the hind leg

Common in England and Wales, is this species This species is kept in hives by beekeepers, but How many can you spot and how early are they expanding its range in Northern Ireland and Is it spreading into Northern Scotland? there are also feral populations. Is it becoming Long seen?  Long Clubbed  Scotland?   less common? antennae Most antennae antennae species have Two pairs of Two pairs of feathered see-through see-through Butterflies antennae Meadow Brown (Maniola jurtina) Six-spot Burnet (Zygaena filipendulae) Common Carder Bumblebee (Bombus pascuorum) Thick-legged Flower Beetle (Oedemera nobilis) wings wings rest with their wings closed Most moths Present in all countries of the UK and an Round Striped ginger Present in all countries of the UK. Caterpillars A long tongued bee that collects pollen from Only found in England and Wales. Often seen vertically over rest with their indicator of grassy places such as meadows, furry body, brown body, feed on Bird’s-foot Trefoil. Adults seen in grassy deep tubed flowers including Foxglove and on open flowers, including Hawthorn and their body wings open road verges and gardens. Caterpillars feed    8-30mm 5-15mm areas (June-Aug) Dead-nettles Hogweed Various sizes Various sizes  on fine-leaved grasses. Adult butterflies seen fluttering across grasses often feeding on Daisy A long, thin black moth with 6 separate red Elongated body with long antennae. Wing cases species and Bramble (Jul-Sept) A ginger brown bumblebee with black hairs on Solitary bees Beetles Hoverflies Other flies dots on each wing and thick, black antenna. metallic blue-green that don’t meet in the Mainly brown with orange patches on the   the body. Body length 10-15mm  Wingspan 25-39mm middle. Body length 12mm Hymenoptera Coleoptera Diptera Diptera  forewing and a black ‘eye-spot’ with a white dot. Wingspan 40-60mm Once common in gardens in England and An indicator of flower-rich grassy places, how Widely distributed throughout the UK. Is it Can you attract more by creating areas with Wales, numbers have fallen in recent years. Is it  flowery is your grassland?  becoming less common across the UK?   long grass? doing better in urban or rural areas?

Brimstone (Gonepteryx rhamni) Marmalade Hoverfly (Episyrphus balteatus) Ashy Mining-bee (Andrena cineraria) Red Soldier Beetle (Rhagonycha fulva) Present in England and Wales, rare visitor to Widely distributed in England, Wales and This species will be seen busy nectaring on a Often seen on the flower heads of Umbellfiers Scotland and Northern Ireland. Caterpillars feed Northern Ireland. Collects pollen from many variety of flowers. In a good year large numbers where they are often found together in large on Buckthorn. Adults often seen flying along  different plants, including Buttercups, Brambles   can be seen numbers and many of them will be mating hedgerows and wooded areas (Mar-May and  and Wild Roses. Look out for colonies of this Long Short club- Short also Aug-Sept). Attract by planting Buckthorn species in the spring where bare earth banks antennae Red eyes. Thin ‘moustache-shaped’ line Hard outer like antennae antennae Vivid yellow-green colour with leaf shaped are in full sun Black antenna, long red/orange body and head, between the orange/yellow bands. Body length Two pairs of wing cases  wings. Always rest with wings closed. Wingspan   wing cases with black tips. 7-10mm long (elytra), wing Large eyes Large eyes 20mm Glossy blue-black abdomen. Grey hairs on the see-through 60-74mm wings cases meet One pair of  thorax. Body length 12mm. Active in Spring in the middle Striped body Narrower see-through Found in all countries of the UK . This species Once common in gardens, numbers have fallen forming a T Will providing nectar along hedgerows early in body than wings can migrate in large numbers from continental Is this species spreading into Scotland? in recent years. Is it doing better in urban or shape the year boost numbers? bumblebee,   Europe. Is it becoming less common?   rural areas? 3-15mm Various sizes Hovers or darts in flight, various sizes Various sizes Pollinators Pollinators Species Quest Species Quest Species Quest Species Quest

Bumblebees Honeybees Butterflies Moths  Where to look  Identification features  Why we’d like you to record this species  Where to look  Identification features  Why we’d like you to record this species  Where to look  Identification features  Why we’d like you to record this species  Where to look  Identification features  Why we’d like you to record this species Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Lepidoptera Lepidoptera Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta) Holly Blue (Celastrina argiolus) Red-tailed Bumblebee (Bombus lapidarius) Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Present in all countries of the UK occurring in Caterpillars feed on Holly flower-buds in the Common in lowland England, Wales, Scotland all habitats. Caterpillars feed on Nettle. Adults Widely distributed. Honeybees can be active all spring, Ivy flower-buds in the autumn. Adults and Ireland. Collects pollen from a wide range  nectar on many flowers especially Buddleia and  year round, including mild days in the winter  often seen flying high above and around bushes  of flowering plants, including native wildflowers Ivy (Mar-Oct) and shrubs (Apr-May and also Aug-Sept) and some garden plants A bold and striking butterfly, mostly black with Body all black with a red tail. Males have yellow Smaller than a bumblebee. Brown bands on the two red bands and white markings. Wingspan A bright blue, small and fast flying species.  faces and yellow stripes. Look out for pollen  black abdomen. Body length of workers 14mm 64-78mm  Wingspan 26-34mm  sacs on the hind leg

Common in England and Wales, is this species This species is kept in hives by beekeepers, but How many can you spot and how early are they expanding its range in Northern Ireland and Is it spreading into Northern Scotland? there are also feral populations. Is it becoming Long seen?  Long Clubbed  Scotland?   less common? antennae Most antennae antennae species have Two pairs of Two pairs of feathered see-through see-through Butterflies antennae Meadow Brown (Maniola jurtina) Six-spot Burnet (Zygaena filipendulae) Common Carder Bumblebee (Bombus pascuorum) Thick-legged Flower Beetle (Oedemera nobilis) wings wings rest with their wings closed Most moths Present in all countries of the UK and an Round Striped ginger Present in all countries of the UK. Caterpillars A long tongued bee that collects pollen from Only found in England and Wales. Often seen vertically over rest with their indicator of grassy places such as meadows, furry body, brown body, feed on Bird’s-foot Trefoil. Adults seen in grassy deep tubed flowers including Foxglove and on open flowers, including Hawthorn and their body wings open road verges and gardens. Caterpillars feed    8-30mm 5-15mm areas (June-Aug) Dead-nettles Hogweed Various sizes Various sizes  on fine-leaved grasses. Adult butterflies seen fluttering across grasses often feeding on Daisy A long, thin black moth with 6 separate red Elongated body with long antennae. Wing cases species and Bramble (Jul-Sept) A ginger brown bumblebee with black hairs on Solitary bees Beetles Hoverflies Other flies dots on each wing and thick, black antenna. metallic blue-green that don’t meet in the Mainly brown with orange patches on the   the body. Body length 10-15mm  Wingspan 25-39mm middle. Body length 12mm Hymenoptera Coleoptera Diptera Diptera  forewing and a black ‘eye-spot’ with a white dot. Wingspan 40-60mm Once common in gardens in England and An indicator of flower-rich grassy places, how Widely distributed throughout the UK. Is it Can you attract more by creating areas with Wales, numbers have fallen in recent years. Is it  flowery is your grassland?  becoming less common across the UK?   long grass? doing better in urban or rural areas?

Brimstone (Gonepteryx rhamni) Marmalade Hoverfly (Episyrphus balteatus) Ashy Mining-bee (Andrena cineraria) Red Soldier Beetle (Rhagonycha fulva) Present in England and Wales, rare visitor to Widely distributed in England, Wales and This species will be seen busy nectaring on a Often seen on the flower heads of Umbellfiers Scotland and Northern Ireland. Caterpillars feed Northern Ireland. Collects pollen from many variety of flowers. In a good year large numbers where they are often found together in large on Buckthorn. Adults often seen flying along  different plants, including Buttercups, Brambles   can be seen numbers and many of them will be mating hedgerows and wooded areas (Mar-May and  and Wild Roses. Look out for colonies of this Long Short club- Short also Aug-Sept). Attract by planting Buckthorn species in the spring where bare earth banks antennae Red eyes. Thin ‘moustache-shaped’ line Hard outer like antennae antennae Vivid yellow-green colour with leaf shaped are in full sun Black antenna, long red/orange body and head, between the orange/yellow bands. Body length Two pairs of wing cases  wings. Always rest with wings closed. Wingspan   wing cases with black tips. 7-10mm long (elytra), wing Large eyes Large eyes 20mm Glossy blue-black abdomen. Grey hairs on the see-through 60-74mm wings cases meet One pair of  thorax. Body length 12mm. Active in Spring in the middle Striped body Narrower see-through Found in all countries of the UK . This species Once common in gardens, numbers have fallen forming a T Will providing nectar along hedgerows early in body than wings can migrate in large numbers from continental Is this species spreading into Scotland? in recent years. Is it doing better in urban or shape the year boost numbers? bumblebee,   Europe. Is it becoming less common?   rural areas? 3-15mm Various sizes Hovers or darts in flight, various sizes Various sizes Pollinators Pollinators Species Quest Species Quest Species Quest Species Quest

Bumblebees Honeybees Butterflies Moths  Where to look  Identification features  Why we’d like you to record this species  Where to look  Identification features  Why we’d like you to record this species  Where to look  Identification features  Why we’d like you to record this species  Where to look  Identification features  Why we’d like you to record this species Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Lepidoptera Lepidoptera Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta) Holly Blue (Celastrina argiolus) Red-tailed Bumblebee (Bombus lapidarius) Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Present in all countries of the UK occurring in Caterpillars feed on Holly flower-buds in the Common in lowland England, Wales, Scotland all habitats. Caterpillars feed on Nettle. Adults Widely distributed. Honeybees can be active all spring, Ivy flower-buds in the autumn. Adults and Ireland. Collects pollen from a wide range  nectar on many flowers especially Buddleia and  year round, including mild days in the winter  often seen flying high above and around bushes  of flowering plants, including native wildflowers Ivy (Mar-Oct) and shrubs (Apr-May and also Aug-Sept) and some garden plants A bold and striking butterfly, mostly black with Body all black with a red tail. Males have yellow Smaller than a bumblebee. Brown bands on the two red bands and white markings. Wingspan A bright blue, small and fast flying species.  faces and yellow stripes. Look out for pollen  black abdomen. Body length of workers 14mm 64-78mm  Wingspan 26-34mm  sacs on the hind leg

Common in England and Wales, is this species This species is kept in hives by beekeepers, but How many can you spot and how early are they expanding its range in Northern Ireland and Is it spreading into Northern Scotland? there are also feral populations. Is it becoming Long seen?  Long Clubbed  Scotland?   less common? antennae Most antennae antennae species have Two pairs of Two pairs of feathered see-through see-through Butterflies antennae Meadow Brown (Maniola jurtina) Six-spot Burnet (Zygaena filipendulae) Common Carder Bumblebee (Bombus pascuorum) Thick-legged Flower Beetle (Oedemera nobilis) wings wings rest with their wings closed Most moths Present in all countries of the UK and an Round Striped ginger Present in all countries of the UK. Caterpillars A long tongued bee that collects pollen from Only found in England and Wales. Often seen vertically over rest with their indicator of grassy places such as meadows, furry body, brown body, feed on Bird’s-foot Trefoil. Adults seen in grassy deep tubed flowers including Foxglove and on open flowers, including Hawthorn and their body wings open road verges and gardens. Caterpillars feed    8-30mm 5-15mm areas (June-Aug) Dead-nettles Hogweed Various sizes Various sizes  on fine-leaved grasses. Adult butterflies seen fluttering across grasses often feeding on Daisy A long, thin black moth with 6 separate red Elongated body with long antennae. Wing cases species and Bramble (Jul-Sept) A ginger brown bumblebee with black hairs on Solitary bees Beetles Hoverflies Other flies dots on each wing and thick, black antenna. metallic blue-green that don’t meet in the Mainly brown with orange patches on the   the body. Body length 10-15mm  Wingspan 25-39mm middle. Body length 12mm Hymenoptera Coleoptera Diptera Diptera  forewing and a black ‘eye-spot’ with a white dot. Wingspan 40-60mm Once common in gardens in England and An indicator of flower-rich grassy places, how Widely distributed throughout the UK. Is it Can you attract more by creating areas with Wales, numbers have fallen in recent years. Is it  flowery is your grassland?  becoming less common across the UK?   long grass? doing better in urban or rural areas?

Brimstone (Gonepteryx rhamni) Marmalade Hoverfly (Episyrphus balteatus) Ashy Mining-bee (Andrena cineraria) Red Soldier Beetle (Rhagonycha fulva) Present in England and Wales, rare visitor to Widely distributed in England, Wales and This species will be seen busy nectaring on a Often seen on the flower heads of Umbellfiers Scotland and Northern Ireland. Caterpillars feed Northern Ireland. Collects pollen from many variety of flowers. In a good year large numbers where they are often found together in large on Buckthorn. Adults often seen flying along  different plants, including Buttercups, Brambles   can be seen numbers and many of them will be mating hedgerows and wooded areas (Mar-May and  and Wild Roses. Look out for colonies of this Long Short club- Short also Aug-Sept). Attract by planting Buckthorn species in the spring where bare earth banks antennae Red eyes. Thin ‘moustache-shaped’ line Hard outer like antennae antennae Vivid yellow-green colour with leaf shaped are in full sun Black antenna, long red/orange body and head, between the orange/yellow bands. Body length Two pairs of wing cases  wings. Always rest with wings closed. Wingspan   wing cases with black tips. 7-10mm long (elytra), wing Large eyes Large eyes 20mm Glossy blue-black abdomen. Grey hairs on the see-through 60-74mm wings cases meet One pair of  thorax. Body length 12mm. Active in Spring in the middle Striped body Narrower see-through Found in all countries of the UK . This species Once common in gardens, numbers have fallen forming a T Will providing nectar along hedgerows early in body than wings can migrate in large numbers from continental Is this species spreading into Scotland? in recent years. Is it doing better in urban or shape the year boost numbers? bumblebee,   Europe. Is it becoming less common?   rural areas? 3-15mm Various sizes Hovers or darts in flight, various sizes Various sizes Pollinators Pollinators Species Quest Species Quest Species Quest Species Quest

Bumblebees Honeybees Butterflies Moths  Where to look  Identification features  Why we’d like you to record this species  Where to look  Identification features  Why we’d like you to record this species  Where to look  Identification features  Why we’d like you to record this species  Where to look  Identification features  Why we’d like you to record this species Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Lepidoptera Lepidoptera Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta) Holly Blue (Celastrina argiolus) Red-tailed Bumblebee (Bombus lapidarius) Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Present in all countries of the UK occurring in Caterpillars feed on Holly flower-buds in the Common in lowland England, Wales, Scotland all habitats. Caterpillars feed on Nettle. Adults Widely distributed. Honeybees can be active all spring, Ivy flower-buds in the autumn. Adults and Ireland. Collects pollen from a wide range  nectar on many flowers especially Buddleia and  year round, including mild days in the winter  often seen flying high above and around bushes  of flowering plants, including native wildflowers Ivy (Mar-Oct) and shrubs (Apr-May and also Aug-Sept) and some garden plants A bold and striking butterfly, mostly black with Body all black with a red tail. Males have yellow Smaller than a bumblebee. Brown bands on the two red bands and white markings. Wingspan A bright blue, small and fast flying species.  faces and yellow stripes. Look out for pollen  black abdomen. Body length of workers 14mm 64-78mm  Wingspan 26-34mm  sacs on the hind leg

Common in England and Wales, is this species This species is kept in hives by beekeepers, but How many can you spot and how early are they expanding its range in Northern Ireland and Is it spreading into Northern Scotland? there are also feral populations. Is it becoming Long seen?  Long Clubbed  Scotland?   less common? antennae Most antennae antennae species have Two pairs of Two pairs of feathered see-through see-through Butterflies antennae Meadow Brown (Maniola jurtina) Six-spot Burnet (Zygaena filipendulae) Common Carder Bumblebee (Bombus pascuorum) Thick-legged Flower Beetle (Oedemera nobilis) wings wings rest with their wings closed Most moths Present in all countries of the UK and an Round Striped ginger Present in all countries of the UK. Caterpillars A long tongued bee that collects pollen from Only found in England and Wales. Often seen vertically over rest with their indicator of grassy places such as meadows, furry body, brown body, feed on Bird’s-foot Trefoil. Adults seen in grassy deep tubed flowers including Foxglove and on open flowers, including Hawthorn and their body wings open road verges and gardens. Caterpillars feed    8-30mm 5-15mm areas (June-Aug) Dead-nettles Hogweed Various sizes Various sizes  on fine-leaved grasses. Adult butterflies seen fluttering across grasses often feeding on Daisy A long, thin black moth with 6 separate red Elongated body with long antennae. Wing cases species and Bramble (Jul-Sept) A ginger brown bumblebee with black hairs on Solitary bees Beetles Hoverflies Other flies dots on each wing and thick, black antenna. metallic blue-green that don’t meet in the Mainly brown with orange patches on the   the body. Body length 10-15mm  Wingspan 25-39mm middle. Body length 12mm Hymenoptera Coleoptera Diptera Diptera  forewing and a black ‘eye-spot’ with a white dot. Wingspan 40-60mm Once common in gardens in England and An indicator of flower-rich grassy places, how Widely distributed throughout the UK. Is it Can you attract more by creating areas with Wales, numbers have fallen in recent years. Is it  flowery is your grassland?  becoming less common across the UK?   long grass? doing better in urban or rural areas?

Brimstone (Gonepteryx rhamni) Marmalade Hoverfly (Episyrphus balteatus) Ashy Mining-bee (Andrena cineraria) Red Soldier Beetle (Rhagonycha fulva) Present in England and Wales, rare visitor to Widely distributed in England, Wales and This species will be seen busy nectaring on a Often seen on the flower heads of Umbellfiers Scotland and Northern Ireland. Caterpillars feed Northern Ireland. Collects pollen from many variety of flowers. In a good year large numbers where they are often found together in large on Buckthorn. Adults often seen flying along  different plants, including Buttercups, Brambles   can be seen numbers and many of them will be mating hedgerows and wooded areas (Mar-May and  and Wild Roses. Look out for colonies of this Long Short club- Short also Aug-Sept). Attract by planting Buckthorn species in the spring where bare earth banks antennae Red eyes. Thin ‘moustache-shaped’ line Hard outer like antennae antennae Vivid yellow-green colour with leaf shaped are in full sun Black antenna, long red/orange body and head, between the orange/yellow bands. Body length Two pairs of wing cases  wings. Always rest with wings closed. Wingspan   wing cases with black tips. 7-10mm long (elytra), wing Large eyes Large eyes 20mm Glossy blue-black abdomen. Grey hairs on the see-through 60-74mm wings cases meet One pair of  thorax. Body length 12mm. Active in Spring in the middle Striped body Narrower see-through Found in all countries of the UK . This species Once common in gardens, numbers have fallen forming a T Will providing nectar along hedgerows early in body than wings can migrate in large numbers from continental Is this species spreading into Scotland? in recent years. Is it doing better in urban or shape the year boost numbers? bumblebee,   Europe. Is it becoming less common?   rural areas? 3-15mm Various sizes Hovers or darts in flight, various sizes Various sizes Pollinators Pollinators Species Quest Species Quest Species Quest Species Quest

Bumblebees Honeybees Butterflies Moths  Where to look  Identification features  Why we’d like you to record this species  Where to look  Identification features  Why we’d like you to record this species  Where to look  Identification features  Why we’d like you to record this species  Where to look  Identification features  Why we’d like you to record this species Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Lepidoptera Lepidoptera Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta) Holly Blue (Celastrina argiolus) Red-tailed Bumblebee (Bombus lapidarius) Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Present in all countries of the UK occurring in Caterpillars feed on Holly flower-buds in the Common in lowland England, Wales, Scotland all habitats. Caterpillars feed on Nettle. Adults Widely distributed. Honeybees can be active all spring, Ivy flower-buds in the autumn. Adults and Ireland. Collects pollen from a wide range  nectar on many flowers especially Buddleia and  year round, including mild days in the winter  often seen flying high above and around bushes  of flowering plants, including native wildflowers Ivy (Mar-Oct) and shrubs (Apr-May and also Aug-Sept) and some garden plants A bold and striking butterfly, mostly black with Body all black with a red tail. Males have yellow Smaller than a bumblebee. Brown bands on the two red bands and white markings. Wingspan A bright blue, small and fast flying species.  faces and yellow stripes. Look out for pollen  black abdomen. Body length of workers 14mm 64-78mm  Wingspan 26-34mm  sacs on the hind leg

Common in England and Wales, is this species This species is kept in hives by beekeepers, but How many can you spot and how early are they expanding its range in Northern Ireland and Is it spreading into Northern Scotland? there are also feral populations. Is it becoming Long seen?  Long Clubbed  Scotland?   less common? antennae Most antennae antennae species have Two pairs of Two pairs of feathered see-through see-through Butterflies antennae Meadow Brown (Maniola jurtina) Six-spot Burnet (Zygaena filipendulae) Common Carder Bumblebee (Bombus pascuorum) Thick-legged Flower Beetle (Oedemera nobilis) wings wings rest with their wings closed Most moths Present in all countries of the UK and an Round Striped ginger Present in all countries of the UK. Caterpillars A long tongued bee that collects pollen from Only found in England and Wales. Often seen vertically over rest with their indicator of grassy places such as meadows, furry body, brown body, feed on Bird’s-foot Trefoil. Adults seen in grassy deep tubed flowers including Foxglove and on open flowers, including Hawthorn and their body wings open road verges and gardens. Caterpillars feed    8-30mm 5-15mm areas (June-Aug) Dead-nettles Hogweed Various sizes Various sizes  on fine-leaved grasses. Adult butterflies seen fluttering across grasses often feeding on Daisy A long, thin black moth with 6 separate red Elongated body with long antennae. Wing cases species and Bramble (Jul-Sept) A ginger brown bumblebee with black hairs on Solitary bees Beetles Hoverflies Other flies dots on each wing and thick, black antenna. metallic blue-green that don’t meet in the Mainly brown with orange patches on the   the body. Body length 10-15mm  Wingspan 25-39mm middle. Body length 12mm Hymenoptera Coleoptera Diptera Diptera  forewing and a black ‘eye-spot’ with a white dot. Wingspan 40-60mm Once common in gardens in England and An indicator of flower-rich grassy places, how Widely distributed throughout the UK. Is it Can you attract more by creating areas with Wales, numbers have fallen in recent years. Is it  flowery is your grassland?  becoming less common across the UK?   long grass? doing better in urban or rural areas?

Brimstone (Gonepteryx rhamni) Marmalade Hoverfly (Episyrphus balteatus) Ashy Mining-bee (Andrena cineraria) Red Soldier Beetle (Rhagonycha fulva) Present in England and Wales, rare visitor to Widely distributed in England, Wales and This species will be seen busy nectaring on a Often seen on the flower heads of Umbellfiers Scotland and Northern Ireland. Caterpillars feed Northern Ireland. Collects pollen from many variety of flowers. In a good year large numbers where they are often found together in large on Buckthorn. Adults often seen flying along  different plants, including Buttercups, Brambles   can be seen numbers and many of them will be mating hedgerows and wooded areas (Mar-May and  and Wild Roses. Look out for colonies of this Long Short club- Short also Aug-Sept). Attract by planting Buckthorn species in the spring where bare earth banks antennae Red eyes. Thin ‘moustache-shaped’ line Hard outer like antennae antennae Vivid yellow-green colour with leaf shaped are in full sun Black antenna, long red/orange body and head, between the orange/yellow bands. Body length Two pairs of wing cases  wings. Always rest with wings closed. Wingspan   wing cases with black tips. 7-10mm long (elytra), wing Large eyes Large eyes 20mm Glossy blue-black abdomen. Grey hairs on the see-through 60-74mm wings cases meet One pair of  thorax. Body length 12mm. Active in Spring in the middle Striped body Narrower see-through Found in all countries of the UK . This species Once common in gardens, numbers have fallen forming a T Will providing nectar along hedgerows early in body than wings can migrate in large numbers from continental Is this species spreading into Scotland? in recent years. Is it doing better in urban or shape the year boost numbers? bumblebee,   Europe. Is it becoming less common?   rural areas? 3-15mm Various sizes Hovers or darts in flight, various sizes Various sizes