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Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014

1933 Emily Dickinson's knowledge of the classical and European philosophers and their influence on her prose and poetry Mary G. Baker University of Massachusetts Amherst

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This thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EMILY DICKINSON'S KNOWLEDGE OF THE

CLASSICAL AND EUROPEAN PHILOSOPHERS AND

THEIR INFLUENCE ON HER PROSE MD WEil Y

HHi

Snily Dickinson's

Knowledge of the Classical and European Philosophers

Their Influence on Her Prose and Poetry

Mary G. Baker

Thesis Submitted for The Degree of Master of Science

Massachusetts State College, Amherst.

1933 PHILOSOPHICAL INFLUENCES OH EMILY DICKINSON

Much has already been said by critics and biographers re- garding Emily Dickinson's philosophy. So far, however, the discussion of material on this subject has been confined to a have given her mysticism or transcendentalism. Most authors philosophy to the entire credit for the Amherst poetess'

Blake, the mystic. Ho Emerson, the transcendental i st ; or to influenced by hint has been made that she might have been that she was, other philosophers. It is my purpose to prove

of them for their teach- or at least had sufficient knowledge

she was uninfluenced by ings to affect her work. Hot that influenced also by Emerson or the mystics, but that she was

the classical and European philosophers.

Work Done Regarding Emily's Philosophy Taggard and Josephine fwo of her biographers, Genevieve Consolation Upside Philosophy, Pollitt, consider important her disappointment by which was Emily's habit of discounting on her work it is anticipating it. In leading commentaries philosophy of life. (1) often listed as Emily Dickinson's Emerson's Doctrine of Compensa- This theory closely resemble. fullness by hunger." and so it tion, -Know light by darkness, Conrad Aiken says, -She (Emily) is attributed to him. (2)

of mystical individualism." became prey to Emerson's doctrine most perfect "Emily Dickinson was the (3) Aiken says further. - 2 - flower of Hew England transcendentalism. H (H) Other writeri consider her, "A symbolist having an environment of

spirituality evident; one who found new objects of worship

as did Emerson;" (5) "An escaped Puritan. .a mystic; " (6)

"A mystic through love." (7) Her poem, "I Taste A Liquor

Never Brewed" is compared to Emerson's Humble Bee and also

con- to poems by Blake and Heine. (S) Uacgregor Jenkins

siders Emily Dickinson as having had, "A mystic kinship

with nature. « (9)

Emerson

one in Of the contemporary philosophers the only be Emer- whom Emily Dickinson shows any interest seems to mention possessing ids son. Emily does not definitely Emily owned a copy of works, but Madame Bianchi says that man of her day Emerson. Ee was the outstanding literary most interested. and one in whom she probably would be

lecture in December 1857. In fact he came to Amherst to and stayed overnight when Emily was 27 years old. (10),

the Dickinson home- with Emily's brother, next door to meeting him, but stead. There is no record of Emily's

of her frequent notes she did mention his visit in one Critics are constantly to Sue, her sister-in-law. (11) and it seems the con- comparing Emily to Emerson. (12).

was iaf luenced by census of her biographers that she mentions him in her poetry, him. (13) However, she never ideas to him. nor attributes any of her - 3 -

Adler

Madame Bianchi speaks of Stanley Coit, a disciple Ethical of Felix Adler, the founder of the Society of philosophic Culture and a forerunner of many modern home. tendencies, who visited at the Austin Dickinson

this visit, Madame Bianchi does not give the date of

(lU) How- nor does she say that Eaily met Mr. Doit. time in the ever Adler «s works were reviewed at that magazine in Atlantic Monthly, which was the principal

the Dickinson home. (15)

Thoreau

Emily Dickinson Miss laggard feels strongly that philosophy of may have been influenced by Thoreau' s toward solitude. (17) life, or at least by his attitude only twice in the works However, Emily mentions Thoreau

-The firebells are published to date: in her letters, Thoreau would wonder oftener now than the churchbells. and in a note to which would do the most harm" (18).

the sea shore, "Was the sea Sue during Sue's visit to Heither is a cordial? Kiss him for Thoreau". (19) interesting in that she very profound utterance, but

evidently thought about Thoreau.

Contemporary European Philosophers with Schelling. Emily Dickinson was contemporary and Nietzsche. European Schopenhauer. Bergson. Spencer influenced modem thought. philosophers who have greatly reviews of Monthly which carried She read the Atlantic - U -

while she does the works of some of these men (20), and have had not refer to them definitely she mast surely

work; yet no critic some knowledge of their existence and

interest to find just or biographer has yet shown enough prose of Emily how much or how little the poetry and fore- Dickinson were influenced by these men, their of philosophy, runners, or members of the classic school some of whom she mentions by name.

My Own Research

have read all the In order to accomplish this end I about Emily Dickin- available published material by and

for the philosophical son. (21) For the background of Philosophy by fill Durant study I have used The Story

In an effort to supplemented by other material. (22) Emily Dickinson had for find out just what opportunities have reviewed philosophical study and reflection, I books dealing with imherst records, newspapers, and

Amherst during her lifetime. (23)

Plan of Presentation

outline in the prepara- I have used the following

tion of my paper.

I. Introduction: in this field: 1. Hecord of work done

criticism of Emily A. Literary

Dickinson's mysticism and

transcendentali sm - 5 -

a. Examples (reference* to books

and articles).

2. Justification of my thesis:

A. Bully's relation to contemporary

philosophers:

a. Biier son.

the B. No interest shown thus far in

effect of Greek or European Philo-

sophers on her work.

3. Summary of work done:

A. Research: published a. Through all available

material by and about Emily

Dickinson.

b. In the field of Greek and

European philosophers.

II. Background:

1. Amherst College:

students of influence: A. Instructors and

a. Austin.

b. Humphrey.

c. Gould.

B. Courses offered.

C. Lectures given.

2. Emily's education:

A. .Amherst Academy.

B. Mount Holyoke.

C. Books and magazines. - 6 -

3. Other influences:

A. Iyceum courses.

B. Family friends.

C. Austin's household.

back- III. Influence of Bully's philosophical

ground on the literary content of her

work:

1. Definite references:

A. To philosophers.

B. To philosophies.

2. Pictorial use of knowledge:

A. Analogies.

B. Phraseology.

Plato: 3. Debt to Socrates and

A. Examples. European k. Possible debt to modern

philosophers:

A. Examples.

~ Keats. 5. Debt to the philosophy of

IV. Summary and Conclusion.

V. Notes.

VI. Bibliography.

Amherst College

with Amherst College", (2>0. "Emily Dickinson grew up with the a Dickinson connected for there had always been was Samuel *>wler Dickinson, College. Her grandfather, - 7 - closely connected with the college at the tine of its founding, and gave of his personal fortune as well as of his time toward establishing it. Emily's father,

Edward Dickinson, was treasurer of Amherst College, and his son, Emily's brother Austin, followed him in this position. Town and college were so intimately connected that the two main events in the year were considered by the townspeople to be the College Commencement and the

Cattle Show held yearly on the village green. (25) In fact, the only public gathering at which Emily Dickin- son was seen after her retirement was the annual Com- mencement Tea given in the Dickinson home by Squire

Dickinson for the graduating seniors. Here she, "Acted

in the the part of the hostess, naturally. . .receiving darkened parlor." (26)

Austin Dickinson

Austin entered college in 13U6, and was pledged

fraternity, and later initiated to the Alpha Delta Phi Humphrey, the same one to which Emily's tutor, Leonard Austin was had belonged for the preceding four years. students at the enrolled in the regular courses open to until his senior college during his day, but few of them

subject However, in year have any great bearing on my . whose connection his senior year Professor Joseph Haven, later, returned to with the Dickinsons I shall take up

in the Department of Amherst and held a professorship - 8 -

Science at the college. His courses were largely of a

philosophic nature, dealing mostly with the history of

philosophy and including the Greek and Roman philosophers

and such modern Europeans as had gained fame during the

preceding century. (27) Heretofore the courses offered

under the heading of Philosophy had dealt largely with

the mind, and with religious creeds. Courses of this

nature taught when Austin was in college were Philosophy

of the Mind and Evidences of Christianity. In the

course on Philosophy of the Mind two texts were used.

One text was known as Brown's lectures, and included in

its first volume treatises on precepts, sensations, etc.,

and in its second, material on general behavior, desires,

etc. Brown was an eighteenth century psychologist. (28)

The other text used in this course contained, despite its misleading name of Stewart's Philosophy of the Human

Mind, many references to Plato, Socrates, Descartes,

Bruno, Zeno, the Stoics, and other early philosophers.

In the Evidences of Christianity, Austin studied Paley.

There was no text book listed in the catalogue for Pro-

fessor Haven's newly- introduced course, and it was

taught by lectures. (29)

Influence on Emily

That Austin had at least a philosophical background is evident. Of course we have no way of knowing how much of his knowledge was transmitted to his sister at home. But we do know that they were very close to each other.

MacGregor Jenkins says, "Between Miss Emily and her brother Austin a very tender affection existed." (30)

Mabel Looaiis Todd in an article for Harper's Magazine says, "Austin was devoted to his unique sister, and appreciated her as perhaps no one else did." (31)

Emily was at home during her brother's freshman year at Amherst, but during his sophomore year she was a student at Mount Eolyoke female Seminary. Brother and sister corresponded a great deal, and Emily showed an interest in Austin's affairs. During his Christmas va- cation, she wrote, "...And what are you doing this vaca- tion? You are reading Arabian Nights according to Tiny's statement. I hope you have derived much benefit from their perusal, and presume your powers of imagination will vastly increase thereby Cultivate your other powers in proportion as you allow your imagination to captivate you." (32) Later in writing of her disappoint-

at ment at not being allowed by the teachers to visit

see home she says, "We shall only be the more glad to

be all. I one another after a longer absence, that will

note to me, and was highly edified with your imaginative your think your flights of fancy indeed wonderful at age." (33)

Leonard Humphrey

graduated from Leonard Humphrey, Emily's tutor, was

student, and a Amherst in 1SU6. He was a brilliant - 10 - favorite of President Hitchcock with whom he resided. (3H)

He was valedictorian of his class, and spoke on Th» Morality of States, "A plea for the supremacy of the intellect and for the free expression of an honest, unborrowed opinion."

helped to secure him (35) It was this oration which later

his position as principal of the Amherst Academy. (36) Miss

Taggard says of the student Humphrey, "He was a well read

young man, fond, it seems, of moral philosophy and hair Austin's splitting dissertations". (37) He was a member of free- fraternity, and, aside from Alpha Delta Phi, formed a interesting masonry of his own with six of his friends. An letter substantiation of this study group may be found in a

Humphrey's niece now in the Amherst College Library from

one another's "food, living in Iffeymouth. This group shared .they kept their lamps thoughts, sufferings, and ecstasies. .. their notebooks burning late into the night as they filled

subject". (38) with indexed material on every conceivable of his relatives, His Index Herum, now in the possession following European contains facts about the lives of the and Voltaire. (35) philosophers. Locke, Leionitz, Hobbes, were much the same as The courses ho pursued at Amherst years later, with the excep- those Austin was to take tiros which came only in Austin's tion of Professor Haven's course

time.

left Amherst to enter Mount In 18H7. the year Emily enter Andover. Miss Pollitt Holyoke. Humphrey also left to determined upon a career devoted says of this period, "He now - 11

was made tutor to philosophy, took his master's degree and

career was not at the college". (Uo) His philosophical while destined to he long lived, for in the fall of 1850, died suddenly of a on a visit to his home in Weymouth, he Amherst, congestion in the brain. His death was mourned in

considered by older where he had made many friends, and was future before Mm. and wiser men to have had a brilliant Humphrey's brother, Francis March of the college wrote to

friend's papers? I hope someone "May I direct you to our

their literary merit, and will examine them with a view to

the public". (Ul) to giving a portion of them to

Humphrey's Influence on Bail?

Academy during Humphrey was principal of the Amherst

there. He was, according to a part of Emily's attendance Emily's letter, "the earliest Miss Pollltt's paraphrase of of Emily Dickinson's pro- friend who penetrated to the root enough to dominate hers." blem and whose mind was compelling her whom Emily spoke in a letter to (h2 ) It was he of many years later. -My tutor literary advisor Col. Higginson, but live till I had been a poet, told me he would like to could master, then." (U3> Death was as much a mob as I tutor's death and two months Twenty-four years after her Col. Higgin- father. Baily wrote to after the death of her own he died. 'If wrote me the week before son. -* earliest friend die. I certainly will." go to Amherst; if I | live. I will Humphrey exerted a strong m ^re is little doubt that As Miss Taggard says. influence on the youthful Emily. "There are many poems which mention his ghost." (45)

George Gould

Another Amherst student who may have talked to Emily of his philosophy courses, was George Gould. He was tak-

editor ing the same subjects as Austin, but in addition was

Indicator was of the Indicator during his senior year. The definite the college literary publication and showed a philosophical trend. It is difficult to attribute specific they utterances of Emily Dickinson to these articles, but may have, in contributed to her philosophical knowledge and

for example, some cases, given her an actual philosophy,

of Descartes' doc- in one of the articles mention is made cannot see my trine «Cogito ergo sum". Emily says, "I articles in the soul but know 'tis there." (46) Other Emily's philosophic Indicator which may have influenced which says, "Toil thought are merits of Ancient Philosophy by ancient philosophy"; is cheered and souls strengthened doctrine of uncreated ideas; and one which mentions Plato's Emerson on Representative men. a series of seven lectures by the Philosopher, which Included in these is one on Plato or

of all philosophers". (47) says, "Plato is the prototype attribute specific utter- While it is rather difficult to prose of the Indicator, ances of the poet Emily to the philosophical of her acquiring a still it was one more means that the editors and all who background. For it is evident doctrines. .exposed- to philosophical read the Indicator were - 13 -

Much has already been said of the subjects pursued by

Austin, Humphrey, and Gould while they were in Amherst

College. A short resume may suffice here. The subjects of philosophical intent from IZkl to 18^7 as listed in the college catalogue include Moral Philosophy, Intellectual

Philosophy, Mythology, and Demosthenes. In I85O Professor

Haven's course on the History of Philosophy was initiated.

the juniors In 1852, two years after Austin's graduation, have examined the at the college were taking Plato. (HS) I in a col- texts used during this period which are included texts on the lection in the Converse Library, and these

similar to history of philosophy and moral philosophy are information regarding each other and give much the same

today. 0»9) the older philosophers as do those of impressed the That these courses in philosophy Commencement addresses. students is brought out in their Progress of Philosophy; Some of the subjects chosen were 19th Century; Skepticism, German Philosophy; Socrates in the

Truth, Mind and Matter; is it Permanent in Philosophy; Century; and The Greek Voltaire; Philosophy of the 17th addresses. She mentions Sophists. (50) ikily *«*rd and Miss Taggard says of Commencement in her letters ( 5D.

went to the Exercises; it Commencement, -Of course Emily Impressionable as she was, was the year's event". (52) could not have passed over these philosophical prations mind. of their content in her her without leaving some trace - lH -

Emily's Education

Concerning Emily Dickinson's education we know little until the time Bhe entered Amherst Academy.

Among the famous pupils listed by Professor Tucker- man in his History of Amherst Academy is Emily Dick- inson. Eer time at the school is accounted for in

the following manner, "Emily Dickinson was a student

during lSHl to 18^7 (now and then dropping out be-

cause of sickness). She re-entered for the last

time in lSUg". (53) The courses offered in the

Academy were Latin, Greek, French, and Intellectual

Philosophy. (5H) The textbook in use in ISU7 in the

philosophy course was Upham's Mental Philosophy.

under It was here at the Academy that Emily came principal the influence of Tutor Humphrey. He was

of each of the Acadeny with "personal oversight

department". (56)

Mount Holyoke

Female In 18U7 Emily entered Mount Holyoke year Alexander's Seminary. In the catalogue for this philosophical Evidences of Christianity was the only

For the senior subject listed for the middle term. Mental term Paley's Natural Theology, Upham's Philosophy were Philosophy, and Wayland's Moral

Seminary was preceded listed. (57) Entrance to the m*st pass to gain by examinations which a candidate - 15 - admittance. Knily mastered these, and her work in the

Amherst Academy had prepared her so well that she was able to finish the required junior work in a short time and also to complete all the middle term work in the length of time most students spent on the junior work alone. (58) It is difficult to note specific utterances arising from her courses at the Seminary but her year here greatly added to her general knowledge of philosophy.

Philosophical Background

During her year at the Seminary Emily roomed with

her cousin Emily Norcross, from Monson. Miss Norcross excellent was a senior. Emily says of her, "She is an

room mate and does all in her power to make me happy".

two cousins discussed (59) There is no doubt that the as good a their courses together, so Emily had perhaps senior knowledge of at least the important points in the

she had Mental and Moral Philosophy courses as though Emilys were herself been studying them. Ho doubt the two Seminary studying much the same subjects at the Female Amherst, for that Austin and Gould were studying at that included Miss McLean says, "...with a curriculum used in the contemporary the study of such textbooks as were

ffnately's Logic, etc." (60) men's colleges. . .for example, at Mount Holyoke There were other sources of education Mount Holyoke »s besides textbooks. "Amherst College was faithful ally; its president (Dr. Hitchcock.) served on the seminary hoard of trustees, its professors came sometimes to lecture the Seminary students." (6l) "It was said that

Professor Hitchcock, himself had one day suggested to Miss

Lyon that plan for a woman's college to which she so wholly dedicated herself . " (62)

Then, through Emily's formal education, she did have an opportunity to learn at least something of the old philosophers and their teachings. Aside from the courses taken at Mount Eolyoke and the Amherst Academy she was ex-

and posed to those taken by her brother and his friends, her by her tutor Humphrey as well as to those taken by

senior room mate at the Seminary.

Books and Magazines

books and Aside from these, however, there were the first magazines which Emily read. The Atlantic Monthly, home. In published in I857, was taken in the Dickinson -The paraphrasing an unsigned review, Miss Pollitt says,

literature - it Atlantic was not a channel for American

Speaking of finily in i860, was American literature". (63) Atlantic Monthly". (64) Miss Taggard says. -She read the

was reading it in 1862. We are certain of course that she article, "The Letter to for that is when Col. Higginson's

was after reading his a Young Contributor", appeared. It four of her article that Qaily sent to Col. Higginson criticism she ever sought. poems for criticism, the first

he remained her only critic. (65) Throughout her life - 17 -

Not that she followed his suggestions that she be more conventional as to form, punctuation, and subject matter, but with a few exceptions he was the only one ever to

see her poems, and certainly the only one ever to view

them critically except Helen Hunt who on one occasion

asked that Emily publish under the No Name series, and

was refused. (66)

Atlantic Monthly

In going through the files of the Atlantic Monthly

from the time of its publication until within a few

years of Emily 1 s death, I came upon a great many articles

German, having to do with philosophy, both modern, mainly would be and classical. These Emily could have read. It articles read unwise to attribute specific utterances to

to her general in the Atlantic, but they were contributory entitled The New knowledge of philosophy. In an article Socrates with World and the few Man is a discussion of

impulse to test this statement, "Socrates had a sacred

"Experiment to me is his neighbors". (67) says,

the books reviewed in the everyone I meet". (68) Many of philosophers. Bacon Atlantic are those written by or about as do also. Her- comes in for a large share of these, (69). Sehelling (7D. and bert Spencer (70), Kant, Fichte, entitled ®men!* *£ Schopenhauer (72). One article M*M> "exists only a German Aacient Athens, remark, that there

same article mention. and Grecian philosophy". 1Mb Demosthenes. Protargoras. Zeno. and Socrates, Plato. Aristotle. 18 -

(73) Another article gives a resume of foltaire's life and work, (7*0, and still another a synopsis of Felix

Adler's creed (75)*

Springfield Republican

The Atlantic is the only periodical which we are sure

came regularily to the Dickinson home, Emily read the

issues of the Springfield Republican avidly. "Emily waited

bring- for the step on the path that meant that someone was

after father ing the Springfield Republican. When it came,

and mother had read it, Sally read it, every evening, was devouring every crumb of detail." (7&) family

paper, and intimate with Samuel Bowles, the editor of the

as near he said of Austin«s home, "This, I guess, Is Obviously heaven as we shall ever get in this life". (77) corresponded with he was a frequent visitor there. Emily terms with both Mr. the Bowles family, being on friendly

them show. (78) Bowles and his wife, as her letters to particularly interested However, whether Samuel Bowles was

careful search through the in philosophy. I cannot say, A after the death of files of the Springfield Republican of Schelling in August Schopenhauer in September i860, and references to either German of lB$k failed to produce any uninterested or engrossed philosopher. Either Bowles was

His biographers tell of hi. in other affairs at the time. the seem interested in meeting trips abroad, but he did not

it is extremely doubtful contemporary German teachers. So - ig - that Emily Dickinson broadened her philosophical education by reading the Springfield Hepublican.

Books

Critics have felt for some time that there has never been a complete j.ist given of Tftaily Dickinson's books. Per- haps her biographer does not know what they were, or has merely neglected to enlighten the public. That there may be more books which have not been mentioned thus far we sur- mise from a reference by Madame Bianchi in "Face to Pace" which had hitherto not been made, "And among Emily' s books still treasured is the copy of Emerson's poems..." Lavinia notes in her diary, "Began David Copoerfield . Finished Life

the House of Schiller , and commenced the Cartons . Finished of Seven Gables ". Madame Bianchi says further of her Aunt

Emily, "IShen she read she was next busiest to when she wrote. Downstairs with the family it was oftenest the Bos-

. Then Madame ton paper or the Springfield Republican. . " (80)

Bianchi speaks of Jean Paul Hichter. the German, saying that

by his Life, Emily was, "Influenced to an incredible degree marked by and later his Titan ", which were eagerly read and

thea all, as old copies attest. (81)

Family Friends

influenced There were family friends who, no doubt,

interest to us in Emily Diciinson. Those who are of most already mentioned this study are Professor Joseph Haven,

College, and Presi- as professor of Philosophy at Amherst

dent Hitchcock. 20 -

Professor Haven

Haven was a graduate or iaiherst in 1835, and lived in the village, but was not on the college staff until

1850, when he accepted a post to teach the History of

Philosophy. In IS52 he was included in the new science department founded that year. He was associated with

President Hitchcock in governmental instruction. (82)

That he was evidently interested in his subject in his college days is emphasized by his choice of a eommence- ment oration, The Sources of Superstition. The philo- sophical courses offered at the time he was in Amherst were, Intellectual Philosophy, and Moral Philosophy.

(83) I could find no texts for these courses.

That Professor Haven was a very good friend of the

Dickinsons we have ample proof. Madame Biancni in speak- ing of the social activities of the winter of 18^8, says,

"A party at Professor Tyler's or a rumor of one to come at Professor Kazan's (a misspelling of Haven) filled them all with girlish zest". (&k) In a letter to her brother while he was in Boston Emily says, "A senior levee was held at Professor Haven's on Tuesday of last week - Vinnie played pretty well," and again, "There is

Haven's for to be a partytomorrow night at Frofessor

3 havinia's married people. .Mother will go.. (85) In attend Professor diary she records, "John invited me to

for June 1/th Haven's lecture. Refused". Her entry

party." (86) records, "Attended Professor Haven's - 21

As has been said, Haven's course in the history of philosophy which included a study of Grecian classical philosophers, was a new one in Amherst and of course the Dickinsons discussed it with their friend. Haven remained in .Amherst until IZ^S when he accepted a t>ost of Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy at the Chicago Theological Seminary.

Doctor Hitchcock

Doctor Hitchcock was made president of Amherst

College in 12^5, out prior to this time he had been a professor there, and a neighbor and friend of the Dick- insons. He was § geologist and the leader of various expeditions through the countryside around Jtaherst, and, as Miss Pollitt suggests, it is highly probable that

*)mily went on these trips. She says, "Hor did the professor confine these adventures altogether to his

.There class. -He tried to make them community affairs. . can be little doubt that Emily Dickinson was part and parcel of the fun above all, was not Professor

Hitchcock their neighbor?" (27)

"flhen In 1S76 Sally wrote to Col. Higginson,

used to flowers annually died and I was a child, I

of Korth read Dr. Hitchcock's book on the Flowers assuring me America. This comforted their absence,

"We do not find they lived". (S8) Miss Pollitt says,

but Dr. Hitchcock's a book of precisely this title, in the return exposition of immortality as illustrated - 22 - of spring is given in the publication of his Religious

Lectures on Peculiar Phenomena in the Four Seasons . . .These lectures were given in Anherst College in I8U5-U9 and were heard "by the townsfolk generally. In Dr. Hitchcock's philosophy of a natural religion as opposed to the purely scriptural doctrine, Emily's mind took its first great stride". There follows a resume of Dr. Hitchcock's philosophy as regards nature. (89)

President Hitchcock's knowledge of classical and modern European philosophy is shown in his address at the time of his installation as president. He mentions

Kant, the pantheism of Spinoza, Schelling, the idealism of Fichte, Bacon, and Hegel whose spiritual philosophy and moral argument he considers defective. (90) Emily almost certainly heard this address as well as the ad- dress of President Stearns when he was inaugurated in

1855 when he mentions Leibnitz, Bacon again, Socrates, and Plato. (91)

Austin Dickinson's Household

Emily Dickinson and Sue Gilbert had been friends during their girlhood as Emily's letters indicate.

Madame Bianchi is the only biographer who has reprinted any of these, but there are several scattered through the introduction to the Life and Letters, and more in the new book, Emily Dickinson Face to face. Once in writing to Sue when Sue was living in Hew York state with a relative, Emily says, "I have thought of you all - 23 -

day a»d I fear of but little else and when I was gone to

Meeting you filled up my mind so full I couldn't find a chink to put our worthy pastor in, when he said, 'Our

Heavenly Father,' I said Darling Sue". (92) Small won- der if when Sue married Emily's only brother in I856, and

came to live in the house next door - 'a hedge away' - the

two remained close friends.

Sue

Madame Bianchi has exhausted the topic of Sue's in-

fluence on her gifted sister-in-law. Some critics dis-

agree and consider Sue as a "blind alley" who did not

offer Emily the help or advice she sought. (93) However,

no be that as it may, we do know that after Emily was her home, longer seen in Amherst, or received callers in

when she she did go to the Austin Dickinson home and,

there by did not go, kept in contact with the doings

means of notes to Sue and her children.

Visitors

be no That Sue was a brilliant woman there can visited at the doubt, and many were the celebrities who whether Emily met Austin Dickinsons. We do not know

them. Madame many of these, but she at least knew of Emerson was her Bianchi says, "In the winter of 1857. Emerson's hav- brother's guest. There is no record of

seems - but in a ing met Emily, inexplicable as it

"It must have been as if note to Sister Sue Emily says, - 2U -

lie had come from where dreams are born". Ok) Later a

Stanton Colt, a disciple of Felix Adler visited at the

Austin Dickinsons (95)» Samuel Bowles was there fre- quently, Maria Whitney, Emily's close friend, fresh from her travels in Germany, was there, and the gifted

Kate Anthon, a friend of Sue's along with many more.

Sue herself was a brilliant woman. (116) The Austin

Dickinson household was always full of books to which of course Emily had free access, and in fact many of her own books were given her by Sue. (96) The house next door was indeed an important factor in Emily's education.

The Lyceum

As was the custom in most New England towns of that period Amherst had its Iyceum or lecture courses.

(97) Madame Bianchi says of these, "Before Emily ceased to mingle with the other young people, she shared the lectures upon which the village throve. The professors all gave of their best.... and even wise men from Europe occasionally appeared". (98) In looking through the files of the village paper, I found record of a meeting for organization of the Lyceum called in I852, but it did not really get under way until 1853, and then was more of a village debating society than an organized lecture course. (99) It was evidently to something of this sort that Emily referred in a letter to Austin about this time, "and I at work by my window on a - 25 -

1 •Lyceum lecture . * (100) In 1854 the town paper gives a list of the speakers and their subjects, and by this time the Lyceum was known as a Lecture Course. Professor

Eaven, teacher of History of Philosophy, spoke on The

Ottoman Empire , a record of his own travels. Dr. Holland, the Dickinsons' friend, spoke. Professor Jewett spoke on

the Theory of the Beautiful . Professor Cleveland of

Northampton mentioned Rousseau, and Hume in his talk. (101)

This seemed to be the most interesting year of the Lyceum as the lectures were not held regularly afterwards, though there were some noted men who came to talk to the town- folk, among them Emerson, but about whom the newspaper says, "He was a disappointment to most H ...as he talked on rural life and the listeners had expected to hear of his philosophy. (102) There may have been many more of these lectures than were recorded in the files of the town newspapers for these years, but there is no record of

them elsewhere, In the History of the Town of Amherst we read regarding the Lyceum that a "careful search has failed to discover any manuscript record of its doings".

part in the (103) Bat the Lyceum did play an important life of the Dickinsons as of other villagers.

aaiiy's Use of Her Philosophic Knowledge knowledge But to what use did Emily Dickinson put her

Amherst of philosophy gained through her contact with friends, and College, through her own schooling, her books,

her lectures? Some of it she absorbed and it influenced - 26 - thoughts and outlook on certain definite problems, giving her a different viewpoint from that of those around her.

Some of it never became deeply a part of her thinking, but she kept her knowledge in use, displaying it in the turn of a phrase, in the grouping of words, but not letting it influence her individual meaning. This I have chosen to call pictorial phrasing. She likes to throw in words which she has, no doubt, learned from her textbooks on the mind, so that they baffle or amuse the reader. Some of these instances from her poems, when she uses the terms in analogies follow:

Remembrance lias a rear and front, -

'Tis something like a house; (10h)

Another which is not at all humorous but slightly bafling:

Pre sentment is that long shadow on the lawn

Indicative that suns go down;

The notice to the startled grass

That darkness is about to pass. (105)

One where she uses to the same end a motto of Lord Bacon's is:

Fame is a fickle food

Upon a shifting plate

Men eat of it and die. (106)

There are many other examples of Emily's pictorial use of knowledge to be found in her poems, but the few mentioned serve to illustrate the point. There are examples of Emily's pictorial use of her knowledge in her letters. To Col. Higgin-

itself. son she once said, "It is delicate that each mind is "

- 27 - like a distinct bird". (107) To Maria Whitney she re- marked, "Changelessness is nature's change". (108) The imagination could be stretched to consider this remark as harking back to one of the old philosophers of the cosmological period, but it is doubtful whether she really meant anything by it, save that she was fascinated by its sound and so repeated it in a letter without feel- ing deeply about the remark at all, though she probably knew its source. In other letters to the same friend she says, "Dear arrears of tenderness we can never re-

. pay till the will *s great ores are finally sifted. .

(109) This is purely pictorial use of knowledge, written because Snily liked the prettiness of it, as is, "Remembrance is the great tempter". (110)

Phraseology

A few of the examples appearing in her poems of her use of this philosophical knowledge pictorially to add zest to a phrase or to pique the imagination are:

The heart asks pleasure first,

And then excuse from pain; (111) which might be considered as a precept of the Epicurean school, but is obviously just a coined phrase denoting no deep feeling for Ipicurus;

Much Madness is divine st sense

To the discerning eye;

Much sense the starkest madness. (112) is delightful, but hardly shows seriouB thought on the philosophical precept involved. - 28 -

for each, ec static instant

mast in anguish pay

In keen and quivering ratio

To the ecstasy. (113) pictorial sounds quite stoic, but was probably again merely use of knowledge. use. To Examples from her letters show much the seme

free spirit be Mrs. Strong she says, "Don't let your smack of Rousseau, chained by them, « (llU) which might even from his teachings but was not used in a sense of coming Boston she says, "That at all. To her Soreross cousins in

is warm to know, though we are permanent temporarily, it have gleaned from her we know no more". (115) which she may perhaps Sccrates, readings of some optimistic philosopher, only a passing interest. but in whose teachings she shows words gleaned from her Another phrase showing her use of

in a letter to Col. Kiggin- old Philosophy of the Mind occurs imagination is inevitable, but to son. "To hope with the ecstasy of the remember wish it is the MM* consecrated

will ". (n6) this pictorial use of There are other examples of have made it sufficiently knowledge, but I hope that these philosophy but often in a clear. She was interested in her draw on knowledge of detached sort of way, which made

to clothe an idea she philosophical words, and meanings, in was not deeply interested .is^d to express when she

the philosophy itself. - 29 -

Philosophy Mentioned

That she did think about philosophy we can see from her works. One poem seems to bring out her feeling of need for a definite philosophical guide,

Down Time's quaint stream

Without an oar,

We are enforced to sail,

Our Port - a secret -

Our Perchance - a gale.

What Scipper would

Incur the risk.

What Buccaneer would ride.

Without a surety from the wind

Or schedule of the tide? (117)

philosophical In another she is wondering how much of

thought she can fathom to use as a guide.

The rainbow never tells me

That gust and storm are by;

Tet is she more convincing

Than philosophy. (118)

tendency, In still another she shows the same

The bat is dun with wrinkled wings

His small umbrella quaintly halved,

Describing in the air

- An arc alike inscrutable,

Elate philosopher. (119) ,

- 30 -

Still in a semi scoffing vein,

This world is not conclusion;

A sequel stands beyond.

Invisible as music,

Bat positive as sound.

It beckons and it baffles;

Philosophies don't know.

And through a riddle at the last.

Sagacity must go. (120)

against She shows sympathy for the philosopher's struggle

of fchings which he cannot prove to the satisfaction

science - Too much of proof affronts Belief,

The turtle will not try

Unless you leave him;

Then return -

And he has hauled away. (121)

Another evidence of her belief in some guide to

living, follows:

Faith is the pierless bridge

Supporting what we see

Unto the scenes that we do not,

Too slender for the eye. (122)

reference to In her letters she makes no profound Abiah may be aa philosophy. Although this utterance to when trial exception: "What shall we do, my darling, lone light expires, grows more and more, when the dim wander and know not and it's dark, so very dark, and we - 31 -

lead, and where.... who se is the hand to help us, and to forever guide -as?" (123)

Schools of Philosophy Mentioned

Occasionally she mentions in her poems some school

of the school has of philosophy, but usually the name

of, "The old, none of its original meaning. She speaks

old sophistries of June, - " {12k)

Scarlet experiment sceptic Thomas,

was true? (125) How, do you doubt that your bird

" Epicures date a breakfast by it." (126)

To look at thee a single time,

An Epicure of me,

In whatsoever Presence, makes. (127)

To hear an oriole sing

May be a common thing.

Or only a divine,

The "tune is in the tree,"

The sceptic showeth me;

"No, sir. In thee." (128)

Philosophers Mentioned men- only philosophers she It is significant that the letter and Plato. She says in a tions by name are Socrates provided and I will be Socrates, to Abiah. "You may be Plato to P°«* °» th* you won't be wiser than I am". (129)

pleasure of reading, she ssys: )

- 32 -

What interested scholars most,

What competitions ran

When Plato was a certainty. (130)

In listing books and authors which had an eifect on her aunt, Madame Bianchi Includes Socaates and Plato. "Long-

fellow, Tennyson, the Brownings, Socrates . Plato . Poe and the Bible sift through her conversation". (131

Influence of Socrates and Plato

There are frequent passages in the letters and poems of Emily Dickinson which may be traced directly to the teachings of Socrates or of Socrates through Plato. There are others too which are similar but whose source does not seem so direct,

Experiment to me

Is every one I meet. (132) and in the same mood,

The show is not the show,

But they that go,

Menagerie to me

My neighbor be. (133)

These poems reflect Socrates* method of teaching: he was the questioner, he wanted to know of the men about him, what they were thinking, and why they thought as they did.

He had little use for the philosophers before him who had been chiefly interested in the physical universe. Burant paraphrases him thus, "There is an infinite worthier sub- ject for philosophers... the re is the mind of man. What is - 33 -

man, and what can tad become?" (13*0

Socrates' love for his fellowman, "He would talk with

anyone, rich or poor, and without remuneration", (135) 1*

shown in some of Emily* s poems and letters,

I had no time to hate, because

The grave would Mnder me,

And life was not so ample I

Could finish enmity. (136)

To Austin, Emily says, "And believing, and acting, on the

doctrine that everyone gains good in their own mind by

imparting good to others." (137)

That such have lived enables us

The tranquiller to die; (138)

Socrates' attitude toward death shown in Plato's

Phaedo was a tranquil one, he welcomed death as a security.

This attitude is paraphrased in one of Emily's poems,

Let down the bars, Death.

The tired flocks come in

Thine is the stillest night,

Thine the securest fold; (1^0)

Cuabman refers to Socrates' absolute love for truth,

"And (Socrates) mentioned that the truth is in all men to-

gether. ..an ideal to be striven for..." (1^1) Emily says

in writing to Col. Higginson, "That it is true, Master, is

the power of all you write". (ikz) And again to the same,

"But truth like ancestor's brocades can stand alone". (1^3) - 3H-

Truth is as old as God,

His twin identity -

And will endure as long as He. (lHh)

Of the unassumingness of truth she says.

He preached upon "breadth" till it argued

him harrow, -

The broad are too broad to define;

And of "truth" until it proclaimed him a liar, -

The truth never flaunted a sign. (1^5)

Cushman paraphrases Socrates* love of life and delight in living, "The purpose of Socrates was to teach men to be happy". (lU6) Emily speaks similarly,

How happy is the little stone

That rambles in the road alone.

And doesn't care about careers

And exigencies never fears. (lU7)

Droll Emily, how Socrates would have enjoyed this "little stone's" life with no Xantippe to scold and pour hot water on him for being a poor provider.

To Col. Higginson Saily wrote, "To live is so startling it leaves but little room for other occupations". (lUg) To

Professor J. K. Chickerin- she wrote, "Litfe never loses its startlingness, however assailed". (1^9) Socrates according to Cushman, would have said, "Humanity is the measure of all things". (150) To be alive is power,

Existence in itself.

Without a further function.

Omnipotence enough. (151)

Some of Emily' s poems and letters seem to reflect

Plato's teaching during the latter part of his life, but they may be just Plato's paraphrasing of Socrates; it is hard to know.

Beverse cannot befall that fine Prosperity

Whose sources are interior. (152)

shows Plato's idea of genius rising above the com- mon man, as found in the Phaedo. It may reflect

Socrates' teaching, "Gnothi seauton" (know thyself). (I5U)

Plato's idea that life continues after death, but in another sphere as shown in the Phaedo, "The hope of another life gives us courage to meet our own death, B

(1-55) comes out in Emily 'b poem. These fair, fictitious people.

Where are they - can you tell?

Perhaps in places perfecter.

Inheriting delight

Beyond our small conjecture,

Our scanty estimate. (156)

In another poem which embodies two teachings of Plato, that we are all working toward a goal, and that life goes on after death, as shown in Cushman (157 )t Emily says. - 36 -

Each life converges to some center

Expressed or still;

Exists in every human nature

A goal,

Ungained, it may be, by life's low venture.

But then, Eternity enables the endeavoring

Again. (15S)

We never know now high we are

fill we are called to rise;

And then, if we are true to plan.

Our statures touch the skies. (159) shows Plato's precept of individuality, that in each per- son is a hidden ability which may be brought out only by his environment, "Citizens, you are brothers, yet God had framed you differently". (l60)

In a letter to her brother Emily speaks of "govern- ment as a science". (l6l) She may have been thinking of

Plato's ideal state where government was certainly a science according to &urant 1 s paraphrase of Plato's

Republic. (162) Later, in a letter to Col. Higginson,

Emily says "Truth is such a rare thing, it is delightful to tell it I find ecstasy in living; the mere sense of living is joy enough". (163) These may both be attributed to Socrates' love of truth and joy in life or to Plato paraphrasing his teacher. - 37 -

Influence of Modern European Philosophers

Aside from the influence upon Emily 's work of Socrates

and Plato there are passages in both the letters and poems

which may he regarded as springing from thought induced by

Emily* a knowledge of modern European philosophers or of

philosophers of Grecian schools other than Plato.

In a letter to Mrs. Holland Emily says, "And wherefore

sing, since nobody hears?.... My business is to sing". (l6H)

which reflects Spinoza's determinism which "reconciles us

to the limitations within which our purposes must be cir-

cumscribed". (l6fj) To her fiorcross cousins Emily says,

"What would become of us, dear, but for love to reprieve

our blunders?" (166) Spinoza's philosophy was, "an attempt

to love even a world in which he was outcast and alone". (167)

To these same cousins Emily says,

I cannot see my soul but know 'tis there

Nor ever saw his house nor furniture, (l6S) which might reflect Descartes' teaching that all "philosophy must begin with the individual mind and self". (169)

Spinoza's idea of nature that "God and nature are one acting by necessity and according to the invariable laws", (170) is

shown in Emily's statement to Col. Eigginson, "Viho knocks not, yet does not intrude, is nature". (171) Rousseau's idea that man is "good by nature" (172) is paraphrased when Emily says in a note to a friend, "We have no statutes here, but each does as it will, which is the sweetest Jurisprudence".

(173) Mrs. Todd ia quoting one of Emily's poems suggests - 38 -

that Lord Becon and Emily are saying the same thing after

their own manner. Lord Becon says, "Whoever is delighted

in Solitude is either a ?illde Beast or a God". (17^) Smily

writes.

Never for society

Re shall seek in vain

Who his own acquaintance

Cultivates; of men

Wiser men may weary,

But the man within

Never knew satiety, - (175)

In a letter to her cousins Snily says, "It is true that the unknown is the largest need of the intellect". (176) Voltaire

says, "Que sais-je?" and, "Doubt is not a very agreeable

state, but certainty a ridiculous one". (177)

, This merit hath the worst, -

It cannot be again. (178) may reflect Spencer's equilibration disintegration theory

that things go from worse to better and back again, "in entire history of anything must include its appearance out of the imperceptible and its disappearance into the imperceptible", or "Every motion must sooner or later come to an end". (179)

Superiority to 'ate

Is difficult to learn

•Tia not conferred by any,

But possible to earn

A pittance at a time. (liSO) may show John Locke's theory that freedom of the will is - 39 -

conditioned to a certain extent by physical surroundings.

Locke says, "all our knowledge comes from experience". (181)

Metzsche's tragic optimism, "I am worth nothing 11 (182) is reflected in the following,

Finite to fail, hut infinite to venture.

For one ship that struts the shore

Many* s the gallant, overwhelmed creature

Roddlng in navies forevermore. (183)

More of the precepts of Kant were taught in Unily Dick- inson's day than now, and it may he that his doctrine of re- lationships, that "Experience tells us what is, but not that it must be what it is and not otherwise". (18U) influenced her in a small way to say,

Hho never wanted, - maddest joy

Remains to him unknown;

The banquet of abstemiousness

Surpasses that of wine. (185)

Spencer's attempt to educate his followers out of egoism into altruism could have been stated in this manner.

Hot what we did shall be the test

flhen act and will are done,

But what our Lord infers we would -

Had we diviner been. (186)

Spencer says, "The highest truth he sees he will fearlessly - utter knowing that if he can effect the change he aims at well; if not, well also;" (187) - HO -

To lose one's faith surpasses

The loss of an estate.

Because estates can be

Replenished, faith cannot.

Kant taught that we have to accept some things on faith in order to have anything to believe or base our thinking on.

(188) Emily's poem continues,

Inherited with life,

Belief but once can be;

Annihilate a single clause.

And Being's beggary. (189)

Bruno, the monk of the sixteenth century who "glorified nature" (190) might well have said had he had Emily's power of expression,

'Tis little I could care for pearls

Who own the ample sea;

Or brooches, when the Emperor

With rubies pelteth me;

Or gold who am the Prince of Mines;

Or diamonds, when I see

A diademto fit a dome

Continual crowning me. (191)

Keats

The influence of a philosopher not belonging to this group is that of the poet Keats, Emily Dickinson repeats the thought voiced in his Ode on a Grecian Urn,

"Beauty is truth - truth beauty, " - that is all

Te know on earth, and all ye need to know. -la- in several poems, among them,

He questioned softly why I failed?

"for beauty, I replied,

"And I for truth, - we two are one;

We brethren are," he said. (192) or

Beauty crowds me till I die.

Beauty, mercy have on me.

But if I expire today

Let it be in sight of thee. (193) and also

Beauty is not caused, - it is; (19*0

These then are some illustrations from Emily Dick- inson's prose and poetry which would seem to show that she had a knowledge of both the European and classic philosophers, and was to a certain extent influenced by them in her work.

Summary

I shall briefly summarize my thoughts. In order te answer any questions regarding work previously done in this

Emily field I took up the material already presented on

Dickinson's philosophy which consisted of commentaries on her relations to Emerson, the transcendentalist and Blake,

pointed out the mystic. As a justification for my thesis I

already the relation to contemporary philosophy which had yet been been discussed and the fact that no work had as and Grecian done Mch showed her knowledge of the European on her philosophers or any influences of these philosophers work. - H2 -

To illustrate the philosophical influences at work on the mind of Tftni ly Dickinson I showed her connection with Amherst College and its philosophical courses through her brother Austin, George Gould, Tutor Humphrey, and public lectures. Next I took up Emily's own education at Amherst Academy, at Mount Holyoke and through the medium of hooks and magazines. Other influences on her were from friends of the family, particularly Professor

Haven and President Hitchcock both of Amherst College, her brother Austin's household, and the town Lyceum courses.

In an effort to bring out the direct influence which this philosophical knowledge so gleaned had upon the poetry of Emily Dickinson I presented her use of this knowledge pictorially in her work through analogies and phraseology. To illustrate the definite impression her study of philosophical subjects had upon her mind I brought out illustrations in which she definitely refers to philosophers, philosophy, or philosophic cults.

definite I devoted the remainder of my paper to her mention of Socrates and Plato, and their influence upon lesser her as shown in her poetry and letters, and to the influence of Spinoza, Locke, Descartes, Rousseau, and

influence Spencer. As a sidelight I included the direct

her work. of the poet Keats' philosophy of beauty upon - -

Conclusion

From the evidence presented I conclude that Emily

Dickinson did have a knowledge of the classical and modern European philosophers and that they did influence her prose and poetry. - kh - Bibliography of Bo oka

I. Bianchi, Martha Dickinson "The Life and Letters of Emily Dickinson " - Houghton Mli lin, Boston (192MT"

II. Bianchi, Martha Dickinson " The Poems of Kmily Dickin- son " - Little Brown, Boston Tl932)

III. Bianchi, Martha Dickinson "Emily. Dickinson Face to Face" - Houghton Mifflin, Boston and Hew York (1932)

IV. Cushman, H. E. "A Beginner's History of Philosophy " Volume I - Houghton Mifflin, Boston and New York (lfllS)

V. Carpenter and Morehouse "A History of the Town of Amherst" - Carpenter and Morehouse, Amherst

VI. Durant, Will "The Story of Philosophy " Garden City Publishing Company, Garden City, New York, 1926

" VII. Higginson, Col. T. W. Carlyle ' s Laugh and Other Surprises " -

VIII. Jenkins, MacGregor "Emily Dickinson,, Friend and Neighbor " - Little, Brown, Boston (1930)

IX. Merriam, George " The Life and Times of Samuel Bowles" Volume II - The Century Company, New York T12S5T

X. Pollitt, Josephine "Emily Dickinson . The Human Background of Her Poetry " - Harper and Brothers, New York (1932T~

XI. Taggard, Genevieve "The Life and Mind of Baily Dickinson" - Alfred A. Knopf, New York and Lon- don (1930)

XII. Todd, Mabel Loomis "Letters of Emily Dickinson " Harper and Brothers, New York and London (1931)

XIII. (a) Tuckerman "A History of Amherst Academy " (b) Tyler "A History of Amherst College "

XIV. Amherst Record (IS52 to 1861, listed by date in notes)

XV. Amherst College Catalogue (1830 following)

XVI. Atlantic Monthly (1857 to 1880, listed by volume in notes)

XVII. The Indicator of Amherst College (I8U9 to IS50) Converse Library - U5-

X7III. Converse Library Card Catalogue

XIX. Collection of Textbooks at Converse Library

XX. Mount Holyoke College Catalogue (ISU7 to ISkS)

XXI. President Hitchcock's Address I8H5, Converse Library

XXII. President Steam 1 s Address 1855, Converse Library.

Bibliography of Articles

1. Curious History of Emily Dickinson - Book News and Reviews N.Y. Herald Tribune, April 20, 192H

2. Pan's Sister - N.T. Herald Tribune, March 17, 1929

3. Emily's Lover - N.Y. Herald Tribune, March 2, 1930

k. Emily Dickinson, Friend and Neighbor N.Y. Herald Tribune, June 1, 1930

- N.Y. Herald Tribune 5. Emily at Last June 22, 1930 ,

6. Love Life of a Poet N.Y. Herald Tribune, September 21, 1930

7. Turn with, a Bookworm N.Y. Herald Tribune, December 21, 1930

g. -Emily Dickinson (a bibliography) N.Y. Herald Tribune, April 12, 1931

9. Poet as a Letter Writer Herald Tribune December 13, 1931 , N.Y.

10. Poets Who Must or Who May Write N.Y. Times Book Review, Dec. 19. 1925

Dickinson 11. Further Poems of that Shy Recluse, Emily N.Y. Times Book Review, March. 17, 1929

12. The Mystery of Imily Dickinson N.Y. Times Book Review, Feb. 23, 1930

13. Emily Dickinson, Friend and Neighbor N.Y. Times Book Review, May 18, 1930

1930, N.Y. Times 14. P.S. to E.D. - Anne Xelly Gilbert, June 8, Emily Dickinson 15. That Unsolved Enigma in the Life of N.Y. Tia ' es June 22» 1930 .

Review, Sept. 28, 1930 16. Emily - N.Y. Times Book - U6 -

17. Letters to Emily Dickinson - November 22, 1931 , W.Y. Times

18. The Sin. le Hound American Catholic Review, January 2, 1915

19. Early Criticisms of Emily Dicicinson American Literature, November 1929

20. Emily Dickinson's Further Poems American Literature, Hovember 1929

21. Further Poems - American Literature, January 1930

22. Note on Josephine Pollitt's daily Dickinson's Book American Literature, November 1930

23. Books on Emily Discussed American Literature, January 1931

24. Book Table - Amherst Grad. Quarterly, May 1925

25. Emily Dickinson Centennial Afterthoughts Amherst Grad. Quarterly, February 1931

26. Suggestions from Poems of Emily Dickinson Literary Monthly, June 1891

27. Second Series of Emily's Poems Literary Monthly, November 1891

28. Poetry of Emily Dickinson Amherst Monthly, May 1910

29. Book Reviews (newspaper summaries) Amherst Writing, May 132k

30. Homage to Emily Dickinson (cotton print for bedroom picture) - Art Digest, December 15, 1930

31. Homage to Emily Dickinson (larger picture) Atelier, April 1921

32. Letter to a Young Contributor Atlantic Monthly, April 1862

33. The Procession of the Flowers Atlantic Monthly, December 1862

3U. Emily Dickinson's Letters (oldest article) Atlantic Monthly, October 1891

35. In Re Emily Dickinson Atlantic Monthly, January 1892

3o. Poetry of Emily Dickinson Atlantic Monthly, January 1913 - U7 -

37* Portraits of American tfomen - Emily Dickinson Atlantic Monthly, August 1919

38. Selections from Unpublished Letters of Emily Dick- inson to Her Brother's Family Atlantic Monthly, January 1915

39. Atlantic Book Shelf Atlantic Monthly, May 1924

40. fragments from Emily Dickinson Atlantic Monthly, June 1927

41. Atlantic Book Shelf (further poems) Atlantic Monthly, April 1929

42. Emily Dickinson's Letters (M. L. Todd) Bachelor of Arts, May 1895

43. Emily Dickinson's Letters, (review. Hew York Times) Book News, February 1895

44. Alison's House - Boston Transcript October 24, 1931

45. Emily Dickinson - Boston Herald October Zk, 1931

46. Invisible Yet All Embracing Boston Transcript, October 27, 1931

47. Re a Photograph of Emily Book Buyer, February 1892

48. Bnily Dickinson's Personality Book Buyer, May 1892

49. Emily Dickinson's Letters Book Buyer, November 1894

50. Emily Dickinson's Biography (Book of Month) Bookman, August 1924

51. A Bernini scence of Emily Dickinson Bookman, November 1924

52. A Sojourn in Infinity Bookman, May 1929

of her Poetry 53. Emily Dickinson, The Human Background Bookman, April and May 1930

54. Emily Dickinson, Friend and Neighbor Bookman, June 1930 - U8 -

55. Life and Mind of Emily Dickinson Bookman, July 1930

56. Pour Parodies on Emily Dickinson Bookman, August 1930

57. Emily Dickinson - Bookman, October I92U

58. Emily Dickinson - Bookman, September 1930

59. The Hidden Heart - Bozart and Converse, September and October 1921

60. Emily Dickinson - Broan Magazine, Deeember I896

61. The Immortal Emily California Arts and Architecture, August 1930

62* Emily Dickinson, A New England Authoress Catholic *orld, December 192H

63. Sunlight at Last - Christian Century, April 2, 1930

64. Poet, Mystic, Martyr Christian Register, May 2, 1929

65. Open Portfolio - Christian Union, September 25, I890

66. A Child's Recollection of Emily Dickinson Christian Union, October 24, 1891

67. Recent Books of Verse Christian Union, June 18, 1892

68. Poems - The Citizen, May 1897

69. Lavinia Dickinson - The Colaphon, October 1930

70. Life and Letters of Emily Dickinson The Commonwealth, March 1925

71. American Books that have Moved Me Congregational and Christian World, December 1908

72. Emily Dickinson - Farther Poems Country Life, October 1929

of Emily Dickinson 73. Genevieve Taggard's Life and Mind Creative Reading, August 1930

74. Selected Poems (reviewed) The Criterion, January 1925 - 1*9 -

75. Recent Poetry and Verse The Critic, December 1891

76. Technique in Emily Dickinson The Critic, January 1892

77. Letters of Emily Dickinson The Critic, February l6, 1895

78. Emily Dickinson Centenary Current Literature, Feb. 1921

79. Alabaster Filled with Flame Current Opinion, June 192H

80. Emily Dickinson and Her Family Tree

D. A. H. , August 1931

81. A New England Hun The Dial, March I895

1918 82. Emily Dickinson - The Dial, August

April 1921* 83. Emily Dickinson - The Dial,

8H. Emily Dickinson - The Dial, April 1926

- Studies, October 1926 85. Emily Dickinson English

86. Three Forgotten Poetesses The Forum, March 1912

October 1922 87. Emily Dickinson - Freeman, Dickinson) 88. Eastor's Study (poems of Emily Harpers, January 1891

Literary Debut 89.7 Emily Dickinson's Harpers, March 1930

Dickinson 90. Life and Mind of Emily Harpers, August 1930

February 1931 91. Alison's House - Harpers, Dickinson 92. Life and Mind of Emily 7 Household Magazine, May 1931

1890 93. Poems by Emily Dickinson Independent, December 1890

Emily Dickinson 1890 9U.y Letters of Independent, February 1895 - 50 -

95. Badly Dickinson, Two Books about a Recluse, Poems John O'Londons Weekly, August 1930

96. Little "Scholar" of ISkS (Taggard) Journal of Adult Education, January 1930

97. Emily Dickinson, A Hew England Mystic Landmark, August 1931

98. Our Poetical Hew England Hun Literary Digest, August 2, 192U

99. Current Poetry - Literary Digest, August 2, 192H

100. Emily Dickinson (a poem) Literary Digest, January 1931

101. The Mystery of Emily Dickinson's Life Literary Digest, 19 2k

102. Victory Comes Late to Emily Dickinson Literary Digest, November 1925

Review 103. Enchanting Emily - Hew York Post Literary May 192H

IOU. Poet \1ho Stands Alone Hew York Post Literary Review, August 1<

105. Emily Dickinson Poems Literary World, December 1890

106. Letters of Emily Dickinson Literary World, December 1894

107. Irregularities of Emily Dickinson London Mercury, December 1925

108. Declaration - The Measure, December 1922

- Measure, May 192U 109. A Retouched Portrait The Measure, May 192H 110. Clothes versus Girl - The

quarterly, October 192U 111. Emily Dickinson - Mt. Holyoke

112.

113.

lib. - 51 -

115. Alumnae Conference Mt. Kolyoke Quarterly, January 1930

116. Emily (a poem) - Mt. Holyoke Quarterly, January 1930

117. A Poet's biography of a poet Mt. Holyoke Quarterly, October 1930

118. Where Loveliness Keeps House Mt. Holyoke Quarterly, January 1931

119. Emily Dickinson, 10 Tears Old (a poem) Mt. Holyoke Quarterly, January 1931

120. ""Ire and Dew of Emily Dickinson Mt. Holyoke, April 1930

121. Poems of Emily Dickinson The Nation, November I89O

1891 122. Recent Poetry - The Nation, October

123. Emily Dickinson^ Letters The Netion, December 1894

12U. Emily Dickinson's Poems The Nation, October 189b

October 192U 125. Books (review) - The Nation,

Nation, March 1929 126. Nerves Like Tombs - The

127. The Mind of Emily Dickinson ' The Nation, March. 1930

Neighbor 128. Emily Dickinson, Friend and ffihe Nation, June 1930

Mystification 129.7 Mystery and ^ The Nation, June 1930 *>ots^^ 130. The World of ^ ^ ^

Dickinson (a poem) 131.•m Poems oi^jfof Emily ^ England Magazine, November 1891 191U - England Magazine, December 132. The Single Hound New - New England quarterly, July 1929 133. Further Poems

Poems 13 U. Unpublished ^^^S^^. ^il 1932

- New Republic. August 1915 135. An Early Imagist - 52 -

136. A New England Hun - New Republic, June 192U

137. Too Difficult a Space - New Republic, May 1929

13S. A Beam of Light - New Republic, May 1930

July 139. Emily Dickinson Again - New Republic, 1930 lUO. Poems by Emily Dickinson 19th. Century, April 1892

141. Life and Letters of Easily Dickinson (reviewed) North American Review, June 1924

142. Emily Dickinson - Outlook, April 1924

143. Complete Poems (reviewed) Outlook, April 1924

144. Emily Dickinson - Outlook, July 1924

January 1925 145. Emily Dickinson - Outlook,

146. further Poems (reviewed) Outlook, August 1958

147. Apology by Editors Outlook, March 1929

Friend and Neighbor 148. EmilyW Dickinson, Outlook, April 1929

Dickinson 149. Li^e and Mind of Emily * Outlook, May 1930

150. Alison's House (reviewed) Outlook, December 1930

151. Some Books of Terse J Overland Monthly, May 1891

Dickinson - A Study XD1R2. Emily9 ' Personalist, October 1929

Hound (reviewed) 153.JJ The Single Poetry, December 191^

(reviewed) 154. Complete Poems Poetry, May 1925

Emily Dickinson 155.JJ Poem to Poetry. May 1930

and Emily Dickinson 156. Christina Rossette Poetry, January 1931 - 53 -

157. Emily Dickinsons Letters Public Opinion, December I89U l^g. New Names in Hell of Fame (Emily Dickinson, Thoreau and others) Publishers Weekly, March 1930

159. Books Wanted (first edition) Publishers Weekly, March 1930

160. Bibliographies of Emily Dickinson (listed) Publishers Weekly, December 1930

161. Bibliographies of Hnily Dickinson (reviewed) Publi sixers weekly, December 1930

162. Good Second Hand Condition (A Masque of Poets) Publishers Weekly, December 1930

163. Thoughts While Reading Emily Dickinson Rectangle, May 1926

l6U. Emily Dickinson, Essai a'analyze psycholozique (French) Anglo American, June 1925

165. Emily Dickinson, II L^Qeuvre Anglo American, December 1925

166. La Vie Secrete D'une Puritaine Emily Dickinson Deux Monde 8, August 1927

167. A New England Poetess Sat. Rev., September 1900

l6S. A Poet and Some Others Sat. Rev., September 1891

169. Emily Dickinson, Heply to Critics Sat. Rev., August 1924

170. Woman and Poet Sat. Rev., August 1924

171. A Sublimated Puritan Sat. Rev., October 1928

March 172. Colonial Substance - Sat. Rev., 1929

- Rev., November 1929 173. Round About Parmassus Sat.

17U. Readers Guide, on Centenary Sat. Rev., May 1930

June 1930 175. Phoenix Nest - Sat. Rev.,

July 1930 176. Emily Dickinson - Sat. Rev., 1 - 5U-

177. Emily and Major Hunt Sat. Rev., July 1930

17S. Obvious Error - Sat. Rev., October 1930

179. Miss laggard' s Emily Sat. Bev., September 1930

ISO. Emily Dickinson (a letter) Sat. Rev., September 1930

181. Alas Poor Emily - National Review, December 1930

182. Poems of Emily Dickinson (reviewed) National Review, December 1930

183. Dickinsonia - National Review, January 1931

ISH. Emily Dickinson, A Bibliography National Review, January 1931

185. Saddling Pegasus for Emily Dickinson (a poem) Nationel Review, January 1931

186. An Emily Dickinson Catalogue (at Tale) National Review, January 1931

187. Emily Dickinson (a poem) National Review, March 1931

188. A Dickinson Bibliography National Review, March 1931

189 . A Dickinson Bibliography National Review, June 1931

190. Thoughts After a Centenary National Review, June 193

November 1931 191. At the Source - National Review,

Review, February 1932 192. Prosody in Blue - National

193. Emily Dickinson Prize Essay St. Nicholas, May 1931

poem) 19^. "Parting" by Emily Dickinson (a Seribners, June I896

195. Poetry of Emily Dickinson Spectator, January 1923

(reviewed) 196. Life and Mind of Emily Dickinson Symposium, October 1930

Colophon III 197. Lavinia Dickinson - The - 55 -

198. A Poem - Symposium, July 1931

199* Amherst, Brave Amherst Tine, January 1930

200. Mystery of Sully Dickinson Theatre Ouild, August 1930

201. An American Poetess London, The Times Ltd., October I92U

202. A Life of Emily Dickinson (review) London, The Times Ltd., April 1930

203. Life and Mind of Emily Dickinson (reviewed) Sings, August 1930

204. Lixe and Letters of Emily Dickinson (reviewed) flomans Journal, August 1930

205. The Dickinson Myth Tale Review, 1921

206. Emily Dickinson and Her Editors Tale Review, 1929

207. House of Rose - Yale Review 1925

20S. Poetry of Emily Dickinson Yale Literary Monthly, October 1893

209. Two Unpublished Autographed Letters of Emily Dickinson Yale Gazette, October 1921

210. The Spirit Giveth Life - Emily Dickinson Zion Herald, December 1930

211. Emily Dickinson 1 s Ye?r at Mt. Holyoke Unpublished

Bibliography of Clippings

212. The Dickinson Discovery Sprin-field Republican, Jan. 26, 1929

213. A Valentine Springiield Republican, feb. I852

214. The Snake Springfield Republican, Feb. lb, 1886

215. Notice of Fatal Illness Springfield Republican, May 17, 1886

216. Notice of Death Springfield Republican, May 18, 1886

217. Obituary Springfield Republican, May 18, 1886 - 56 -

218. The Literary Wayside Springfield Republican, November 16, 1890

219. Connecticut Valley Poet Louisville Courier Journal

220. Note on Emily Dickinson, Modern Athenian Boston Transcript, November I896

221. What the Critics Say About Bally' s Poems Amherst Record, December 3, 1890

222. With the Poets Boston Sunday Herald, Nov. 22, I891

223. Letters of Saily Dickinson Christian Register, April 12, 1895

224. New Publication, Emily's Letters People and Patriot, January 21, 1895

225. Sally Dickinson's Letters The Beacon, Boston, January 19, 1995

226. Bally Dickinson's Letters New York Times, November 25, I895

227. Emily Dickinson's Letters New Tork Evening Post, Dec. 18, 1894

228. World of Letters New York Express, March 2, 1895

229. Emily Dickinson The western, Chicago, July 1898

230. Review Boston Transcript

231. Review Springfield Republican, 1891 Was 232. Why /She a Recluse Sunday Arizonian, March 18, 1899

233. Emily Dickinson Boston Transcript, October 5, 1907

234. Poems of a Lifetime Boston Transcript, September 30, 1914

235. Poems of Imily Dickinson Springfield Republican, Sept. 22, 1914

236. Review Chicago Tribune, October 10, 1914

237. Review Chicago Herald, October 10, ISlk

238. Poems of Emily Dickinson Springfield Republican, October 18, 1914

239. Three Poets and as Many Moods Boston Herald, October 24, 1914 - 57 -

2U0. Review Chicago Evening Post, December 4, 191U

2kl. Emily Dickinson Hartford Courant, January 1924

242. Life end Letters of Emily Dickinson Boston Transcript, March 29, 1924

Amherst Emily Dickinson Collection Boston Transcript, December 8, 1923

244. Emily Dickinson World, March 30, 192*1

2U5. Lifts Veil of Myths from Emily Dickinson Springfield Republican, March 30, 1924

246. Life of a Rotable Women Poet Evening Ledger, Fniladelphia, Apr. 8, 1924

2U7. Emily Dickinson Poetic Rebel Christian Science Monitor, April 9, 192U

248. Books on Oar Table New York Evening Post, June 11, 1924

249. Emily Dickinson, The White Moth of American Literature San Francisco Chronicle, June 15, 1924

250. Women Poets of America Boston Globe, July 1, 19 24

251. Singular Life and Striking Poetry of Emily Dickinson Philadelphia, July 19, 1924

252. Emily Dickinson's Poems Christian Science Monitor, Boston July 21, 192U

253. Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson The Sun, July 26, 1924

254. Mystical Poet Whose Ideas Were Heretical Springfield Republican, October 6, 1924

255. Complete Poems of Smily Dickinson Indic-mapolis News, October 29, 1924

256. Selected Poems of Emily Dickinson The Vote, November 28, 1924

England 257. Emily Dickinson Volume of Selected Poems in Snrir-^field Republican, Feb. 1, 1925

25^. New England Poets irst Boston Globe, April 12, 1925

2k 259. Editorial Hartford Courant, February , 1927 - 58 -

260. Early Recollections of Emily Dickinson Boston Herald, December 1927

261. Discussion of 150 Poems (5 clippings) January 25, 1929

262. Aciherat Poet Pat Best Work in Hidden Gems Springfield Union, January 26, 1929

263. New Poems by Emily Boston Globe, February 3. 1929

26U. Emily Dickinson, New Book by Immortal Tipplu New York Sun, March 16, 1929

265. Beauty Out of the Past Boston Herald, March l6>, 1929

266. Lost Poems of Emily Dickinson Given to World Boston Herald, March 1?, 1929

267. Emily Dickinson Revealed in Poems nthheld by Sister Springfield Republican, March 1929

2bS. A Gallant Woman Springfield Union, March 22, 1929

269. Anecdotes of Noted Amherst Women Springfield Union, March 23, 1929

270. A Poet's Qualities Springfield Union and Republican March 2U, 1929

271. Further Poems of Emily Dickinson Boston Transcript, March 30, 1929

272. Newly Found Poems are Intimate Lyrics Richmond Times, March 31, 1929

273. Old House Solves iiot This Literary Mystery Springfield Republican, March 31 , 1929

27U. Witness for the Crown Christian Science Monitor, April 3. 1929

275. Emily Dickinson's Poems (editorial) Springfield Republican, April 12, 1929

276. Emily Dickinson's urther Poems Boston Transcript, July 13, 1929

277. Emily Dickinson, Authenticity of Boston Transcript, August 19 2§

27S. Emily Dickinson, ! urther Poems London Observer, October 13, 1929 - 59 -

279. Play and Poetry Shop Talk Springfield Republican, November 3, 1929

280. Founders Day at Mt. Holyoke Springfield Republican, November 9, 1929

281. Emily Dickinson Under Discussion at Mt . Holyoke Springfield Hepublican, November 10, 1929

282. Emily Dickinson 1 s Tear at Mt. Holyoke Springfield Hepublican, November 10, 1929

233. Mt. Holyoke 7'oman Founder, and aaily Dickinson N.Y. Herald Tribune, November 10, 1929

2Sk. A Cousin's Memories of Emily Dickinson Boston Globe, January 12, 1929

285' Sniiy Dickinson, A Recluse (didn't like own appearance) Boston Post, March 2, 1930

286. Human Aspect of Baily Dickinson Boston Transcript, March 29, 1930

287. Emily Dickinson Indinapolis News, April 5, 1930

288. Taggard Holyoke Transcript, May 3t 1930

289. Emily Dickinson Seen by A Child Springfield Republican, May 3. 1930

290. Emily Dickinson Born 100 Yecirs Ago Springfield Republican, May k, 1930

291. Emily Dickinson (to editor "by Biancki) Springfield Republican, May 6, 1930

292. Emily Dickinson's Real Lover Revealed (Pollitt) Boston Herald, May U, 1930

293. The Emily Dickinson Centenary Springfield Republican, May 10, 1930

29U. Emily Dickinson, Poet is Honored Springfield Republican, May 11, 1930

295. Homage to Memory of Emily Dickinson Boston Globe, May 12, 1930

296. Homage Paid to Emily Dickinson Hampshire Gazette, Jiay 12, 1930

297. Pilgrimage (editorial) Hampshire Cassette, May 12, 1930

298. Emily Dickinson's Poems Sprin^i ield Republican, May 18, 1930 - 60 -

299 • Man Emily Dickinson Loved $>ringf ield Union, June 11, 1930

300. Taggard Book Milwaukee Journal, June lU, 1930

301. The New England Poet S.I. Herald Tribune, June 20, 1930

302. Hirst Header (on Taggard) The World, June 30, 1930

303. Miss Taggard Unravels a Poet's Dual Mystery H.Y. Evening Post, June 21, 1930

30U. Queer Spinster Renounced World for Her Garden Philadelphia Record, June 21, 1930

305. Genevieve Taggard 1 s Emily The world, June 22, 1930

306. Fact and Conjecture, Emily Dickinson's Life Chicago Evening Post, June 26, 1930

307. Hew Guesses and Mystery Boston Herald, June 28, 1930

30S. Hew Light in Life of Peculiar Genius June 1930

309. Of Making Many Books Philadelphia Ledger, July 2, 1930

310. Life and Mind of Emily Dickinson Boston Transcript, July 5, 1930

311. The New England Solitary N.Y. Sun, July 5, 1930

312. Mysterious Emily Dickinson (letters) Boston Herald, July 6, 1930

313. Fame Came Too Late to Assist Emily Dickinson Minneapolis Tribune, July 6, 1930

3lH. Literary Topics Hartford Courant, July 9, 1930

Dickinson Legend 315. Taggard • s Angle of the Emily Philadelphia Inquirer, July 12, 1930

316. As I View the Thing Dictator Herald, July 13, 1930

Explained 317. Hidden Life and Mind of Emily, Ramblingly San Francisco Chronicle, July 13, 1930

318. First Reader, Quoting Untemeyr The World, July 13, 1930 - 61 -

319* That Bare and Strange Creature, Emily Dickinson Honolulu Star Bulletin, July 19, 1930

320. Literary Highway The State (Col. S. C.), July 27, 1930

321. Miss laggard's Book on Emily Dickinson Springfield Republican, August 2, 1930

322. Emily Dickinson, Her Life, Hind, Poems and Lovers The World, August 10, 1930

323. Emily Dickinson and Some Early Critics Springfield Republican, August 3. 1930

52U. Emily Dickinson* • Friends and Neighbors Boston Transcript, August 13, 1930

325. Emily Dickinson's Secret Considered (letter) Springfield Republican, Sept. 2, 1930

326. Emily as Fictional Heroine ("Emily'') Boston Transcript, October 4, 1930

327. "Emily" Springfield Republican, October 5, 1930

328. Madame Bianchi Tells of a Tivid Emily Dickinson Springfield Union, October 2k, 1930

329. Emily Ilckinson's Poems Discussed Hartford Times, November 13, 1930

330. Madame Bianchi Gives Impression of Poet Springfield Union, November 20, 1930

331. Emily Dickinson's Grand Passion Fictionized Portland, Oregon Hews, Nov. 22, 1930

332. World Acclaims Emily, Still "queer Poet" in Amherst Boston Globe, November 23, 1930

333. Alison's House N.T. Herald Tribune, November 30, 1930

33U. Poems of Emily Dickinson in One Volume Springfield Republican, November 30, 1930

335. Emily's Life Dramatized in College Play Springfield Republican, April 17, 1932

336. New Edition of Emily Dickinson's Letters Springfield Republican, December 6, 1931

337. Letters of Emily Dickinson Anherst Record, November 25, 1931

33S. Emily Dickinson's Editors The Sew York Sun, November 7, 1931 - 62 -

339. Books and Things, Smily Dickinson's Letters Hew York Herald Tribune, November 4, 1930

3^0. Alison's House N.T. Evening Post, December 21, I930

3*+l. Alison's House H.Y. Herald Tribune, December 1, 1930 Alison's 3^2. House H.Y. Times, December 3, 1930 Alison's 3^3 . House The World, December 3, 1930

3^4. Poetess of Sorrow not Fictional New York Telegram, December k, 1930

3 k5. Alison's House Christian Science Monitor, Dec. fa, 1930

3^6. Jones Library Issues Bibliography of Emily Dickinson's Works Springfield Hews, December 6, 1930

3^7. Works of Miss Dickinson Boston Post, December 7, 193

3^8. Baily Dickinson's Home Town Observes Centenary of Her Birth Hartford Courant, December 7, 1930

3^9. Cartoon of Alison's House New York Times, December 7, 1930

350. Emily Dickinson's Centenary at Amherst Springfield Republican, Dec. 7, 1930

351' Centenary 01 Emily Dickinson Observed Springfield News, December 8, 1930

352. Books and Authors (Emily Dickinson's Complete Poems) New York Telegram, December 10, 193

353 • Dickinson Centenary Observed at Library Springfield Republican, December 10, 1930

35^» Today is Centennial Anniversary of Birth of Emily Dickinson Springfield Republican, December 10, 1930

355. Pen Driit Brattleboro Reference, December 11, 1930

356. Emily Dickinson, 1930 The World, December 10, 1930

357 • Susan Glaspell's Play The World, December 23, 1930

358. A Ne ice's Biography of Emily Dickinson Richmond (Va. ), January 18, 1931

359. Pulitzer Laurels, Alison's House New York Times, May 10, 1931 -63-

360. Pros and Cons New York Times, May 17, 1931

361. Sally Dickinson Material Springfield Union, July 7, 1931

362. Emily Dickinson in Controversy Springfield Republican, June 30, 1931

363. Prise Play to Open Here Boston Traveler, October 2H, 1931

36U. Letters of Emily Dickinson (revised) Springfield Republican, Nov. 1, 1931

NOTES

Key:- Notes numbered consecutively through the paper are explained in the following pages. The first number re- fers to the note, the second to corresponding number in the Bibliography, and the last numbers to the pages on which the subject matter is to be found. As, (1) X. .kk means, note number one refers to somber X in the Bibliography

which is Emily Dickinson . The Human Background of Her Poetry , and to page kk in that book. Roman numerals refer to books, and Arabic to articles and clippings for which pages cannot be listed.

(1) X...UU; XI... 86

(2) X...226; XI... 86

(3) 51

00 83

(5) 220

(6) 11

(7) 12

(8) S8

(9) VIII... 121 - 64 -

(10) XIV. ..December 16, 1857

(11) I ... 82

(12) 57 (see also notes 3 and 4 above, and I preface)

(13) I preface; XI...12.S&; VIII. . .226,114,89

(14) III. ..153

(15) XVI... Volume 42, July

(16) XII... 52, 74, 187

(17) XI... 229. 333. 2U6, 249

(18) i... 330

(19) III... 256

(20) XVI Volume 13, June; l4, December; 29, April; 32, May

(21) Bibliography, Articles and Clippings

(22) Bibliography, numbers IV and VI

(23) Bibliography, Wumbers ?, IX, XIII

(24) 24

(25) 24

(26) X...202

(27) XV... 1846 to I85O

(28) XVIII

(29) XVIII

(30) viii... 76

(31) S9

(32) XII... 68

(33) xii... 72

(34) X...62

(35) X...60

(36) X...60

(37) XI... 60

(38) XI. ..58 - 65 -

(39) XI... 6H

(ko) x. ..62

(Hi) X...70

(te) X...63

(*9) xii... 27H

(MO 1... 292

XI... 83

(H6) XVII January 18H9; XII... 2^8

(H7) XVII March I85O

(1*8) XV...18H1 to 1852

(H9) XI7 Collection

(50) XV...181& to 1850

(5D XII... 19, 20

(52) XI... 60

(53) XIII (a) 109 W XIII (a) 102

(55) XIII (a) 10k

(56) X...38

(57) XX... 1847 and 18US

(58) 211 ... 5 and 6

(59) I... 126

(60) 211. ..3

(61) 211... h

(62) X...U1

(63) X...167

(6U) XI...29U

(65) X* • • 22

(66) XII... 299

(67) XVI Volume 2, October 3

- 66 -

(68) II. ..27

(69) XVI Volume 3, April; 7.

(70) XVI Volume 13, January;

(7D XVI Volume 16, December

(72) XVI Volume 29, April

(73) XVI Volume 27, March tm XVI Volume 27, March

(75) XVI Volume k2, July

(76) XI...19H

(77) IX... 79

(78) XII... 182, 213

(79) III... 113

(80) III... 46

(81) III... 47

(82) XIII (b)125, 13k

(83) XV... 1835

(8U) I... 28

(85) I... 152, 189

(86) III. ..109

(87) x. . .30

(88) xii... 303

(89) XII... 1*

(90) XXI...18U5

(9D xxil... 75. 80

(92) I... 21

(93) XI... 129

(9*0 I. . .82

(95) III... 153 (96) III... 163

(97) T...351*

(98) I. ..35

(99) XIV. ..1852 November, 1853 December

(100) I... 176

(101) XI?. ..IS5U January and Sebruary

(102) XIV. ..1857 November and December

(103) V...351*

(10H) II... 56

(105) II... 101

(106) II... 223

(107) xii... 301

(108) XII... 331*

(109) xii... 335

(110) xii... 335

(111) 11. ..6

(112) II. ..7

(U3) II... 19

(Ilk) xii. ..5

(115) xii... 270

(116) xii... 311

(117) II... 231

(118) II... 305

(119) II... 119

(120) II. ..195

(121) II... 300

(122) II... 1*0.

(123) XII... 112 3

(12k II... 106

(125 II...1H7

(126 II... 235

(127 II... 263

(128 II. ..72

(129! XII...

(130: II. ..7

(131: I. ..go

(132; II. .. 27

(133; II... 23

t$m ?i...i3

(135: I?... 76, 91

(136: 11... 13

(137; XII... 79

m«i II... 196

(139 J TI...16

(1*K» II... 175

I?... 61

(lk2) xii... 30U

(1»43) XII... 295

xii... 159

(1^5) II... 31

(H*6) 17... 66

(1H7) II... 63

{iks) XII... 290

(1^9) XII...HOU

(150) IV... 81

(151) II... 225

(152) II... 22*+ (153) vi... 31

U5»0 I ... 12

(155) vi... 35

(156) 11... 326

(157) 17... 133

(158) II. ..29, 30

(159) II... 1*5

(lbO) 71... 30

(l6l) XII... 83

(162) VI... 34 to 38

(163) XII.. .286

(lbU) xii... 169

(I65) 7I...20H. 205

(166) XII... 221

(167) ?i... 205

(lbS) XII... 248

(169) VI... 166

(170) VI... 190

(171) XII... 300

(172) 71. ..210

(173) xii... 370

cm) xii... 360

(175) XII...360

(176) xii. . .257

(177) 71... 255

(178) II... 36

(179) 71... 398 to U00

(180) II... Hi

(182) T2...U60

(183) II... 52

ilSk) 71.. .290

(185) II... 58

(186) II... 371+

(187) VI...H02

(1SS) VI... 301 to 303

(189) II.. .5k

(130) VI... 165 to 166

(191) II.. .Ui

(192) II... 161

(193) II... 236

(13k) 11... 305 Approved by:

Graduate Conmittee

pate