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HUMANSCALE PRESENTS Bright Ideas—Office Lighting 101 In AIA/ARCHITECTURAL RECORD CONTINUING EDUCATION Series HUMANSCALE PRESENTS Bright Ideas—Office Lighting 101 With recent improvements in lighting technology and a better understanding of lighting issues, you can have the best of both worlds—reduced lighting costs and increased worker comfort and performance. the last 40 years, much advancement has been made in the area of lighting technology. Workspaces In of the 1960s and ’70s were designed around the belief that more light leads to better visual per- CONTINUING EDUCATION formance. Thus, they typically provided more light than the job required with little or no flexibility Use the learning objectives below to focus for the user. The result was wasted energy and a variety of human-factors issues, such as eyestrain and your study as you read Bright Ideas—Office headaches. New scientific research and enhanced technologies have provided designers with smarter Lighting 101. To earn one AIA/CES Learning solutions. Unfortunately, many offices continue to use dated technology to illuminate workspaces. Unit, including one hour of health safety welfare credit, Today’s workplace calls for flexible lighting systems that support the tools of the modern office, such as monitors and notebook computers. This suggests the integration of more appropriate lighting solutions answer the questions on page 192f, then follow the into existing lighting plans, and the selection of the most advanced products for new-build situations. reporting instructions on page 230 or go to the Contin- “The more we come to understand about lighting the more we appreciate its importance. Lighting uing Education section on archrecord.construction.com projects present a significant opportunity for us to add value to our facilities and improve the workplace,” and follow the reporting instructions. says James Woods, Energy Conservation Officer for the U.S. Department of Commerce. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Office lighting design continues to move toward greater energy efficiency, while providing improvements for worker comfort and safety. This move toward environmentally responsible design can After reading this article, you should be able to: be further developed with the incorporation of task lighting into workplace lighting schemes that would • More effectively evaluate office lighting design typically use just ambient or overhead light sources. • Understand the importance of incorporating task lighting Recent research into the use of task lighting has provided evidence that incorporating positionable into an overall lighting plan light sources into individual workspaces provides many benefits with regard to energy consumption. • Identify the environmental and worker health-related Additionally, it provides individual workers the freedom to position their light sources most comfortably. benefits of certain types of task lighting “At the Department of State we’ve learned from experience that our employees feel strongly about having good lighting, and that user-controlled lighting can help our people accomplish their missions. Energy and cost savings along with improved environments give us the best of both worlds,” Bright Ideas—Office Lighting 101. AIA/ARCHITECTURAL RECORD CONTINUING EDUCATION Series says Richard Tim Arthurs, Energy Policy and Conservation Officer, Office of Facilities Management Services, U.S. State Department. In the 1970s, when it came to lighting our workspace, more was better. Recent research has shown us that more is not better, and in fact not desired by most workers. Providing too much light can lead to the following: • Energy waste • Emotional and physical discomfort for the office worker due to improper illumination of the work surface and glare on reflective surfaces (such as the computer monitor) Using positionable task lighting in addition to low ambient light can lead to the following: • Improved lighting quality, comfort and control for workers • Increased energy efficiency Task lighting can provide illumination where it is most needed — on As we age, our eyes undergo several physiological changes—including the development of opacities in our lens and a reduction in pupil size—that result in our need for more light. paper-based documents — more economically than the most energy-efficient ceiling ambient light because task lighting is located closer to what’s being lit. The solution to this conflict is to lower the overall ambient lighting levels and In addition, individual workers can gain control over their lighting as appropriate provide individuals with positionable task lights to properly illuminate the read- for the task being completed. ing material on the desktop. In this way, both the monitor and documents can The monitor—document conflict be lit to appropriate levels for the tasks being performed. “The demands of differing tasks within the workplace create an obvious conflict Bulb options and energy efficiency in lighting requirements,” says researcher Alan Hedge, PhD, CPE, Director of the Today’s task lights utilize one of three primary bulb types: incandescent, halogen or Human Factors and Ergonomics Laboratory at the Cornell University Depart- compact fluorescent. Compact fluorescents burn cooler and have proven to be ment of Design and Environmental Analysis. more efficient than any other available task light source. A regular incandescent or The majority of work that most office workers perform today is a combina- halogen bulb works by heating a metal wire to a temperature at which it glows. tion of viewing a monitor and reading documents or other printed material. This requires high temperatures, relatively large amounts of energy, and creates a Yet these two tasks require significantly different levels of light. hot bulb surface. In fact, halogen bulbs can reach temperatures of 1800º and have If the ambient lighting level is set at the appropriate level for reading printed therefore been banned from many university dormitories because of their risk as a documents (20–50 footcandles), the lighting intensity will be much too high for fire hazard. A compact fluorescent bulb is a low-pressure mercury, electric-dis- proper monitor viewing (5–10 footcandles required). This leads to glare on the charge lamp in which phosphor coating transforms ultraviolet energy, created by surface of the monitor, substantial energy waste and a variety of worker produc- electric discharge, into visible light. The fluorescent bulb remains much cooler and tivity issues. However, if the ambient lighting level is brought down to a point uses less energy than the other two, while providing the same amount of light. which is appropriate for monitor viewing and movement throughout the work- The first practical electric lamp, developed by Thomas Edison in 1879, converted space, then there won’t be nearly enough light to read documents and other less than one percent of electricity into light. Today’s household incandescent bulbs paper-based reading material. convert 6–7 percent of their electrical input into light. The rest is wasted as heat. Clas- sic 4-ft fluorescent systems convert approximately 19% of their energy into light. Today’s compact fluorescent lamps, five inches in length, or less, can be 50 times Light Bulb more efficient than Edison’s original lamp and eight times more efficient than an incandescent light source capable of the same light output. For example, a 13-watt Comparison compact fluorescent task light will produce the same light output as a 75-watt Chart Incandescent Bulb Halogen Bulb Compact Fluorescent 100W 100W 26W incandescent light, burn cooler and consume only one-quarter of the electricity. As we age, we need more light to read LUMENS PRODUCED 1690 1900 1825 The older we get, the more light we need to see. Research indicates that the visual LIGHT QUALITY White/Yellowish Very bright, Available from performance of those in their 20s is about eight times better than those in their white light warm to crisp/cool 60s, almost four times better than those in their 50s. Those 61 and older require CRI (COLOR RENDERING INDEX) >90 >98 >84 more than 350 percent more contrast than do those in their 20s. ENERGY CONSUMPTION 100 W 100 W 26 W (or more due to heat) Relative Contrast Required as a Function of Age BULB TEMPERATURE 500° F 1800°F 125° F 400 ed BULB LIFE 1000 hrs 2500 hrs 10000 hrs 350 equir 300 COST OF BULB $0.50 $4.00 $14.00 250 BULB LIFE (ON AVERAGE) 167 Days 416 Days 1642.5 Days ast R (4.5 Years) 200 BULBS NECESSARY 10 4 1 150 (OVER 4.5 YEARS) e Contr 100 $21.90 $21.90 $5.91 ANNUAL ENERGY COST 50 elativ 0 $103.55 $114.55 $40.6o R TOTAL COST 20-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 (OVER 4.5 YEARS) * Assuming 6 hours of usage per day at $0.10 per kilowatt-hour Source: U.S. Department of Energy Age Bright Ideas—Office Lighting 101. Architectural Record Version: 01 Filename: 09/04Humanscale(reprint).qxd Black Cyan Magenta Yellow Issue Date: September 2004 Writer/Designer: Kenneth Kaiser Page No: 192a Last Revision: xx LHP 5 25 50 75 95 AIA/ARCHITECTURAL RECORD CONTINUING EDUCATION Series desktops with energy-efficient task lights. In addition, maintenance and bulb replacement costs are less with task lighting. Research suggests that with the use of energy efficient lighting technologies, we can reduce overall electrical use for lighting by half, a move that would save over $20 billion annually and decrease powerplant emissions by millions of tons. According to the California Energy Commission, lighting accounts for 23 percent of the electricity used in the state. The actual figure may be consider- ably higher, say other sources. Five percent of electricity used for air condition- ing, for example, goes to eliminate heat generated by lighting. In general, how- ever, the EPA estimates that lighting accounts for 20–25 percent of the electric- ity used annually in the United States. Since the 1970s, huge strides have been made in office lighting efficiency. Still, say California officials, the potential exists to reduce lighting energy use and peak demand by an additional 50 percent by 2020 while still improving the quality of lighting to the end user.
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