2008-09 Harvard Whaling Visiting Summer School in 19th Century Faculty in Japan Japan

TSUSHIN REISC h AUER EDWIN O. REISCHAUER INSTITUTE OF JAPANESE STUDIES HARVARD UNIVERSITY RE p ORTS Did you know... Science, Japan, and Harvard: • RI funded or facilitated the travel to Japan of 84 Harvard College students, from 22 concentrations, in 2007-08 and Summer 2008. A Growing Interest Among this group 33% were concentrators in math, the sciences, or engineering. Harvard undergraduates have been going to Japan for internships for 20 years. They have been • 35 Harvard College students held Summer pursuing language study and thesis research in Japan for even longer. But until recently, most Internships in fields from finance to baseball, students interested in Japan have come from concentrations in the humanities and social sciences. from brain science to anime. However, two programs supported by the Reischauer Institute (RI) create opportunities for science concentrators to gain experience in world-class Japanese laboratories, such that science concentra- • Last year RI gave 54 awards to Harvard tors are the fastest growing subset of students spending time in Japan with RI support. VOLUME 13 NUMBER 1 FALL 2008 graduate students for dissertation completion, summer language study, research in Japan The largest Harvard program in Japan specifically aimed at science concentrators is the Harvard and conference attendance. Summer School (HSS) Program at the RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI) near Tokyo. Started two years ago by Takao K. Hensch, Professor of Molecular and Cellular Biology, FAS, and • RI facilitates graduate student research Professor of Neurology, Children’s Hospital, the HSS Program at RIKEN BSI sends five to and professional development, supporting 8 seven undergraduates to Japan for an intensive 10-week summer program in the lab. Graduate Student Associates in residence. This intensive neuroscience program comprises two parts: independent laboratory research and a • Harvard has 33 Japanese studies faculty, lecture course. Students work alongside top researchers and technicians from Japan and elsewhere making it one of the largest Japanese studies on cutting-edge brain research in RIKEN BSI’s four core research areas: mind and intelligence, centers in the world. Last year, there were neural circuit function, disease mechanism, and advanced technology development. Students in 70 courses on Japan or with major content this program earn two biological life science course credits, and they may also take a noncredit on Japan. course in introductory Japanese. • Last year RI organized and/or supported over 65 seminars, collaborative study projects, continued on page 6 workshops, conferences, symposia, and research projects.

• RI has 181 scholars and experts on Japan in the greater New England community as RI Associates in Research.

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Ezra F. Vogel Honored

Ezra F. Vogel, Ph.D. ’58, Henry Ford II Professor of the Social Sciences Emeritus, has been awarded the 2008 Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Centennial Medal honoring alumni who have made significant contributions to society that emerged from their graduate study at Harvard. The medal was first awarded in 1989 on the occasion of the school’s hundredth anniversary. The citation for Professor Vogel read: “For being America’s scholarly ambassador to both China and Japan, helping to bring together the public and private domains of East and West, and for your unique pedagogical talents which have inspired generations of students, we honor you today.”

Photo: Ezra F. Vogel (right) with Allan M. Brandt, Dean, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences; Professor of the History of Science, FAS; and Amalie Moses Kass Professor of the History of Medicine, Harvard Medical School

2008-09 Visiting Faculty

ABÉ MARKUS NORNES Ogasawara Islands, home to a culturally diverse Tokyo and earned his Ph.D. in East Asian History at Edwin O. Reischauer Visiting population with origins that pre-date Japanese Stanford University. His forthcoming book, Coins, Professor of Japanese Studies, settlement. His publications include “Beyond Trade, and the State: Economic Growth in Early Dept. of East Asian Languages and Views and Types: reconsidering early photographs Medieval Japan, highlights the ways in which the Civilizations and Dept. of Visual of Japan” (Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, forthcoming), increasingly monetized economy of the twelfth, and Environmental Studies and “Photography in Colonial Asia,” Special Issue thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries paralleled and of International Institute for Asian Studies contributed to shifts in political and social power in Abé Markus Nornes is Professor of Asian Cinema Newsletter (guest editor and introductory essay) medieval Japan. He has presented and published in both the Department of Screen Arts and Cultures (Summer 2007). on topics including proto-nationalism in pre-modern and the Department of Asian Languages and East Asia, images of Japan and the Japanese in Courses: Museum Anthropology: Thinking with Cultures at the University of Michigan, where he modern film, and the 2001 Japanese textbook Objects; Visual and Material Culture of Japan; specializes in Japanese film and documentary. He controversy. In 2006 he was awarded a prestigious Material Images: The Anthropology of Photography is the author of many books, most recently Cinema Lilly Teaching Fellowship. His most recent research Babel (Minnesota), a theoretical and historical look project is an exploration of gender in early at the role of translation in film history. His articles KEN TADASHI OSHIMA medieval warrior society. have appeared in edited volumes and journals, Visiting Assistant Professor in Architecture, Dept. Courses: Ancient and Medieval Japan; Readings and he has co-edited numerous monographs and of Architecture, Graduate School of Design retrospective catalogues. He has been co-owner in Pre-Meiji History; Introduction to Heian and of the internet newsgroup KineJapan since its Ken Tadashi Oshima earned his Ph.D. in architectur- Medieval Historical Sources; Japan: Tradition inception. His Research Guide to Japanese Cinema, al history and theory from Columbia University, and Transformation. co-authored with Aaron Gerow, Yale, is forthcoming and, after two years as a Robert and Lisa Sainsbury from the University of Michigan. He is currently Fellow at the Sainsbury Institute for the Study of editing a volume on the Japanese Arts and Cultures in London, has been MELISSA WENDER Japanese pink film, an assistant professor in the Department of Visiting Lecturer on Japanese co-editing a major collection Architecture at the University of Washington since Studies, Dept. of East Asian of Japanese film theory 2005. He is an author for the Museum of Modern Languages and Civilizations (with Aaron Gerow), and Art Exhibition Home Delivery (2008), curator of the Melissa Wender graduated from the Department writing a biography of exhibition “SANAA: Beyond Borders” (Henry Art of East Asian Languages and Civilizations at Donald Richie. Gallery 2007-8), and co-curator of “Crafting a Harvard University in 1989, and received her Ph.D. Modern World: The Architecture and Design of from the University of Chicago in 1999. She was a Courses: Japanese Cinema; Antonin and Noemi Raymond.” As an editor and The Pacific War Through Film Postdoctoral Associate at the Yale Council on contributor to Architecture + Urbanism, he co- East Asian Studies in 2002-03 and has served as authored the two-volume special issue, Visions assistant professor at Bates College and visiting DAVID ODO of the Real: Modern Houses in the 20th Century assistant professor at Tufts University. She has Visiting Lecturer of Anthropology, Dept. of (2000). Dr. Oshima’s forthcoming publications taught courses on literature, popular culture, film, Anthropology & Visiting Curator, Peabody Museum include a monograph on Arata Isozaki (Phaidon, and minority identity. Her first book, Lamentation of Archaeology and Ethnology 2008) and Constructing Kokusai Kenchiku: as History: Narratives by Koreans in Japan, 1965- International Architecture in Interwar Japan 2000, was published in 2005 by Stanford University David Odo received his D.Phil. in Social and (U.W. Press, 2009). Cultural Anthropology from the University of Oxford. Press. She has edited a collection of translations by His work uses the critical examination of visual Course: Visions of the Japanese House Korean Japanese that is currently under review by objects, especially in regard to photographic the University of Hawai’i Press. Her latest project practice and consumption, to explore shifting defi- is on women, literature, and war memory. ETHAN I. SEGAL nitions of “Japaneseness,” Japanese colonialism, Courses: Modern Japanese Literature; Re-Writing Visiting Assistant Professor of modernity, and tourism. His research and teaching Modern Japanese Literature: A Seminar in Japanese History, Dept. of East interests also include material anthropology and Translation museum studies. He recently curated “A Good Asian Languages and Civilizations Type: Science and Tourism in Early Photographs of Ethan I. Segal is an assistant professor in the Japan” at the Peabody Museum. He is working on History Department at Michigan State University. a manuscript based on his doctoral research in the He was a Fulbright Scholar at the University of REISC h AUER 4 RE p ORTS

2008-09 RI Visiting Scholars 2008-09 Reischauer Institute Atsushi Hyodo Postdoctoral Fellows Senshu University Labor Unions in Japan Jonathan E. Abel, Ph.D. Yongdo Kim Hosei University Princeton University, 2005 Comparative Study of Manufacturing Industries Dr. Jonathan Abel earned his Ph.D. in Comparative in the U.S. and Japan Literature at Princeton University in 2005. He was Keigo Komamura Postdoctoral Fellow at Columbia University’s Keio University Weatherhead East Asian Institute in 2005-2006 and Birth of the Japanese Constitution and its Revision most recently taught as an Assistant Professor in from the Perspective of U.S.-Japan Relations the Department of German, Russian, and East Asian Nobuhiro Nishitakatsuji Languages at Bowling Green State University. He Kokugakuin University and Daizaifu is currently Assistant Professor in the Department Tenmangu Shrine of Comparative Literature at Pennsylvania State From left: Trent Maxey, Ayu Majima, Chelsea Foxwell, Shinto in History, Art, and Cultural Activities University. His translation of Azuma Hiroki’s Otaku: Jun Uchida, and Jonathan Abel Keikichi Ohama Japan’s Database Animals will be published by Waseda University University of Minnesota Press in late 2008. Judicial Review of Administrative Agency Actions lecturer in Japanese history at Hosei University, While he is at the Reischauer Institute, Dr. Abel and research fellow for the Institute of Asian Tomoko Okagaki will focus on his current book project, “Archiving Cultural Studies at ICU. Her current research focuses National Institute for Defense Studies, Japan Ministry of Defense Censors: The Preservation and Production of Banned on the comparative history of athlete’s foot and its Japan and the Institutionalization of the Sovereign Japanese Discourse, 1923-1976,” which centers on problematization in Japan and the U.S. State System the interaction between the institutions that store books and those that seek to suppress them. Sumiko Takaoka Trent E. Maxey, Ph.D. Seikei University Cornell University, 2005 Role of Alternative Dispute Resolution Systems Chelsea H. Foxwell, Ph.D. in the U.S. and Japan Dr. Trent Maxey spent a year at Kyoto University Columbia University, 2008 before receiving his B.A. from Northwestern Kiyotaka Uzaki Oita University Dr. Chelsea Foxwell earned her B.A. at Harvard University in History and Philosophy in 1998. He Role of Innovation on Corporate Values in the College in 1999, after which she spent 2 years earned his M.A. in modern Japanese history from U.S. and Japan researching art history at Tokyo National University Cornell University in 2001, and his Ph.D. in the of Fine Arts and Music. She then completed her same field in 2005. He has been assistant professor Ph.D. (2008) at Columbia University’s Department of Japanese history at Amherst College since 2008-09 RI Graduate of Art History and Archaeology, and will begin the fall of 2005. Student Associates teaching at the University of Chicago in the fall of 2009. His dissertation, “The ‘Greatest Problem’: the Raja Adal Politics and Diplomacy of Religion in Meiji Japan, History Dr. Foxwell is primarily interested in the relationship 1868-1884” relates the adoption of “religion” as an Art Education in Egyptian and Japanese between audience and art in Japan during the organizing discursive and regulatory category to the Government Schools, 1870-1950 Edo and Meiji periods. In the coming months, she state-formation process in Meiji Japan. Dr. Maxey’s Mikael Bauer will expand the scope of her dissertation, “Kano current research expands the reach of his disserta- East Asian Languages and Civilizations (EALC) Hogai (1828-1888) and the Making of the Modern tion to the parliamentary politics of the 1890s, Japanese and Chinese Buddhism in premodern Japan Japanese Painting,” to include an examination of the particularly the General Religion Bill of 1899. Sarah Kashani influence of American Ernest Fenollosa’s (1853-1908) Anthropology painting collection on artists such as Hogai. Her Japanese-Korean postcolonial relations; Transnational project also investigates how changing social Jun Uchida, Ph.D. Identity and Popular Culture in Japan and artistic practices engendered a modern Harvard University, 2005 Kyong-Mi Kwon “Japanese-style painting: Nihonga. Dr. Jun Uchida completed her Ph.D. at Harvard EALC University in 2005, and, after conducting a year of Early Twentieth Century Ch’unhyang chon adaptations additional research as a junior fellow of the Harvard in Colonial Korea Ayu Majima, Ph.D. Academy for International and Area Studies, she International Christian University, 2004 Regan Murphy joined the History Department at Stanford University Religion Dr. Ayu Majima specializes in the socio-cultural as an assistant professor in 2006. Buddhism and Kokugaku during the Tokugawa history of modern Japan and the comparative Period (1600-1868) history of bodily culture. Dr. Majima received her Dr. Uchida is currently preparing a book manuscript Andrea Murray M.A. (2002) and her Ph.D. (2004) from International entitled Brokers of Empire: Japanese Settler Anthropology Christian University (ICU) in Tokyo. Her dissertation, Colonialism in Korea, 1876-1945, which tells the Sustainable Tourism Development, Environmental “Physical Beauty and Racial Consciousness among story of Japanese settlers in colonial Korea. The Education and Politics of Climate Change in Okinawa Elites in Modern Japan: 1853-1926,” examines book illustrates the informal conduits of power that Hiromu Nagahara the historical development of racial consciousness drove colonialism on the ground and the complex History and the construction of racial identity among dynamics of cross-cultural encounter between Popular Music in Japan, 1930-1950 Japanese male elites. Japanese and Koreans. Dr. Uchida is also examining the history of decolonization, from the dismantling Jeremy Yellen From 2004-2007, Dr. Majima divided her time among of colonial authority on the Korean peninsula to the History Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in three roles: postdoctoral fellow at the Japan Society drawn-out process of repatriation and the politics World War II for the Promotion of Science in Kyoto, part-time of memory in postwar Japan. 5

Photo: Archie Mochizuki HARVARD SUMMER SCHOOL SecondYear in Japan

arvard summer school continued for the second year with two programs in Japan. In 2008 the HSSJ H program at Waseda University, Tokyo brought 23 students from 10 different concentrations together for six weeks of intensive study of Japanese culture and history. The 2008 HSSJ program at RIKEN Brain Science Institute (RIKEN BSI) afforded similar exposure for neurobiology concentrators in a lab complex in Saitama Prefecture. Harvard students searching for SIE (Significant International Experience) are discovering opportunities in Japan.

Most of the students who travel to Japan through the Harvard Summer School (HSS) have no prior Japan experience; the overarching goal is to support interest in Japan among students who are exploring their possible interest in Photo: Archie Mochizuki HSSJ students practice Japanese calligraphy. Japanese history, culture, and society.

Though no language course is required in either HSSJ program, students at both venues may take non-credit “survival Japanese” courses to help them navigate the experience. The HSSJ Waseda students also report receiving valuable language instruction from their host families. In the labs at RIKEN BSI, students interact with neuroscientists from all over the world, and the labs use English as their working language.

HSSJ (Waseda) is open to students from both the U.S. and abroad and to Japanese students from Waseda University. The 2008 session featured two popular Core courses: “Tokyo,” taught by Professor Theodore C. Bestor (Harvard, Anthropology) and “Constructing the Samurai,” taught by Professor Mikael Adolphson (University of Alberta, East Asian Studies). Professor Bestor’s course draws naturally on the

Photo: Kate Xie, Neurobiology ‘10 city, and every waking minute can be a learning experience for the students. Professor Adolphson’s Professor Wesley Jacobsen (second from left) prepares to guide students’ course taught students to recognize the myth and reality of samurai from their early origins through ascent up Mt. Fuji. modern Japan. These courses complemented each other well, with the materials from one course often enhancing the other.

SONIA COMAN, HISTORY OF ART AND ARCHITECTURE ’11 said “that the combination of the two courses taken this summer has resulted in one of my best academic experiences at Harvard. [Also], besides the practice of Japanese language, my host family helped me [attain] a close understanding of Japanese culture and society…”

At RIKEN BSI, JOSEPH STUJENSKE, NEUROBIOLOGY ’10 deemed his summer experience “surprising both scientif- ically and culturally…[My] trips beyond the walls of RIKEN were formative in my true appreciation of Japan and its people. From the secretary of my lab gently teasing me for putting soy sauce in my rice to the odd looks of passengers on the subway when I was eating a sandwich, my experiences taught me much about what to do and especially what not to do in Japan.”

The Reischauer Institute continues its efforts to support new student interest in Japan through programs such as HSSJ at Waseda and RIKEN BSI, especially for students who have not traditionally had opportunities to go to Japan or to study Japanese language and culture. Photo: Mark Mulligan REISC h AUER 6 RE p ORTS

Science, Japan and Harvard: A Growing Interest continued

Seminars and scientific meetings at RIKEN lab, reported, “The goal of my project was Japan Experience BSI are conducted in English, but once off to fabricate single-atom thick wires for use as by Concentration Field campus students are fully immersed in typical quantum bits (qubits) in a future quantum daily Japanese life with easy access by subway computer. I used scanning tunneling to Tokyo. Students are housed on the RIKEN microscopy (STM), atomic force microscopy campus in furnished studio apartments with (AFM), and polishing to make nanometer- 21% high-speed Internet, satellite television, a sized steps in silicon wafers. By depositing kitchen, and a bathroom. As word of this atoms a few at a time adjacent to these 21% opportunity spreads, applications for the nanometer-sized step edges, we were able to 25% program are increasing each year. grow wires that were only one atom wide.” A second program allows science concentra- In addition to the hands-on participation 33% tors to spend eight weeks or more as interns in cutting edge research in the lab, the added in Japan working in a laboratory or other cultural component makes the reported science-related environment. The internship experience truly striking. Shiv Gaglani program does not offer course credit, but RI further wrote: Humanities Photo: Phillip Hafferty, EAS ‘08 provides grants to support students pursuing Social Sciences “I did not realize how hierarchical Japanese this experience, and housing is usually laboratories can be. For example, undergradu- Sciences provided by the host laboratory or research ates typically only start research as seniors. Undeclared center. In 2008 four students interned in [Thus], while progress on my specific project labs at the RIKEN Center for Allergy and was slow, I still achieved my main goal, Immunology in Yokohama and the RIKEN [which] was to learn about nanotechnology RI’s summer internship coordinator, Jeffrey Center for Developmental Biology in Kobe. and practice techniques that I may be using Kurashige, Ph.D. candidate in Harvard’s Undergraduate science concentrators also held for my thesis research at Harvard. My Department of East Asian Languages and internships at Keio University School of professor in the lab was a famous researcher Civilizations, when questions or problems Medicine, Keio University’s nanotechnology in the field of semiconductors and isotope arose. Jeffrey organized Harvard outings to lab, Tokyo University of Science, and at engineering, and he was, in fact,…friends a Chiba Lotte Marines baseball game, the Sanyukai, an organization that assists the with my Harvard physics professor. I once Sumida River Fireworks Festival, and even homeless. joked with him and said ‘it’s a small world an overnight ascent up Mt. Fuji! The final reports from these students in nanotechnology’ (pun intended).” The Reischauer Institute is enthusiastic in reflect how deeply the internship experience All Harvard undergraduates going to Japan its support of the Harvard College mission affected them, intellectually and culturally. on these programs participated in a pre- to give all of its students a Significant SHIV GAGLANI, ENGINEERING SCIENCES ’10 departure orientation. They also relied on International Experience (SIE). who interned in the Keio nanotechnology FACULTY NEWS

This fall, Mary C. Thousand Year Mystery by Japan Broadcasting Brinton published Corporation (NHK). It was aired as a Hi-Vision in Japanese,Lost in Special and a NHK Special in November 2008. Transition:Youth, Education and Work Toshiko Mori’s work has been honored in a in Post-industrial monograph, Toshiko Mori Architect: Works and Japan (NTT Press, Projects (Monacelli Press, 2008), published with 2008). a forward by K. Michael Hays. It includes more than twenty-five residential, cultural, institu- Edwin Cranston tional, and commercial projects. A reception

will publishThe was held at Sean Kelly Gallery, New York, on Photo: Neal Hamberg Secret Island and the June 26, 2008 to celebrate the publication. From left: Consul General Yoichi Suzuki, Takako Suzuki, Susan Pharr, Enticing Flame: and Robert Mitchell Worlds of Memory, Mark Mulligan has Discovery, and Loss edited Nurturing Susan J. Pharr was awarded the Japanese in Japanese Poetry Dreams (MIT Press, government’s Order of the Rising Sun, Gold (Cornell East Asia 2008), a collection of Rays with Neck Ribbon, in a ceremony on May Series, 2009). essays chronicling the 15, 2008. The award honors her contributions professional life and to the study of Japan and her promotion of Melissa philosophical musings intellectual exchange between Japan and the McCormick’s of Tokyo-based architect United States. research on Genji Fumihiko Maki over his paintings was more-than-half-century featured in the career in design. The collection focuses on the Michael R. Reich is working with Keizo documentary The twin subjects of modern architecture and the Takemi for the Japanese government on the G8 Tale of Genji: A contemporary city. Summit follow-up activities on global health. 7

Harvard Japan Summer Internships 2008

Japan Summer 2008 students at a Chiba Lotte Marines baseball game with manager Bobby Valentine (sixth from left). Summer internship coordinator Jeffrey Kurashige (second from right) is in attendance with students. Photo: Taro Kuriyama, Literature ‘09

For two decades, Harvard College students with LAUREN FULTON, GOVERNMENT ’10 with only a year NICHOLAS MOY, ECONOMICS ’10 worked at the two years of Japanese have been able to gain first- of Japanese language, interned at Showa Women’s Institute for Global Environmental Strategies in order hand experience of the country’s culture, society, University, which included working for a member of to pursue his interest in industrial organization and and business through internships at companies the Japanese Diet both in parliamentary session and international trade, and finance. and organizations in Tokyo, Osaka, Kyoto, Hiroshima, in touring his home (and more rural) district in Okayama and Tsukuba. Beginning in 2005, the Nagano. In her final report, she wrote, Through this program, Harvard College students Reischauer Institute, in collaboration with the match their aspirations, passions, and academic Japanese Language Program, the Program on “The entire time, I watched and learned, often skills with the generosity, experience, and expertise U.S.-Japan Relations, the Office of International discussing my observations with Shinohara-sensei. of their hosts, within a cultural mix that can be Programs, and other offices on campus, has We discussed traditional Japan and contemporary life-changing for the students while creating solid extended these opportunities to a wider circle of Japan, the rural versus the urban, and the role of partnerships between the university and a variety Harvard College students – increasing the total these distinctions in governance. We compared the of institutions in Japan. number of internship sites; opening the program problems confronting Japan and America and if or to students with little or no prior training in the why the countries’ responses should diverge. I was Japanese language, students in the sciences, amazed that learning so much about the challenges and students who find internships in Japan on of Japanese politicians encouraged me to reflect their own; offering orientations; and providing on the issues we face in our own country.” a student coordinator in Tokyo to serve as a resource over the summer. TARO KURIYAMA, LITERATURE ’09 a native speaker of Japanese, was placed with a professional In summer 2008, 35 students from 15 different baseball team, the Chiba Lotte Marines Co., Ltd. to Harvard concentrations held summer internships in understand how a business works at the macro level Japan. Of these, 14 were placed in traditional set- as well as how Western and Japanese businesses tings such as banking, consulting, government, policy influence each other. research, or corporate management. The remaining interns worked in an array of non-profit organiza- ALESSANDRO LA PORTA, COMPUTER SCIENCE ’09 tions, science laboratories, and small start-up firms. requested and received an internship at Toei Animation Co., Ltd., building on his long-time The variety in student concentrations and internship interest in anime and the anime industry. sites is reflected in these examples: NARA LEE, UNDECLARED ’11 designed her own BRANDON EUM, ENGINEERING SCIENCES (SB) ’09 internship at both Tokyo University and the took an internship at Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd., in order International Committee of the Red Cross in order to unite his field of study with his passion for Japan to focus on international refugee law and the and Japanese culture and to “interact with profes- refugee issue in Japan. She reported, sionals with whom I can discuss the differences in professional and personal culture and ethics “These internships were the perfect match for me between Japan and America.” as they focused on international refugee law and the refugee issue in Japan. Upon discovering the ZACHARY FRANKEL, UNDECLARED ’11 worked at the existence of a significant refugee population and the toy manufacturer Bandai Co., Ltd., to improve his Japanese government’s plan to admit even more, language skills beyond the classroom, enhance his I immediately worried about the Japanese economy. interest in business, and prepare himself for a Three months later, [it] was surprising how much potential longer stay in Japan. my perception on refugees had changed. It was fascinating to see the transformation from paper Top: Shiv Gaglani, Engineering Sciences ‘10, at the Ryogoku Kokugikan sports arena, Tokyo. Bottom: Iddoshe to actual fieldwork take place.” Hirpa, Chemistry ‘11 at RIKEN RCAI lab. REISC h AUER 8 RE p ORTS

Environment for Change 19TH CENTURY JAPANESE WHALING

Along the Kumano coast in modern Wakayama Prefecture, three villages have a longstanding tradition of whaling, dating back to the late seventeenth century: Koza, Miwasaki, and, the most famous of these, Taiji. At the start of the nineteenth century, Taiji whalers were still using techniques developed nearly two centuries earlier. Whalers would row out from shore, entrap a whale in their nets, then harpoon it, and haul it back to shore. By the early twentieth century, however, whalers from this area had begun using steamships and harpoon guns, technologies adopted from Western whaling nations such as the United States and Norway. They also began to follow these nations’ use of whales more for their oil than for their meat.

The transition to a whaling industry nearly indistinguishable from that of the early twentieth- century United States, Norway, or Germany occurred during a time of rapid economic change JAKOBINA ARCH and as the Meiji state grew stronger in Japan. The whaling industry had ties to the state, but Ph.D. candidate in History and despite this link, the Wakayama whaling industry was impacted more by changes in environmental East Asian Languages, Dept. of East Asian Languages and Civilization, conditions than by political factors. The effects of global whaling on whale populations in the Harvard University Pacific forced whalers in Wakayama to search for new ways to maintain their livelihood. The result was a transformation of the Wakayama whaling industry only slightly after, and with similar results to, the transformation of American and Norwegian whaling from sail to steam and diesel power. The similarity arose not just from the transmission of technologies between these countries’ whalers, but also from the shared problem of declining whale populations.

Many factors promoted drastic changes in whaling technology. While whaling brought generations of prosperity to Kumano villages such as Taiji, overreliance on whaling also brought disaster when other nations, particularly the United States, became involved in large-scale hunting and removed most of the whales from the Pacific, leaving the villagers with nothing to catch.

To define the process of technological change in this industry, I will first explain the context in which Kumano whalers worked. Then I will describe one example of the impact of global whaling on the Kumano whaling industry. Finally I will discuss how the whalers of this area responded and adapted to the consequences of global whaling on whale populations in the Pacific.

Kumano Whaling in the Nineteenth Century In the nineteenth century, Kumano whalers hunted gray whales, humpbacks, and right whales. All three of these species migrated along the Kuroshio (Japan Current), swimming close enough to shore for a shore-based whaling operation to be practical. For the three whaling villages in this area, the winter whaling season coincided with the yearly migrations of whales along the coast. It was also a time when few fish species were available. The economy of these villages thus relied on their ability to catch While whaling could bring generations of prosperity to whales for at least half of the year. Whales were also a large and valuable Kumano villages such as Taiji, reliance on whaling also resource, bringing a great deal of income to village whaling groups once brought disaster when other nations, particularly the United rendered and sold. Whaling products included meat, oil for lamps, and States, became involved in large-scale hunting and insecticide, as well as bone and sinews for puppets and musical instruments. removed most of the whales from the Pacific, leaving the In a typical season in the beginning of the nineteenth century, the village of Koza could bring in as many as 20 whales, which fed the approximately villagers with nothing to catch. 300 people involved in the whaling effort and earned them enough income to pay village taxes for the year.

But the destination of these whales was the American Pacific hunting grounds. From the 1840s to the 1860s, American whalers (who made up 80% of the world’s whaling fleet) brought in 10-15 million gallons of whale oil. That would mean the taking of as many as 25,000 whales. In compar- ison, for the first half of the nineteenth century, all whalers in Japan caught only 70-80 whales total per year. The over-harvesting of right whales by American whalers offshore made it difficult for Japanese shore-based whalers to maintain even this modest number of catches. Whalers in Wakayama were thus driven to desperate measures by the end of the nineteenth century. 9

Wakayama Prefecture One prevailing assumption is that the Japanese had a more nuanced view of whales than that of more thoroughly exploitation-based whaling nations such as the United States. However, the Kumano Coast assumption of a dramatic difference in attitudes is based on some misconceptions, at least in regard to whalers in Wakayama.

An example used to support the theory of greater Japanese concern for whales is that of a supposed taboo on hunting right whales with calves. However, there is no evidence for a historical concern with preserving mother-calf pairs in this area. Although specific signals were used by mountain Kyoto lookouts to indicate the species and the presence of calves, such signals were not warnings to avoid pursuit. The ability to distinguish the species being pursued and whether there was a calf present simply helped whalers to adjust their tactics. Interviews conducted by Taiji Gorosaku, a twentieth- Osaka century whaler from the village, note the fierce protectiveness of right whale mothers for their calves. This protectiveness made them dangerous to hunt, but not taboo. Whalers sometimes even took advantage of the bond between mothers and calves; if the calf was trapped alive, the mother would remain in the area trying to save it, and would therefore be easier to catch. This technique was common among American whalers and was sometimes used in Japan as well.

Wakayama The 1878 Disaster and Its Ramifications A disastrous decision made in 1878 to hunt such a mother-calf pair, rather than suggesting the end of a taboo and the influence of modernization on Taiji attitudes, was the result of the desperate circumstances of the village, due to the declining catches of the whales that supported the local economy.

On December 24, 1878, a storm was blowing in, and it was already late in the day by the time Koza River Miwasaki the lookouts spotted a pair of whales. Despite the dangers, the female was too large for the Ota River whalers, who had caught nothing yet that season, to pass up. But the whales proved too difficult to catch before the storm arrived, and by the time the whalers realized they could not keep the struggling whales entangled in their nets without losing their boats, it was too late. Although the Wakayama Taiji whales were cut free, they likely died later of their wounds, along with over 100 whalers (a high proportion of the total village population). Most of the whalers died from exposure when their boats were caught in the strong offshore current, while others who managed to survive were unable to return from the uninhabited islands where they had been driven by the storm until late spring Koza of the following year.

Adaptation of Whaling Technology The desperate circumstances leading to this poor decision eventually forced the Kumano whalers to adopt new techniques and to find new locations for whaling. One new method involved trying to adapt American harpoon guns to use within the coastal whaling tradition. This was not particularly successful, mostly because there were no longer enough targets to catch with the difficult-to-use harpoons. Eventually, a version of this technology was adapted by a man named Maeda. He invented a repeating harpoon gun for catching the smaller pilot whales still available inshore. This technique is the basis for the coastal whaling practiced in Taiji today.

The other option was to do as the American and Norwegian whalers had begun to do: turn their sights to new offshore species. Because Japan’s was a coastal industry rather than a pelagic (open ocean) one, the change in the Japanese whaling industry when whalers began targeting the faster rorquals, such as blue whales and fin whales, seems greater than that in the Western whaling industries who were pursuing the same course. However, in both cases it was the lack of easier targets that forced whalers to change their techniques. Once Japanese whalers began chasing down pelagic species, they also were faced with the problem of bringing the product the greater distance back to shore. They found that oil rendered on the ship was far easier to transport than meat, which until refrigeration developed, would have spoiled before the ship returned to port.

Viewing this change in industry techniques as forced by the same factors of declining resources that other nations faced makes it easier to understand how the transformation was accomplished with similar results. The transition in Taiji was not because whalers suddenly decided to adopt an entirely new technology to catch whales for a completely different product. Instead this shift was the result of a gradual adaptation to changes in available resources (whale species) and access to new global markets for different whale products. RIJS_japanese3pages_FINAL.qxd:Layout 1 11/10/08 2:53 PM Page 1

ラ イ シ ャ ワ ー 108 レポート

STUDENT ACTIVITY Japan-America Student Conference at Harvard

Each summer, JASC students from universities across Japan and the United States convene for a month, traveling to different sites to discuss some of the hottest topics facing the two nations. The program alternates host countries each year, giving students the rare opportunity to see new places, whether at home or abroad, and to learn about their culture through the eyes of others. From politics to pop culture and everything in between, JASC offers motivated university students of all levels an outlet for ambition, intellect, and cultural stimulation.

Not only do conference participants learn about one of the world’s most strategic bilateral alliances, they also have the opportunity to reinforce the bonds between countries, sharing knowledge and experiences while making memories and friendships with other future leaders. This year the Conference examined a number of global issues impacting both Japanese and American society, from war memory, comparative law, and environmental ethics to the development of corporate social responsibility.

Harvard was the final stop on the 2008 JASC after one week each in Oregon, California, and Montana, and the students were treated to a welcome address by Ezra F. Vogel, Henry Ford II Research Professor of the Social Sciences Emeritus. Twenty-six energetic students from 19 U.S. colleges and universities A lively question and answer session followed his remarks. This was the first joined 36 students from Japanese universities to participate in the 60th time the Reischauer Institute had hosted JASC on campus since 2000. annual Japan-America Student Conference (JASC) this summer. Harvard undergraduate NANCY YANG, EAST ASIAN STUDIES ’09, served as a The Reischauer Institute hosted the group on the Harvard campus for five days member of the JASC American Executive Committee (AEC) this year, and she in August. While in residence the students held panel presentations together, played a large role in planning and organizing the conference. In 2009 Harvard lived in dorms, and toured some of Boston’s historic sights. Harvard Japanese students will continue their tradition of leadership in JASC, as RACHEL STAUM, studies faculty met with the delegates in small break-out groups on one EAST ASIAN STUDIES ’10, was elected to the AEC for the 61st conference to afternoon to discuss issues of interest to the students. be held in Japan.

サイエンス、日本、そしてハーバード: 高まる関心 続き

理研BSIのセミナーとサイエンスに関する 東京理科大学でインターンシップを行いま が、それでも主な目的は達成しました。 ミーティングは英語で行われますが、地下 した。 それはナノテクノロジーについて学ぶこ 鉄による東京へのアクセスが便利なこ ととハーバードで論文研究のために使う 参加した学生たちの書いた最終報告書を ともあり、1歩キャンパスの外を出れば、 かもしれない技術を練習をすることでし 読むと、このインターンシップ経験がどれ 典型的な日本での日常生活をたっぷり た。日本の研究室の教授は半導体と同位 くらい深く彼らに知的・文化的な影響を と味わうことができます。また、参加し 元素工学の分野で有名な研究者なので 与えたかがわかります。2010年度卒業予定 た学生は理研キャンパスにある高速イ すが、彼は実は。。。ハーバードの物理学 で工学科学専攻、そして慶應義塾大学のナ ンターネット・衛星テレビ・台所・および の教授と友人だったのです。私 は 一度彼に ノテクノロジーの研究室でインターンと 浴室がある家具つきのワンルームマン 「ナノテクノロジーの世界はさすが、狭 して研究に従事したシブ・ガグラニさんは ションに住むことができます。こうした いね！（ナノテクノロジーが極小の世界で こう書いています。「私のプロジェクトの 機会が得られるという話が広まるにつ あることと掛けている）」と冗談を言った 目標は将来の量子コンピュータで量子 れて毎年このプログラムへの申し込みは ものです。 ビット(qubits)として使うための単一原子幅 増え続けています。 のワイヤーを作ることでした。シリコンウェ これらのプログラムで日本に行ったハーバ RIが支援するもう一つのプログラムで ハー上にナノメートルサイズの段差を作る ードの学部生は全員出発前オリエンテー は、サイエンス専攻の学生たちは日本の研 ため、走査型トンネル顕微鏡 (STM)、原子間 ションに参加しました。また、何か疑問が 究室やその他サイエンスに関連した環境 力顕微鏡 (AFM)、そして研磨を使いました。 ある時や問題が起こった時はRIの夏期学 で8週間、もしくはそれ以上インターンとし 隣接したナノメートルサイズの段差の縁 生コーディネーターであり、ハーバードの て働くことができます。このインターン の近くに1度に少しずつ原子を堆積してい 東アジア言語文明学部の博士候補生でも シップ・プログラムでは履修単位は得 くことでたった1原子幅のナノワイヤーを あるジェフリー・倉重に相談できました。 られないものの、学生がこの経験を得 作り上げることができました。」 ジェフリーは千葉ロッテマリーンズの野球 るための支援としてRIが奨学金を授与 の試合、隅田川花火大会、さらに富士山登 研究室での最先端の研究へ自ら参加できる し、また住むところは通常受け入れ先の研 山まで（！）ハーバードの学生たちの遠足を ことに加えて、彼らにとって文化を学ぶと 究 室 や 研 究 所で用意してもらえます。 企画しました。 いうことが日本での経験をさらに印象深い 2008年度は4人の学生が理研の横浜にあ ものにしていることがわかります。シブ・ガ ライシャワー日本研究所は、全ての学 る免疫・アレルギー科学総合研究セン グラニさんはさらにこうも書いています。 生に意義深い国際的経験 (SIE)を与える ターと神戸にある発生・再生科学総合 という、ハーバードカレッジの使命を 研究センターの研究室でインターンをし 「私は、日本の実験室がどれほど階層的で 支援するのに力を注いでいます。これか ました。サ イエンス専攻の学部生たちは他 あるかを知りませんでした。例 えば、学部 らも私たちはすべての分野を専攻する にも慶応義塾大学の医学部、慶應義塾大学 生は通常4年生になって初めて研究を始め 学生が日本を経験できるよう支援し、 のナノテクノロジー研究室、ホームレスのため るのです。（したがって、）私の特定のプロ 働きかけていきます。 の無料クリニックを運営している山友会、 ジェクトにおける進歩は遅かったのです RIJS_japanese3pages_FINAL.qxd:Layout 1 11/10/08 2:53 PM Page 2

11

所長より 親愛なる友へ 今号の「 通信」はライシャワー日本研究所(RI)がハーバードのサイエンスコミュ二ティとの関 係を構築し、サイエンス専攻の学部生に日本を体験する機会を与えるという最近の試みにつ いて特集しています。 5年前、RIの支援を受けて日本を訪れた学部生の大多数は東アジア研究専攻でした。今ではRI の支援を受けて毎年研究や勉強、あるいはインターンシップのために日本を訪れる85名の学 部生の内、33%はサイエンスや工学専攻の学生です。 なぜこうした変化が起きたのでしょうか。これは1つにはFASの分子細胞生物学教授とハー バードメディカルスクールの神経学教授を兼任するタカオ・ヘンシュ先生のリーダーシッ Photo: Martha Stewart プのおかげです。ヘンシュ先 生 は 現 在 RI の支援を受け、有名な理化学研究所（理研）の2つ の研究センター（東京の脳科学総合研究センターと横浜の免疫・アレルギー科学総合研究セ ンター）にある研究室で最新の研究に参加する機会を生命科学分野の学生に与えてくれてい るのです。同様に物理学のジョン・ドイル教授も学生に物理学関連の研究室で働く機会を与 えるために働きかけてくださっています。 しかしながら、こうした教授陣主導の様々な試みを別としても、サイエンス専攻の学生に とって日本の魅力というのは増してきています。RIの夏季インターンシッププログラムは特 に人気のあるプログラムです。ハーバードはSIE (意義深い国際的な経験)がすべての学部生 に対する教育の一環になることを近年ますます重要視しているため、サイエンス専攻の学 生たちは今、興味を惹かれる分野で最先端の知識を得られ、かつ好奇心をそそる場所を探し ています。したがって、サイエンス及びテクノロジーの分野で飛躍的な前進を遂げた実績が あり、興味深い若者文化で知られる国際都市東京はかなりの人気を誇ります。RIのインター ンシッププログラムの好評もその人気に拍車を掛けています。夏の同プログラム参加者35名 5 4.7 EDWIN O. REISCHAUER は日本での体験を総合して 点の中 点と評価しました。また、早稲田大学キャンパスでのハ INSTITUTE OF JAPANESE STUDIES ーバード・サマースクール・ジャパンも参加した学生から高い評価を得ると共にサイエン ス専攻の学生たちに人気があります。 Center for Government & International Studies RIとサイエンスコミュニティとの繋がりは学内だけに留まらず、国際的にも様々な形で South Building 深まってきています。例 えば、昨年ハーバード公衆衛生大学院のマイケル・ライシュ Harvard University 教授は日本グループと密接に連携しながら、教授陣によるプロジェクトの陣頭指揮を 1730 Cambridge Street とりました。このプロジェクトは、保険システム強化のためのグローバルアクションの 2 1 Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 政策案を作るのを目的としていました。その 国間の活動を調整したのは、昨年 年間 ウェザーヘッド国際問題研究所の日米関係プログラムに在籍した元参議院議員武美 P 617.495.3220 F 617.496.8083 敬三氏でした。この教授陣の働きは、7月に北海道で行われたG8サミットの準備として、 日本が国際保健に関するグローバルアクションプランに着手するのに大きく貢献しました。 [email protected] www.fas.harvard.edu/~rijs 私たちは今後もサイエンス分野での、様々な形での連携を楽しみにしています。

© 2008 President and Fellows of Harvard College スーザン J. ファー

展覧会

ジャパン・フレンズ・オブ・ハーバード・コンコース での染織タピストリー展示

私は糸の声を聴く この展覧会では朝倉氏が染料の元となる 経糸は時間の流れ 植物を集め、絹糸を染め、そして色同様 色は形を主張する 生地も人目を引くようなデザインを創り 私は糸の命を感じ取り 出すため大きな手織り機で糸を織ってい 主張する形となるよう、 るところなど実際の製作過程を自身の 手をさしのべる 言葉で語ったDVDも上映されています。 朝倉美津子 9月18日に行われたライシャワー研究所 と日米関係プログラム共催の秋のレセ この9月、政策国際研究センター プションでは220人以上の招待客が展覧 (CGIS)南棟の壁は、京都を中心に活 会のオープニングを祝いました。ニュー 動されている芸術家朝倉美津子氏 ヨークのジャパン・ソサエティーギャラ による優雅なシルクの染織タピス リーで北アメリカでのデビューを飾った トリーの展示で華やかに彩られて この展覧会はハーバードでは11月21日 います。ライシャワー研究所が全米 まで行われ、その後フロリダのデルレ 日米協会連合及びボストン日本協会 イビーチにある森上美術館、続 いて と共に主催しているこの展覧会は ワシントンDCにある米国建築士協会 「朝倉美津子が織りなす染織タピス 本部ギャラリーでも開催予定です。 トリーと建築空間」と題され、人々が 生活し仕事をする、見慣れてしまった 空間に新しい印象を与えたいという 詳しい情報は下記のリンクを参照して 芸術家の願望を表現しています。 ください: http://www.asakuraexhibition.net Photo: Martha Stewart RIJS_japanese3pages_FINAL.qxd:Layout 1 11/10/08 2:53 PM Page 3

2008-09 日本での 19世紀 客員教授 ハーバード・ 日本における サマースクール 捕鯨

TSUSHIN ラ イ シ ャ ワ ー

エドウィン O. ライシャワー日本研究所 ハーバード大学 レポート

ご存知でしたか。。。 2008 サイエンス、日本、そしてハーバード: 秋 ・ライシャワー研究所は2007年－2008 年度及び2008年夏期に、22の分野を 専攻する84名のハーバード学部生に対 高まる関心 し日本へ渡航するための資金援助・ 支援をしました。そのうち33％は数学、 20 科学、または工学専攻の学生です。 ハーバードの学部生は 年にわたって日本へインターンシップに行っています。 日本語学習と論文研究に至ってはそれ以前から日本を訪れています。けれど最近 ・35名のハーバードの学部生は金融関係 まで、日本に興味を持っているほとんどの学生は人文・社会科学専攻でした。しか から野球、脳科学からアニメまでさまざ しながら、ライシャワー日本研究所(RI)が支援する2つのプログラムに参加するこ まな分野で夏期インターンシップを行 とでサイエンス専攻の学生は世界レベルの日本の研究室で経験を得る機会が与え いました。 られることから、RIの支援で日本に滞在する学生の中でも、サイエンス専攻の学生

VOLUME 13 NUMBER 1 は最も急激に増えているグループです。 ・昨年ライシャワー研究所は博士論文執 筆、夏期語学研修、日本での研究及び 特にサイエンス専攻の学生を対象にしたハーバードで最も大きな日本でのプログ 学会参加に対しハーバードの大学院生 ラムは、東京近郊の理研脳科学総合研究センター(BSI)でのハーバード・サマース に54に上る奨学金を授与しました。 クール(HSS)プログラムです。2年前にFAS（ハーバードの人文科学大学院プログラムの総 ・ライシャワー研究所は大学院生の研究 称）の分子細胞生物学教授とハーバードメディカルスクールの神経学教授タカオ・ヘンシュ とプロフェッショナル・デベロップメント 先生によって始められたこの理 研 BSI での HSS プログラムは、毎年5人から7人の学 を支援していて、現在8名の大学院生に 部生を日本に送り、ラボでの10週間にわたる夏期集中プログラムに参加させています。 オフィス・スペースを提供しています。 この脳科学集中講座は各ラボでの研究とレクチャーコースの2部構成になっています。 ・ハーバードには33名もの日本研究の 学生たちは日本や外国からの優秀な研究者・技術者と共に理研BSTの4つのコア研 教授陣が在籍し、世界で最も大きな日 究領域（心と知性への挑戦コア、回路機能メカニズムコア、疾患メカニズムコア、 本研究のプログラムの一つとなっていま 先端基盤技術開発コア）における最先端の脳に関する研究に従事します。このプロ す。昨年日本に関する講座、もしくは グラムに参加した学生は生物学関連の生命科学講座の 2単位を修得でき、また、単位 70 日本を大きく取り上げた講座は 以上 取得はできないものの、初級日本語のクラスを取ることもできます。 を数えます。 10ページに続く ・昨年ライシャワー研究所は65回以上の セミナー・共同研究プロジェクト・ワー クショップ・学術会議・シンポジウム・ 研究プロジェクトを行い、支援しました。

・ニューイングランド地域社会におい て181名の日本に関する研究者及び専門 家がライシャワー研究所の提携研究員 となっています。

2 0 0 7年 秋 から 20 0 8 年 夏 に かけて、 ハーバードの 学部生84名が日本を 訪れま した。これは今までで 一番多い人数です。 そして、この増加の驚くべき点は、これら 学部生の約3分 の1がサイエンス専攻の 学生ということです。 Photo: Kate Xie, Neurobiology ‘10 HARVARDFILMARCHIVE:FILMSERIES

DECEMBER 7-22, 2008

Nagisa Oshima & the Struggle for a Radical Cinema

An unflinchingly iconoclastic and ceaselessly inventive Equally important as the political charge of Oshima’s cinema is its steadfast devotion to narrative and aesthetic innovation. filmmaker, Nagisa Oshima (1932- ) has scorched an An incredibly restless and unceasing experimental drive has led indelible path across postwar Japanese cinema. Oshima to invent a radically different formal language for almost all of his films, from the deliberate long-sequence shots of his Oshima is one of Japan’s original outlaw masters—a rebellious early youth exploitation pictures A Town of Love and Hope and and instinctively anti-establishment artist whose apprentice The Sun’s Burial to the complex, fast and often deliberately dis- work bears a resemblance to the films of such contemporary orienting cutting of Violence at Noon and The Man Who Left enfant terribles as Sejun Suzuki (1923- ), Koji Wakamatsu His Will on Film. Yet while Oshima’s most formally daring films, (1936- ) and Kiju Yoshida (1933- ), maverick and fiercely inde- such as Death By Hanging, clearly reveal a distrust of cinematic pendent directors who, like Oshima, all began under studio con- illusionism, the director nevertheless also commands an aston- tracts. Oshima quickly established himself as one of the most ishing eye for unconventional beauty that gives way to the lush, politically committed and driven filmmakers of his generation, exhilarating sensuality of films such as Cruel Story of Youth, beginning with the remarkable elegy to the failed student-led Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence and In the Realm of the Senses. protest movement offered by his controversial third feature, Night and Fog in Japan (1960), which was almost immediately This complete retrospective of Oshima’s feature films offers pulled from theatrical distribution by his studio, Shochiku, and a rare opportunity to see some of postwar Japanese cinema’s banned from public and private exhibition. most iconic and important works—an experience that, by contrast, reveals the total poverty of politically engaged art Devoted to political activism since his days as an outspoken cinema today. student leader at the prestigious Kyoto University, Oshima was The Nagisa Oshima retrospective and its North American tour led by the traumatic experience of Night and Fog in Japan were organized by James Quandt for Cinematheque Ontario, towards a different mode of political cinema, increasingly turn- Toronto. The following individuals and organizations made the ing away from party politics towards a broader and ultimately retrospective possible: Nagisa Oshima, Tokyo; Marie Suzuki, The more ambitious critique of Japanese history and national iden- Japan Foundation, Tokyo; Masayo Okada, Yuka Sukano, Atsuko tity. In a series of important mid-career films, Oshima adopted Fukuda, Kawakita Memorial Film Institute,Tokyo; Eiko Oshima, controversial crime headlines from across modern Japanese Oshima Productions, Tokyo; Peter Becker, Kim Hendrickson, history—the serial killer in Violence at Noon, the cruel, Fumiko Takagi, Sarah Finklea, Janus Films, New York; the exploitative parents in Boy, the prostitute’s murderous act in Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies, Harvard University. In the Realm of the Senses –transforming their crimes into des- perate but deliberate acts of rebellion against the status quo. The figure of the transgressive criminal outlaw has remained a seminal touchstone of Oshima’s cinema, closely linked to his interest in the strange illogic of the sexual unconscious, whether of individuals or of Japanese society as a whole. Nagisa Oshima & the Struggle for a Radical Cinema

SATURDAY, DECEMBER 13 FRIDAY, DECEMBER 19 7:OO PM 7:00 PM THE HARVARD FILM ARCHIVE Boy (Shonen) INTRODUCTION BY ABÉ MARKUS NORNES Carpenter Center for the Arts Directed by Nagisa Oshima. With Fumio Watanabe, Edwin O. Reischauer Visiting Professor of Japanese 24 Quincy Street, Cambridge, MA Akiko Koyama, Tetsuo Abe; Japan 1969, 35mm, 105 Studies, Dept. of East Asian Languages and Civilizations minutes, color, Japanese with English subtitles and Dept. of Visual and Environmental Studies TICKETS $8 General Admission; $6 non-Harvard 9:00 PM In the Realm of the Senses (Ai no koriida) students, Harvard staff and seniors; Pleasures of the Flesh (Etsuraku) Directed by Nagisa Oshima. With Eiko Matsuda, Tatsuya Harvard students free. Fuji, Taiji Tonoyama; Japan/France 1976, 35mm, 105 Directed by Nagisa Oshima. With Katsuo Nakamura, minutes, color, Japanese with English subtitles Mariko Kaga, Yumiko Nogawa; Japan 1965, 35mm, 90 The HFA does not sell advance tickets. minutes, color, Japanese with English subtitles Tickets go on sale at the HFA box office 9:15 PM 45 minutes prior to showtime. Dear Summer Sister (Natsu no imoto) SUNDAY, DECEMBER 14 Directed by Nagisa Oshima. With Hosei Komatsu, FOR MORE INFORMATION 3:OO PM Hiromi Kurita, Akiko Koyama; Japan 1972, 35mm, 95 617.495.4700 or http://hcl.harvard.edu/hfa minutes, color, Japanese with English subtitles Shiro Amakusa, The Christian Rebel (Amakusa Shiro Tokisada) Directed by Nagisa Oshima. With Hashizo Okawa, Satomi SATURDAY, DECEMBER 20 Oka, Ryutaro Otomo; Japan 1962, 35mm, 100 minutes, 7:00 PM color, Japanese with English subtitles SUNDAY, DECEMBER 7 Diary of a Shinjuku Thief FOLLOWEDBY (Shinjuku dorobo nikki) 7:00 PM Diary of Yunbogi (Yunbogi no Nikki) Directed by Nagisa Oshima. With Fumio Watanabe, Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence Directed by Nagisa Oshima. With Hosei Komatsu; Kei Sato, Tadanori Yokoo; Japan 1968, 35mm, 94 minutes, (Senjo no merii kurisumasu) Japan 1965, 16mm, 30 minutes, b/w, Japanese with b/w, Japanese with English subtitles Directed by Nagisa Oshima. With David Bowie, Ryuichi English subtitles Sakamoto, Tom Conti; UK/Japan 1983, 35mm, 122 minutes, 9:00 PM color, English and Japanese with English subtitles 7:00 PM Death by Hanging (Koshikei) The Ceremony (Gishiki) Directed by Nagisa Oshima. With Kei Sato, Fumio FOLLOWEDBY Directed by Nagisa Oshima. With Kenzo Kawarazaki, Atsuko Watanabe, Toshirô Ishido; Japan 1968, 35mm, 117 minutes, A Town of Love and Hope (Ai to kibo no machi) Kaku, Kei Sato; Japan 1971, 35mm, 122 minutes, color, b/w, Japanese with English subtitles Directed by Nagisa Oshima. With Hiroshi Fujikawa, Yuko Japanese with English subtitles Mochizuki, Yuki Tominaga; Japan 1959, 35mm, 62 minutes, b/w, Japanese with English subtitles 9:30 PM SUNDAY, DECEMBER 21 Three Resurrected Drunkards 3:00 PM MONDAY, DECEMBER 8 (Kaette kita yopparai) Max mon Amour Directed by Nagisa Oshima. With Kazuhiko Kato, 7:00 PM Directed by Nagisa Oshima. With Charlotte Rampling, Osamu Kitayama, Norihiko Hashida; Japan 1968, 35mm, Anthony Higgins, Victoria Abril; France/USA/Japan Cruel Story of Youth (Seishun zankoku 80 minutes, color, Japanese with English subtitles 1986, 35mm, 98 minutes, color, French and English monogatari) with English subtitles Directed by Nagisa Oshima. With Yusuke Kawazu, Miyuki Kuwano, Yoshiko Kuga; Japan 1960, 35mm, 96 minutes, MONDAY, DECEMBER 15 7:00 PM color, Japanese with English subtitles 7:00 PM Empire of Passion (Ai no borei) 9:00 PM Band of Ninja (Ninja Bugei-cho) Directed by Nagisa Oshima. With Takahiro Tamura, Directed by Nagisa Oshima. Japan 1967, 35mm, Kazuko Yoshiyuki, Tatsuya Fuji; Japan/France 1978, 35mm, The Sun’s Burial (Taiyo no hakaba) 100 minutes, b/w, Narrated in English 106 minutes, color, Japanese with English subtitles Directed by Nagisa Oshima. With Kayoko Honoo, Isao Sasaki, Masahiko Tsugawa; Japan 1960, 35mm, 87 minutes, 9:30 PM 9:15 PM color, Japanese with English subtitles A Treatise on Japanese Bawdy Songs The Man Who Left His Will on Film (Nihon shunka-ko) (Tokyo senso sengo hiwa) FRIDAY, DECEMBER 12 Directed by Nagisa Oshima. With Ichiro Araki, Hideko Directed by Nagisa Oshima. With Kazuo Goto, Emiko Yoshida, Koji Iwabuchi; Japan 1967, 35mm, 103 minutes, Iwasaki, Sugio Fukuoka; Japan 1970, 35mm, 94 minutes, 7:00 PM color, Japanese with English subtitles b/w, Japanese with English subtitles Night and Fog in Japan (Nihon no yoru to kiri) Directed by Nagisa Oshima. With Fumio Watanabe, Miyuki MONDAY, DECEMBER 22 THURSDAY, DECEMBER 18 Kuwano, Masahiko Tsugawa; Japan 1960, 35mm, 107 7:00 PM minutes, color, Japanese with English subtitles 7:00 PM Taboo (Gohatto) Violence at Noon (Hakuchu no torima) 9:15 PM Directed by Nagisa Oshima. With Takeshi Kitano, Ryuhei The Catch (Shiiku) Directed by Nagisa Oshima. With Saeda Kawaguchi, Akiko Matsuda, Shinji Takeda; Japan 2000, 35mm, 101 minutes, Koyama, Kei Sato; Japan 1966, 35mm, 90 minutes, color, color, Japanese with English subtitles Directed by Nagisa Oshima. With Rentaro Mikuni, Sadako Japanese with English subtitles Sawamura, Hugh Hurd; Japan 1961, 35mm, 97 minutes, FOLLOWEDBY b/w, Japanese with English subtitles 9:00 PM Kyoto: My Mothers Place Japanese Summer: Double Suicide Directed by Nagisa Oshima; Japan 1991, video, 50 minutes, (Muri-shinju: Nihon no natsu) color, Japanese with English subtitles Directed by Nagisa Oshima. With Keiko Sakuai, Kei Sato; Japan 1967, 35mm, 98 minutes, b/w, Japanese with English subtitles