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Oliver Stoll Stoll_01_Text_D_20080616:Jahrbuch_Neu 17.06.2008 8:18 Uhr Seite 217 OLIVER STOLL LEGIONÄRE, FRAUEN, MILITÄRFAMILIEN UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUR BEVÖLKERUNGSSTRUKTUR UND BEVÖLKERUNGSENTWICKLUNG IN DEN GRENZPROVINZEN DES IMPERIUM ROMANUM* Die Legionen Roms als Katalysatoren demographischer Frauen um das Militär und »Militärfamilien« – Entwicklung ........................217 der Sog der Legionen . ................262 Vorbemerkungen zur Methode, notwendige Vorbemerkung: Frauen und Familien um das Militär – Definitionen, hingenommene Einschränkungen und ein Randphänomen? . ................262 Grenzen, Ziele, Chancen und Fragen . ......217 Offiziers- und Beamtenfrauen .............264 Rekrutierung in die Legionen am Niederrhein und am »Militärfamilien« – bunte Vielfalt und Mobilität: obergermanisch-rätischen Limes und Siedlungsverhalten Ehefrauen, Konkubinen, Soldatenmütter, Soldaten- der Legionsveteranen ..................223 töchter, Sklavinnen und Prostituierte ..........270 Militärhistorische Voraussetzungen: die Statio nierungs- »Gruppenbild mit Dame« – ein kurzer Blick auf und Dislokationsgeschichte der Legionen in den Grabmonumente mit der Darstellung von Militär- beiden germanischen Provinzen und Raetien . 224 familien aus den Limeszonen des Imperium Alte Ergebnisse – neue Zeugnisse: der epigraphische Romanum.......................286 Befund zur Rekrutierung und dem Siedlungsverhalten der Veteranen...................228 Fazit und Epilog . ................325 Germania inferior .................230 Literatur ..........................335 Germania superior .................240 Raetia.......................261 Zusammenfassung / Summary / Résumé ..........343 DIE LEGIONEN ROMS ALS KATALYSATOREN DEMOGRAPHISCHER ENTWICKLUNG Vorbemerkungen zur Methode, notwendige Definitionen, hingenommene Einschränkungen und Grenzen, Ziele, Chancen und Fragen Ein erstes Ziel der Untersuchung ist letztlich, eine Antwort auf die Frage zu geben, woher die Legionäre Roms in den Grenzprovinzen an Rhein und Donau stammten, aber, wie sie auch als Veteranen, nach dem Dienst, in ihrem Siedlungsverhalten zur Bevölkerungszusammensetzung beigetragen haben. Das Arbeits - gebiet ist zunächst auf drei Provinzen beschränkt: Germania inferior, Germania superior und Raetia. Der untersuchte Zeitraum umfasst aufgrund der spezifischen Quellenlage epigraphischer Denkmäler allgemein 1 – und auch speziell derjenigen Inschriften, die ein auswertbares Namenmaterial 2 enthalten – im Wesent- lichen das 1.-3. Jahrhundert n. Chr., wobei bei meiner Betrachtung die aussagekräftigsten Denkmäler im ersten Jahrhundert am häufigsten sind und die Obergrenze in spätseverischer Zeit, seit der die Zahl der * Abgekürzt zitierte Quelleneditionen oder Kurztitel für häufig F. Daim. Anregung, Kritik oder einfach Hilfe habe ich den Herren benutzte Nachschlagewerke sowie relevante Beiträge aus der Dr. D. Quast und Dr. B. Gesemann (beide RGZM) sowie meiner Sekundärliteratur und eine allgemeine bibliographische Liste Frau, Prof. Dr. Sabine Föllinger (Univ. Bamberg), zu verdanken. zum Thema finden sich am Ende des Beitrages, den ich komplett 1 Vgl. dazu etwa die zusammenfassenden Bemerkungen bei im Rahmen eines sechsmonatigen Stipendiums am RGZM von W. Eck, Lateinische Epigraphik. In: F. Graf (Hrsg.), Einleitung in Januar bis Juni 2006 verfasst habe. Für »Auftrag und Ge - die lateinische Philologie (Stuttgart, Leipzig 1997) 98ff. legenheit« danke ich insbesondere Frau Direktorin Dr. B. Pferde- 2 Dazu und zum Folgenden vgl. auch ausführlich die einleitenden hirt sowie dem Generaldirektor des RGZM, Herrn Univ.-Doz. Dr. Bemerkungen zur Methode bei Kakoschke, Ortsfremde 6ff. Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums 53 · 2006 217 Stoll_01_Text_D_20080616:Jahrbuch_Neu 17.06.2008 8:18 Uhr Seite 218 Inschriften allgemein stark zurückgeht, eigentlich selten erreicht wird. Auf den Grab- oder Weihesteinen gibt es zwar eindeutige Heimatangaben, die die Herkunft einer Person direkt nennen. Diese Angaben sind aber viel häufiger bei Personen aus dem militärischen Bereich als bei Zivilpersonen zu finden, vor allem bei Militärangehörigen des 1. Jahrhunderts, die ohnehin insgesamt den Inschriftenbestand dieser Phase domi- nieren 3. Die Zivilbevölkerung – vor allem die einheimische Bevölkerung – wird im größeren Umfang erst im 2. und 3. Jahrhundert fassbar. Auch die Wiedergabe der vollständigen Nomenklatur eines römischen Bür - gers (Praenomen, Gentilnomen, Filiation, Tribus, Cognomen, Heimatangabe) findet sich meistens wieder - um nur bei Legionären des 1. Jahrhunderts; ab der Wende zum 2. Jahrhundert nimmt die Gewohnheit ab, Tribus und Heimatangabe zu nennen. Gleichzeitig änderte sich offenbar aber ohnehin auch das bis dahin übliche Rekrutierungsschema der Legionen am Rhein: Kamen die Legionäre des 1. Jahrhunderts vorwie- gend aus Italien und dem früh romanisierten gallischen und spanischen Süden, so ist im 2. und 3. Jahr hun - dert eine weitgehende Ergänzung des Mannschaftsbestandes aus regionalen Quellen, den Stationierungs- provinzen oder der Umgebung der Garnisonen selbst, zu konstatieren. Fehlende Herkunftsangaben könn - ten also auch einfach als Hinweis auf eine gewisse Stabilisierung der Bevölkerung gelten. Auf dieses Phäno - men wird noch zurückzukommen sein. An relevanten Inschriftenklassen erscheinen also im Befund in erster Linie Grabdenkmäler und Weih - inschriften, die sich auf die Fragestellung für Legionssoldaten und Legionsveteranen hin untersuchen lassen, seltener sind Ehreninschriften und Bauinschriften. Auch die räumliche Verteilung der Zeugnisse der epigraphischen Kultur darf nicht ganz unbeachtet bleiben: Das Militär gilt zwar als Träger der Inschriften- kultur und allgemein der lateinischen Sprach- und Schriftkultur 4, und in Provinzen wie Britannien (und teil- weise auch in den Donauprovinzen) lässt sich auf der Karte geradezu die Position römischer Militärlager anhand der Fundorte von bestimmten Inschriften nachvollziehen 5 – in Gallien und Germanien ist die Zahl der relevanten Inschriftenfunde mit Ausnahme einiger Städte wie Köln oder Mainz aber insgesamt be - schränkt, die Zeugnisse sind also nicht nur chronologisch, sondern auch regional ungleich verteilt, verlieren daher an allgemeinem Aussagewert, was insbesondere bei vergleichenden und flächendeckenden Studien- ansätzen berücksichtigt werden muss. Durch eine im Rahmen der Untersuchung erfolgende Ausweitung der Betrachtung auf die »Familien« des Legionsmilitärs, also zunächst ebenfalls auf die Frage, woher die Frauen, die sich in den typischen »para - zivilen« 6 Gemeinschaften um das Militär zusammenfanden, stammten, soll nun als weiteres Ziel der umfas- sendere Einfluss und die Wirkung der Legionen auf Bevölkerungsstruktur und Bevölkerungsentwicklung exemplarisch herausgearbeitet werden. In den Militärzonen des römischen Nordwestens kam es zu einer markanten Bevölkerungsvermischung, im gewissen Sinne also zu einer anhaltenden Neuformierung der Einwohnerschaft einer Provinz und damit zur Herausbildung einer »eigentlichen Provinzialgesellschaft«. W. Scheidel sieht in einem jüngst erschienenen Aufsatz 7 die Bevölkerungsbewegung und Mobilität als eine der wirkmächtigsten Konsequenzen der Ausbreitung römischer Macht: Bevölkerungsbewegungen können 3 Es muss an dieser Stelle kaum betont werden, dass ein Großteil 5 Vgl. dazu und allgemein die Hinweise bei O. Stoll, Zwischen der Inschriften des 1. Jhs. strenggenommen eigentlich aus der Integration und Abgrenzung. Die Religion des Römischen Heers Zeit vor der Einrichtung der beiden germanischen Provinzen im Nahen Osten. Mainzer Althist. Stud. 3 (St. Katharinen 2001) datiert: Die beiden germanischen Militärbezirke sind bekanntlich 48f. erst unter Domitian (vor dem 27.10.90 n. Chr.; CIL XVI 36) in 6 Zu dieser meines Erachtens hier zutreffenden Bezeichnung vgl. den Provinzialstatus überführt worden. Vgl. etwa L. Schuma- grundsätzlich die Charakterisierung bei M. Rogg, Landsknechte cher, Mogontiacum. Garnison und Zivilsiedlung im Rahmen der und Reisläufer. Bilder vom Soldaten. Ein Stand in der Kunst des Reichs geschichte. In: M. J. Klein (Hrsg.), Die Römer und ihr Erbe. 16. Jhs. (Paderborn, München, Wien, Zürich 2002) 43ff. Fortschritt durch Innovation und Integration (Mainz 2003) 9f. 7 W. Scheidel, Human Mobility in Roman Italy 1. The Free Popu - 4 Allgemein s. etwa H. Galsterer, Das Militär als Träger der lateini- lation. Journal Roman Stud. 94, 2004, 1-26 insbes. 1. 22-24. schen Sprach- und Schriftkultur. In: H. v. Hesberg (Hrsg.), Das Scheidel entwickelt seine Thesen allerdings für den Zeitraum Militär als Kulturträger in römischer Zeit (Köln 1999) 37-50. vom 4. Jh. v. Chr. bis in das 1. Jh. n. Chr. 218 O. Stoll · Legionäre, Frauen, Militärfamilien Stoll_01_Text_D_20080616:Jahrbuch_Neu 17.06.2008 8:18 Uhr Seite 219 als entscheidender Faktor bei sozialen und kulturellen Wandlungsprozessen angesehen werden, ihr hohes Niveau hat in der römischen Geschichte – so Scheidel – sogar entscheidend zur Herausbildung einer »römi- schen Identität« beigetragen. Auf der Ebene einer Provinz, einer bestimmten Region oder eines bestimmten Standortes mag dies meines Erachtens genauso gelten – eine ganz spezifische Identitätsbildung als Effekt der Bevölkerungsmischung unter römischer Herrschaft findet statt. Grundsätzlich besteht bei den Fragen nach der Bildung von Lebensgemeinschaften im Umfeld des Militärs und von Soldatenfamilien oder nach dem Familiennachzug von Militärangehörigen des Legionsmilitärs eine wertvolle Vergleichsmöglichkeit mit den Ergebnissen der in der epigraphischen Forschungslandschaft
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