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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles the Periodical Origins Of UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles The Periodical Origins of the American Self A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in English by Jordan M. Wingate 2019 © Copyright by Jordan M. Wingate 2019 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Periodical Origins of the American Self by Jordan M. Wingate Doctor of English University of California, Los Angeles, 2019 Professor Christopher J. Looby, Co-Chair and Professor Richard A. Yarborough, Co-Chair My project examines the historical ideas of American identity that developed in early U.S. periodicals, the most popular form of print in the 18th- and 19th-century U.S. In periodicals, I show, American identity was often imagined as a category distinct from nationality or U.S. citizenship, and expressed a host of local and contingent meanings. I look beyond the book form to historicize U.S. writers’ ideas of the relationship between the American, the U.S. government, and the nation it purportedly represented. ii The dissertation of Jordan Michael Wingate is approved. Carrie Leah Hyde Marissa Katherine Lopez Christopher J. Looby, Committee Co-Chair Richard A. Yarborough, Committee Co-Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2019 iii To Ivy, Vincent, and Elise mom, dad, and sister iv Table of Contents Introduction – “American” Literature Beyond Books – 1 Chapter 1 – Carey’s Museum and the Natural History of the American – 12 I. Native Nature in the American Museum – 20 II. White Columbia, Native America, and the Case of Tammany – 38 Chapter 2 – Americans, americanos, and Literary Exceptionalism, 1808-1832 – 61 I. Irving’s America, 1806-1826 – 64 II. American Literature in the North American Review – 80 III. The Hemispheric Columbus – 87 IV. Later Lifes: Columbus and Irving in the Nineteenth Century – 96 V. Carey’s Filadelfia: Printing for a Hemisphere – 99 Chapter 3 – Nation Versus State: Nullification and National Sovereignty in the Southern and Cherokee Presses – 123 I. “TWENTY-FOUR, distinct nations” – 130 II. Native Nullification and the Newspaper Press – 145 III. The Indian Nullification of William Apess – 164 IV. Unionism as Material Practice: Carey’s “Disunited States” – 171 Chapter 4 – Colonization, Emigration, and Colored American Nativism – 195 I. The Act of Naming and the American Press – 195 II. The Civil Rights of Colored Americans – 206 III. Colored American Nativism in the Age of Colonization – 216 IV. The Amistad and African Nativity – 225 V. Colonization as Emigration: Carey’s American Demography – 237 Coda – Periodicals and the Social Nineteenth Century – 263 Bibliography – 272 v List of Figures 1.1 Woodblock image from the Volunteer’s Journal, April 9th, 1784 – 51 1.2 Charles Willson Peale, The Artist in His Museum (1822) – 52 1.3 Frontispiece from the Columbian Magazine, 1786 – 53 1.4 Detail of 1.3 – 54 1.5 Charles Willson Peale, frontispiece for the Universal Asylum and Columbian Magazine (1790) – 55 1.6 Woodblock image from the Columbian Magazine (1786) – 56 1.7 Detail of 1.6 – 57 1.8 “Columbia Trading With All The World” engraving, circa 1789-1800 – 58 1.9 Mailers from the Tammany Society or Columbian Order, 1790s – 59 1.10 “Ancient Works on the Muskingum,” the Columbian Magazine (1787) – 60 2.1 Panel from Randolph Rogers’s “Columbus Doors” (1859) – 114 2.2 Mathew Carey’s “Bible Warehouse” Broadside (1814) – 115 2.3 Subscription mailer for The Shamrock (1822) – 116 2.4 Volume of Mathew Carey’s pro-Catholic essays (1826) – 117 2.5 and 2.6 Mathew Carey’s El Pequeño Director (1811) – 118 2.7 Vicesimus Knox’s El Espiritu del Despotismo (1822) – 119 3.1 Woodblock impressions from The Charleston Mercury – 186 3.2 The Charleston Mercury, March 5th, 1832 – 187 3.3 Woodblock advertisement in The Charleston Mercury (1832) – 188 3.4 and 3.5 Excerpts from The Cherokee Phoenix (1834) and David Walker’s Appeal (1832) – 189 3.6 Foldout from an anti-nullification pamphlet by Mathew Carey (1832) – 190 3.7 Excepts from The Charleston Mercury, February 28th, 1832 – 191 3.8 and 3.9 Tables from Mathew Carey’s anti-nullification publications (1832) – 192 3.10 Mathew Carey’s table of pamphlet production costs (1832) – 193 3.11 Mathew Carey’s “Epitaph” of the “Dis-United States” (1834) – 194 4.1 Editorial from The Colored American, March 11th, 1837 – 255 4.2 and 4.3 Population tables from The Colored American, March 25h, 1837 – 256 4.4 “Section of a Slave Ship” engraving (1830) – 257 4.5 “Map of the Colony of Liberia” engraving (1832) – 258 4.6 “Plan of the Town of Monrovia” engraving (1832) – 259 4.7 Cover page of third edition of Mathew Carey’s Letters on the Colonization Society (1832) – 260 4.8 Cover page of seventh edition of Mathew Carey’s Letters on the Colonization Society (1833) – 261 4.9 and 4.10 Population tables from Mathew Carey’s African Colonization (1829) – 262 5.1 Engraving of Mathew Carey in The New-England Magazine (1833) – 270 5.2 Google Ngram of “society,” 1700-1900 – 271 vi Acknowledgements My acknowledgements are many and great. To begin impersonally, I am grateful for the academic and financial support of the American Antiquarian Society, the American Printing History Association, the Charles Brockden Brown Society, Florida Atlantic University, the Huntington Library, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, the Library Company of Philadelphia, the New York Public Library, the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, Rare Book School at UVA, Winterthur Museum, and especially UCLA Graduate Division as well as the Department of English throughout my graduate career. These institutions put me in touch with other researchers, archivists, and book historians whose work and advising have strongly inflected this project: Ashley Cataldo, Benjamin Fagan, John Garcia, Connie King, Edward Larkin, Erika Piola, Amy Tims, Victoria Thur, and Nan Wolverton. To James N. Green and Michael Winship I am particularly indebted for my knowledge of and interest in the material aspects of print history. At UCLA this project found many allies. Ben Beck, Daniel Couch, Timothy Fosbury, Jay Jin, Grant Rosson, and Samantha Sommers were and continue to be incisive colleagues and warm friends in aiding this dissertation’s development. Michael Lambert and Jeanette Gilkison each provided crucial administrative support. I am grateful to professors outside of my field and committee who, in different ways, helped cultivate the questions I ask as a scholar and those I ask as a teacher: Allison Carruth, Michael Colacurcio, Ellen Dubois, Yogita Goyal, and Mark Seltzer. I am very fortunate to have learned methods for undergraduate instruction from Christopher Mott, who has been to me an inspiring model of teaching excellence. Michael Cohen has been an insightful advisor for this project as well as for my professional development. For my committee members – Carrie Hyde, Christopher Looby, Marissa López, and Richard Yarborough – I have gratitude and respect. It is no surprise that I wanted to work with mentors who were among my best course instructors. Chris and Richard have offered a unified front of support in co-directing my dissertation from its inception. A course with Chris on serial novels in the U.S. sparked my interest in the periodical format. I have had the pleasure to work with him as a student, a supporting instructor, and, I have felt, as a welcomed colleague. Discussions with Richard provided an oasis of peace at many times of doubt or uncertainty, from which I emerged confident in the direction of my research and writing. Marissa has conveyed the academic courageousness I aspire to, and expanded my sense of the ongoing revisionary work in Americanist literary criticism that I hope my project to carry forward. Carrie has transformed how I understand the process of writing and its relationship to argument. She has strongly enhanced both my prose and the thinking that underlies it. I thank my friends and family for keeping me healthy in mind and body over the years that went into this work. I thank Alex Kowalski for challenging questions. And I thank Lisa Bruckner, who came to know me at the hardest part of the writing process, and made it the best part. vii Vita Jordan Wingate grew up in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. He graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 2010 with Highest Honors for his undergraduate thesis on Herman Melville. From 2010-2011 he taught English in Aurillac, France. In Fall 2011 he matriculated into the doctoral program in the English Department of the University of California, Los Angeles. viii Introduction “American” Literature Beyond Books With the exception of the Bible, if people read in the eighteenth- or nineteenth-century United States, they most likely read periodicals. Periodicals (that is, print which is published periodically, like newspapers and magazines) grew in number, frequency, circulation, format, and readership specificity in the U.S.’s early decades, evolving to suit the lives and interests of a growing number of readers. This proliferation of periodical print into the daily lives of people across the U.S. did not go unnoticed. In 1835, in the midst of a wave of romantic nationalist book publications in the U.S., famous theorist of U.S. democracy Alexis de Tocqueville reflected on the state of U.S. print. “The only authors whom I acknowledge as American,” he wrote, “are the journalists. They indeed are not great writers, but they speak the language of the countrymen, and make themselves heard by them. Other authors are aliens…They amuse the mind, but they do not act upon the manners of the people.”1 For Tocqueville, “American” was less an aesthetic characterization than an indicator of a text’s proximity to the “language” of the author’s “countrymen.” The most distinctively “American” writers were also “not great writers.” If this valuation expressed a generic European cultural chauvinism toward writing in the U.S., Tocqueville’s description of non-“journalists” in the U.S.
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