The Conservation and Presentation of ‘Fragmentary’Archaeological Sites in Modern Urban Contexts: Post-War Redevelopment in London, Berlin and Beirut. Caroline A. Sandes Volume I Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD 2007 Institute of Archaeology, University College London, University of London. This thesis is an unrevised examination copy for consultation only and it should not be quoted or cited without the permission of the Director of the Institute UMI Number: U592665 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U592665 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 In memory of my godmothers, E. Jane Magnier (1941-2004) and Zoe K. Stewart (1922-2004) Abstract This research is concerned with the conservation of fragmentary archaeological features in the modem city particularly within the context of the social and architectural trauma associated with post-war redevelopment. This site type is generally represented by building foundations and architectural ruins, stretches of town wall and other such masonry remains that have been conserved in isolation, as opposed to being integrated into later buildings. The research issues that are examined in this thesis are, what were the initial reasons for conserving individual sites, and what function do these sites actually serve once they have been conserved? The broader issue of the political, socio-cultural and academic values of conserved fragmentary archaeological remains in the modem city will also be examined. The historic cities of London, Berlin and Beirut offer three very different scenarios of post­ war redevelopment: London after World War II was victorious; Berlin was not, and was subsequently divided between two very different political regimes before being reunited after the Cold War; Beimt was also physically and socio-politically divided but as a consequence of fifteen years of civil war. Taken together, the post-war redevelopment in these three cities, and the differing treatment of archaeological remains within that context, provide a broad and contrasting range of the social, political, cultural and academic concerns of conservation since 1945. By examining such archaeological sites during such times of heightened need and greater awareness - this research aims to identify the specific reasoning behind the conservation of such sites in cities generally, and how their values may be best promoted in their conservation and in their display. 3 Table of Contents Volume I Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 3 Table of Contents................... 4 Volume 1 .................................................................................................................................................4 Volume II .................................................................................................................................................5 Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 1: Introduction.................................................................................................... 8 I. Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................8 II: Research Aims and Questions ........................................................................................................ 11 The values of urban archaeological sites conserved for display .....................................................11 Conservation of archaeological sites within the modem urban context ........................................ 12 Conservation and the post-war city .................................................................................................13 Presentation and use of fragmentary archaeological sites ..............................................................13 III: Research methods...........................................................................................................................14 V: Definitions and Thesis Layout ........................................................................................................15 Chapter 2: Archaeology, Conservation and the City......................................................17 I. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................17 II. The Urban Context ..........................................................................................................................17 III. Conservation and Archaeology .....................................................................................................27 Conservation and archaeology prior to World War II ....................................................................28 Conservation and archaeology after World War II .........................................................................33 IV. Discussion ...................................................................................................................................... 56 Chapter 3: London after World War II..........................................................................59 I. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 59 II: The Urban Context ..........................................................................................................................60 III: Conservation and Archaeology .....................................................................................................63 Conservation and archaeology prior to World War II ....................................................................63 Conservation and archaeology after World War II .........................................................................66 IV: The Sites......................................................................................................................................... 69 The City Wall................................................................................................................................... 69 Temple of Mithras............................................................................................................................ 81 Ruined Churches.............................................................................................................................. 83 V. Discussion ........................................................................................................................................92 Chapter 4:Beriin since World War II ............................................................................. 96 I. Introduction .....................................................................................................................................96 II: The Urban Context ..........................................................................................................................97 The Urban Context 1945 to 1989 .................................................................................................... 97 The Urban Context since 1989 .......................................................................................................105 III: Conservation and Archaeology ....................................................................................................108 Conservation and archaeology prior to World War II ...................................................................108 Conservation and archaeology after World War II ........................................................................110 Conservation and archaeology since 1989 ................................................................................... 119 IV: The Sites........................................................................................................................................ 123 Town Wall Sites ..............................................................................................................................124 Ruined Church sites........................................................................................................................ 125 Anhalter Bahnhof............................................................................................................................128 Topography of Terror ..................................................................................................................... 129 The Berlin Wall...............................................................................................................................134 The Royal Palace.............................................................................................................................139