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ATEN the Rise of USB in the Data

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ATEN the Rise of USB in the Data USB and K-V-M switches The Rise of USB in the Data Center - The Implementation can Make the Difference 2007 ATEN The Rise of USB in the Data Center The offi cial standard symbol for a USB connection Historical Overview The past 12 years have seen the Universal Serial Bus (USB) grow from pipe dream into the de facto standard to power devices such as peripherals, portable memory devices, video game consoles, PDAs and portable media players. USB was originally designed to bring all serial and parallel ports on PCs to obsolescence since these were not standardized and required multiple device drivers to be continually developed and updated. The original implementation of the “Universal Serial Bus” (USB) was driven by three things: 1. A desire for a more universal means to connect PCs to the telephone, 2. Greater ease of use and fl exibility in connecting computers to peripheral hardware 3. The need for inexpensive, user-friendly port expansion for bi-directional devices In its early years, the market was unsure of the direction to take with this emerging technology. USB was offi cially introduced by a consortium of seven computer and telecommunications industry leaders in 1995 and today is a truly universal technology playing a major role in the convergence of consumer and business products. Today, the 1000-member USB Implementers Forum, Inc. (USB-IF) is steered by many USB promoters that are optimizing the technology. Originally, the USB 1 standard specifi ed 1.5 megabits/second (Mb/s) and 12 Mb/s data rates. USB truly went mainstream with the introduction of USB 2.0 which increased the bus speed from 12 Mbps to 480 Mbps, a forty time increase. The original USB specifi cation called for 12 Mbps for full-speed and 1.5 Mbps for low-speed (for human interface devices such as mouse device). Unfortunately, these speeds were not enough for simultaneous applications such as video, audio, and printing -- bandwidth limitation was an issue. Hi-Speed USB 2.0 solves this problem reducing the time for downloading information and images in seconds versus minutes. 2007 ATEN Technology, Inc. -P01- www.aten-usa.com The Rise of USB in the Data Center USB 2.0 also needed to maintain compatibility with the lower rate USB 1.1 devices. Devices of both types may be connected to the same hub or computer. For optimal data transfer rate, it is recom- mended that users segregate USB 1.1 and 2.0 devices. While USB has defi nitely made inroads within the home and SOHO environments, what are the impli- cations on an enterprise level within the server room or data center? For many years, PCs have been manufactured with both PS/2 and USB ports which may be used for connection of the keyboard and mouse; the USB ports, of course, may also be used for connection of a wider variety of peripherals such as printers, scanners, network adaptors, cable/DSL modems, external storage media and so forth. Sun and Macintosh computers have, for the last several years, been sold with only USB ports for keyboard and mouse connection -- no more “ADB” (Apple Desktop Bus) or Mini DIN-8 connectors are built into these computers. Today, virtually all computers sold have USB ports, and the once ubiquitous PS/2 port is beginning to fade into the distance. KVM (keyboard/video/mouse) switch manufacturers have not fully embraced the USB paradigm but are starting to understand its value within the data center as complementary peripherals start to play an expanded role. The key lies in the implementation and optimization of USB. This document will explain the nature of USB connectivity and its role within KVM. One Size Does Not Fit all USB Ports Differ Physically and Logically USB connectors are keyed to ensure proper connectivity. According to the offi cial USB specifi cation, an “A” type connector serves as the primary connection to USB devices directly to a host or a down- stream port of a hub. A “B” type connector is used on an external device if the manufacturer designs that device with a detachable USB cable. a) Series “A” plugs are always oriented upstream towards the Host System b) Series “B” plugs are always oriented downstream towards the USB Device Figure 1. Primary USB keyed connectors 2007 ATEN Technology, Inc. -P02- www.aten-usa.com The Rise of USB in the Data Center Most keyboards and mice predominantly offer USB Series A connector cables. When plugged into an “A” type receptacle on a hub or computer or KVM switch, these keyboards will not be damaged or harm that device. However, on occasion the computer may not correctly recognize the keyboard if it’s booted with the keyboard connected to the hub rather than directly. It should, but sometimes the O/S won’t load the correct driver for the keyboards. In other words, plug and play is usually but not always the case. The Series A and Series B connectors (Fig. 1) are identical for USB 1.1 and USB 2.0; the connector does not visibly discern the speed of the USB hub or device. USB Hosts and Hubs USB systems generally have a single ‘host’ or computer to which various devices connect, either di- rectly, or via one or more USB hubs. The host has a ‘host controller’ function that may be implemented in software, fi rmware or hardware (so, for example, the Operating System could provide the USB host functionality, or the motherboard, or a plug-in card with fi rmware on it). These hubs extend USB functionality to more than one device. Such hubs may be physically imple- mented as stand-alone devices, or they may be built into certain peripherals. Typically, the host com- puter includes a so-called ‘root hub’ – the built in device that allows it to have more than one USB port. If a computer has 2 or more USB ports (not counting add-in circuit boards), these are supported by the internal ‘root hub’ of the PC. In USB architecture, the host computer is considered to be “Tier 1.” An external device (performing a ‘function’) can be plugged into the host computer’s USB port, or in an external hub (which isn’t con- sidered a ‘function’ in this context). Whatever devices or hubs you plug directly into the host computer are considered to be in “Tier 2,” as shown in Figure 2. The USB specifi cation allows for up to 7 such tiers of physical connectivity. External hubs may be cas- caded from the root hub and from one another. However, there cannot be more than 5 external hubs in the path between the computer and the target external device. 2007 ATEN Technology, Inc. -P03- www.aten-usa.com The Rise of USB in the Data Center Figure 2. USB bus topology model (derived from the offi cial USB 2.0 specifi cation) The U in USB is not Always “Universal” In theory, the “U” in USB infers that any USB device should be supported by any USB port – in re- ality that is not usually the case. USB hosts must be able to correctly recognize and communicate with connected devices. This assumes that the host has in its memory suitable fi rmware or software (typically accomplished by loading a driver). Most modern operating systems have built-in support for basic USB functionality, such as support of basic 101- or 104-key keyboards and 2 or 3 button mice. However keyboards with special function keys, mice with various tilt/scroll wheels and programmable buttons, printers, scanners and so forth all require customized USB drivers if they are to be correctly recognized and handled by the host. Categories of USB devices For the context of this document, it is helpful to divide USB devices into two categories: HID and Ev- erything Else. 2007 ATEN Technology, Inc. -P04- www.aten-usa.com The Rise of USB in the Data Center HID is an acronym for “Human Interface Device,” and that basically suggests keyboard or mouse. HIDs could also be a graphic tablet, joystick, gaming control, and so forth. HIDs almost always use conventional USB series A connectors (see Fig. 1) to plug into the host computer. Everything Else (our terminology, not a standard) includes such devices as printers, scanners, hard disk drives, “thumb drives” (the tiny USB-connected solid state memory devices that act like hard drives), digital cameras, and so forth. Often, “everything else” devices have USB series B receptacles with detachable cords; these cords have a USB series B plug on one end and a USB series A plug on the other end. In terms of the Everything Else USB category, ATEN Technology was an early pioneer in the develop- ment of USB technology. ATEN’s innovation led to the industry’s fi rst USB 2.0 Certifi ed Host Controller Card. In 2000, ATEN worked with Intel to develop a USB controller card based on the 2.0 standard. Without this vital technology, the surge in digital cameras, Flash drives and SD cards would not have been possible. The company’s USB vision has led to the creation of a line of products built on a stan- dard of excellence that has now evolved into USB 2.0 hubs, peripherals and storage devices – and even KVM switches offering USB functionality. KVM Switches and USB When USB was fi rst integrated into PCs, KVM manufacturers offered adaptors that converted the PS/2 keyboard and mouse cable ends to a single USB Series A cable connection. The ‘console’ side of such switches would still connect to standard PS/2 peripherals – at that point USB keyboard and mouse could not be used with the KVM.
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