Projekt Wspinaczkowo - Naukowy ”Mount Hayes 2009”

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Projekt Wspinaczkowo - Naukowy ”Mount Hayes 2009” Projekt wspinaczkowo - naukowy ”Mount Hayes 2009” Żołądek Marek i Apollo Michał na Denali (West Rib – Cut Off) Apollo Michał Żołądek Marek Cel wyjazdu: Mount Hayes (4215 m n.p.m.) najwyzszy szczyt Eastern Alaska Range, zdobyty po raz pierwszy w 1941 roku przez zespol Bradforda Washburna. Gora ta jest rzadko odwiedzana przez wspinaczy ze wzgledu na skaplikowana logistyke wyprawy. Naszym celem jest powtorzenie jednej z drog w ramach aklimatyzacji a nastepnie proba wytyczenia nowej drogi. W masywie tym nie dzialala do tej pory zadna ekipa polskich wspinaczy. Nie ograniczamy się tylko do wspinaczki, na naszych wyjazdach prowadzimy badania i zbieramy dane z zakresu zmian klimatycznych: „Lodowce górskie świata” pod kierownictwem prof. zw. dr hab. Jana Lacha (IG AP Kraków). Specyfikacja warunkow wspinaczkowych na Alasce jest nam dobrze znana po ponad miesiecznym pobycie w masywie Denali w 2007 roku i powtorzeniu drog West Butters oraz West Rib (Cut Off). Cel zapasowy: Mount Hunter lub Mount Foraker Trermin wyjazdu: Kwiecien – Maj 2009, ok. 3-4 tygodnie dzialalnosci gorskiej Sklad wyjazdu Marek Zoladek KW Warszawa Michal Apollo KW Warszawa Kosztorys: Przelot Krakow – Anchorage – Krakow 3500 PLN Transfer Anchorage – Talkeetna – Anchorage 190 USD Przelot Talkeetna – BC Mt Hayes – Talkeetna (Talkeetna Air Taxi) 1100 USD Zywnosc 500 PLN Ubezpieczenie 280 PLN Noclegi 200 USD Suma na osobe: 4280 PLN oraz 1490 USD = ok. 8450 PLN Wklad wlasny: 2950 PLN Sponsorzy: 2000 PLN PZA: 3500 PLN Wczesniejsze dofinansowania z PZA Marek Zoladek: Zima 2006 Wspinanie lodowe w Dolinie Gastein, Lato 2006 Dolina Miyar w Himalajac O nas Michał Apollo (ur. 1981) Absolwent geografii Akademii Pedagogicznej w Krakowie, członek Koła Naukowego Geografów, Klubu Wysokogórskiego Warszawa oraz Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego. Miłośnik wyjazdów wspinaczkowo – trekkingowych w różne rejony świata, wliczając Himalaje, Andy(Aconcagua, Patagonia), góry Alaski (Denali), Afryki, USA, Góry Skaliste (Kanada). Zapalony podróżnik, pasjonat gór, fotografii, autor licznych artykułów i prelekcji. Uprawia wspinaczkę skalną, pokonał wiele trudnych dróg wspinaczkowych od Tatr, przez Matterhorn, po Mont Blanc. Wspiął się na kilka 4- tysięczników w Alpach. Organizator wypraw w różne góry świata. Zdobywca dziewiczego szczytu Himalajach – Masala Peak 5650 m n.p.m., – za który został nominowany do prestiżowej nagrody środowiska wspinaczkowego "Jedynka". Marek Żoł ą dek (ur. 1982) Absolwent geografii Akademii Pedagogicznej w Krakowie, członek Koła Naukowego geografów, Klubu Wysokogórskiego Warszawa, Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego, organizator wyjazdów wspinaczkowo – trekkingowych m. in. w Himalaje, Andy (Aconcagua, Patagonia), góry Alaski (Denali), Afryki, USA, Góry Skaliste (Kanada) oraz na Ziemię Ognistą. Na koncie ma liczne drogi wspinaczkowe w Tatrach i Alpach. Zdobywca kilku alpejskich 4- tysięczników. Wspinał się w skałach i górach, latem i zimą, uprawia także wspinaczkę lodową i dry – tooling. Inne pasje to rower i snowboard. Zdobywca dziewiczego szczytu w Himalajach – Masala Peak 5650 m n.p.m., – za który został nominowany do prestiżowej nagrody środowiska wspinaczkowego "Jedynka". Autor licznych prelekcji oraz artykułów o tematyce podróżniczo – górskiej..
Recommended publications
  • United States Department of the Interior Reports of The
    UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY REPORTS OF THE ALASKA DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS AND PREDECESSOR AGENCIES, 1913-1973, INDEXED BY QUmRANGLE BY Edward H. Cobb Open-f ile report 74- 209 1974 This report is preliminary and has not been edited or reviewed for conformity with Geological Survey standards NOTE NOTE NOTE Since this index was prepared 18 open-file reports of the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys have been withdrawn, consolidated, revised, or assigned different numbers. References to these reposts should be deleted from thes index. The report numbers are: 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 39, and 40. They are listed under the following quadrangles: Afognak Mar shall Ambler Mves McCarthy Anchorage Medf ra Baird Inlet Mt. Fairweather Bendeleben Mt. St. Elias Bering Glacier Nabesna Bethel Nunivak Island Big Delta Port Moller Cape Mendenhall Rubs Charley River St. Michael Chignik Sitka Coxdova Survey Pass Eagle Sutwik Island Hooper Bay Talkeetna ICY BY Talkeetna Mountains ILiamna Trinity Islands Kaguyak Tyonek Karluk Ugashik Kodiak Valde z Kwiguk Yakutat Contents Page Introduction ......................................................... Alaska - General ..................................................... Quadrangle index ..................................................... Adak quadrarLgle ................................................. Afognak quadrangle .............................................. Ambler River quadrangle ........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Los Cien Montes Más Prominentes Del Planeta D
    LOS CIEN MONTES MÁS PROMINENTES DEL PLANETA D. Metzler, E. Jurgalski, J. de Ferranti, A. Maizlish Nº Nombre Alt. Prom. Situación Lat. Long. Collado de referencia Alt. Lat. Long. 1 MOUNT EVEREST 8848 8848 Nepal/Tibet (China) 27°59'18" 86°55'27" 0 2 ACONCAGUA 6962 6962 Argentina -32°39'12" -70°00'39" 0 3 DENALI / MOUNT McKINLEY 6194 6144 Alaska (USA) 63°04'12" -151°00'15" SSW of Rivas (Nicaragua) 50 11°23'03" -85°51'11" 4 KILIMANJARO (KIBO) 5895 5885 Tanzania -3°04'33" 37°21'06" near Suez Canal 10 30°33'21" 32°07'04" 5 COLON/BOLIVAR * 5775 5584 Colombia 10°50'21" -73°41'09" local 191 10°43'51" -72°57'37" 6 MOUNT LOGAN 5959 5250 Yukon (Canada) 60°34'00" -140°24’14“ Mentasta Pass 709 62°55'19" -143°40’08“ 7 PICO DE ORIZABA / CITLALTÉPETL 5636 4922 Mexico 19°01'48" -97°16'15" Champagne Pass 714 60°47'26" -136°25'15" 8 VINSON MASSIF 4892 4892 Antarctica -78°31’32“ -85°37’02“ 0 New Guinea (Indonesia, Irian 9 PUNCAK JAYA / CARSTENSZ PYRAMID 4884 4884 -4°03'48" 137°11'09" 0 Jaya) 10 EL'BRUS 5642 4741 Russia 43°21'12" 42°26'21" West Pakistan 901 26°33'39" 63°39'17" 11 MONT BLANC 4808 4695 France 45°49'57" 06°51'52" near Ozero Kubenskoye 113 60°42'12" c.37°07'46" 12 DAMAVAND 5610 4667 Iran 35°57'18" 52°06'36" South of Kaukasus 943 42°01'27" 43°29'54" 13 KLYUCHEVSKAYA 4750 4649 Kamchatka (Russia) 56°03'15" 160°38'27" 101 60°23'27" 163°53'09" 14 NANGA PARBAT 8125 4608 Pakistan 35°14'21" 74°35'27" Zoji La 3517 34°16'39" 75°28'16" 15 MAUNA KEA 4205 4205 Hawaii (USA) 19°49'14" -155°28’05“ 0 16 JENGISH CHOKUSU 7435 4144 Kyrghysztan/China 42°02'15" 80°07'30"
    [Show full text]
  • Geologic Maps of the Eastern Alaska Range, Alaska, (44 Quadrangles, 1:63360 Scale)
    Report of Investigations 2015-6 GEOLOGIC MAPS OF THE EASTERN ALASKA RANGE, ALASKA, (44 quadrangles, 1:63,360 scale) descriptions and interpretations of map units by Warren J. Nokleberg, John N. Aleinikoff, Gerard C. Bond, Oscar J. Ferrians, Jr., Paige L. Herzon, Ian M. Lange, Ronny T. Miyaoka, Donald H. Richter, Carl E. Schwab, Steven R. Silva, Thomas E. Smith, and Richard E. Zehner Southeastern Tanana Basin Southern Yukon–Tanana Upland and Terrane Delta River Granite Jarvis Mountain Aurora Peak Creek Terrane Hines Creek Fault Black Rapids Glacier Jarvis Creek Glacier Subterrane - Southern Yukon–Tanana Terrane Windy Terrane Denali Denali Fault Fault East Susitna Canwell Batholith Glacier Maclaren Glacier McCallum Creek- Metamorhic Belt Meteor Peak Slate Creek Thrust Broxson Gulch Fault Thrust Rainbow Mountain Slana River Subterrane, Wrangellia Terrane Phelan Delta Creek River Highway Slana River Subterrane, Wrangellia Terrane Published by STATE OF ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL & GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS 2015 GEOLOGIC MAPS OF THE EASTERN ALASKA RANGE, ALASKA, (44 quadrangles, 1:63,360 scale) descriptions and interpretations of map units Warren J. Nokleberg, John N. Aleinikoff, Gerard C. Bond, Oscar J. Ferrians, Jr., Paige L. Herzon, Ian M. Lange, Ronny T. Miyaoka, Donald H. Richter, Carl E. Schwab, Steven R. Silva, Thomas E. Smith, and Richard E. Zehner COVER: View toward the north across the eastern Alaska Range and into the southern Yukon–Tanana Upland highlighting geologic, structural, and geomorphic features. View is across the central Mount Hayes Quadrangle and is centered on the Delta River, Richardson Highway, and Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS). Major geologic features, from south to north, are: (1) the Slana River Subterrane, Wrangellia Terrane; (2) the Maclaren Terrane containing the Maclaren Glacier Metamorphic Belt to the south and the East Susitna Batholith to the north; (3) the Windy Terrane; (4) the Aurora Peak Terrane; and (5) the Jarvis Creek Glacier Subterrane of the Yukon–Tanana Terrane.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 January Scree
    the SCREE Mountaineering Club of Alaska January 2020 Volume 63, Number 1 Contents Mount Anno Domini Peak 2330 and Far Out Peak Devils Paw North Taku Tower Randoism via Rosie’s Roost "The greatest danger for Berlin Wall most of us is not that our aim is too high and we Katmai and the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes miss it, but that it is too Peak of the Month: Old Snowy low and we reach it." – Michelangelo JANUARY MEETING: Wednesday, January 8, at 6:30 p.m. Luc Mehl will give the presentation. The Mountaineering Club of Alaska www.mtnclubak.org "To maintain, promote, and perpetuate the association of persons who are interested in promoting, sponsoring, im- proving, stimulating, and contributing to the exercise of skill and safety in the Art and Science of Mountaineering." This issue brought to you by: Editor—Steve Gruhn assisted by Dawn Munroe Hut Needs and Notes Cover Photo If you are headed to one of the MCA huts, please consult the Hut Gabe Hayden high on Devils Paw. Inventory and Needs on the website (http://www.mtnclubak.org/ Photo by Brette Harrington index.cfm/Huts/Hut-Inventory-and-Needs) or Greg Bragiel, MCA Huts Committee Chairman, at either [email protected] or (907) 350-5146 to see what needs to be taken to the huts or repaired. All JANUARY MEETING huts have tools and materials so that anyone can make basic re- Wednesday, January 8, at 6:30 p.m. at the BP Energy Center at pairs. Hutmeisters are needed for each hut: If you have a favorite 1014 Energy Court in Anchorage.
    [Show full text]
  • Alaska Range
    Alaska Range Introduction The heavily glacierized Alaska Range consists of a number of adjacent and discrete mountain ranges that extend in an arc more than 750 km long (figs. 1, 381). From east to west, named ranges include the Nutzotin, Mentas- ta, Amphitheater, Clearwater, Tokosha, Kichatna, Teocalli, Tordrillo, Terra Cotta, and Revelation Mountains. This arcuate mountain massif spans the area from the White River, just east of the Canadian Border, to Merrill Pass on the western side of Cook Inlet southwest of Anchorage. Many of the indi- Figure 381.—Index map of vidual ranges support glaciers. The total glacier area of the Alaska Range is the Alaska Range showing 2 approximately 13,900 km (Post and Meier, 1980, p. 45). Its several thousand the glacierized areas. Index glaciers range in size from tiny unnamed cirque glaciers with areas of less map modified from Field than 1 km2 to very large valley glaciers with lengths up to 76 km (Denton (1975a). Figure 382.—Enlargement of NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) image mosaic of the Alaska Range in summer 1995. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration image mosaic from Mike Fleming, Alaska Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Anchorage, Alaska. The numbers 1–5 indicate the seg- ments of the Alaska Range discussed in the text. K406 SATELLITE IMAGE ATLAS OF GLACIERS OF THE WORLD and Field, 1975a, p. 575) and areas of greater than 500 km2. Alaska Range glaciers extend in elevation from above 6,000 m, near the summit of Mount McKinley, to slightly more than 100 m above sea level at Capps and Triumvi- rate Glaciers in the southwestern part of the range.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter Four
    Chapter Four South Denali Visitor Center Complex: Interpretive Master Plan Site Resources Tangible Natural Site Features 1. Granite outcroppings and erratic Resources are at the core of an boulders (glacial striations) interpretive experience. Tangible resources, those things that can be seen 2. Panoramic views of surrounding or touched, are important for connecting landscape visitors physically to a unique site. • Peaks of the Alaska Range Intangible resources, such as concepts, (include Denali/Mt. McKinley, values, and events, facilitate emotional Mt. Foraker, Mt. Hunter, Mt. and meaningful experiences for visitors. Huntington, Mt. Dickey, Moose’s Effective interpretation occurs when Erratic boulders on Curry Ridge. September, 2007 Tooth, Broken Tooth, Tokosha tangible resources are connected with Mountains) intangible meanings. • Peters Hills • Talkeetna Mountains The visitor center site on Curry Ridge maximizes access to resources that serve • Braided Chulitna River and valley as tangible connections to the natural and • Ruth Glacier cultural history of the region. • Curry Ridge The stunning views from the visitor center site reveal a plethora of tangible Mt. McKinley/Denali features that can be interpreted. This Mt. Foraker Mt. Hunter Moose’s Tooth shot from Google Earth shows some of the major ones. Tokosha Ruth Glacier Mountains Chulitna River Parks Highway Page 22 3. Diversity of habitats and uniquely 5. Unfettered views of the open sky adapted vegetation • Aurora Borealis/Northern Lights • Lake 1787 (alpine lake) • Storms, clouds, and other weather • Alpine Tundra (specially adapted patterns plants, stunted trees) • Sun halos and sun dogs • High Brush (scrub/shrub) • Spruce Forests • Numerous beaver ponds and streams Tangible Cultural Site Features • Sedge meadows and muskegs 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Expeditionsbericht
    Expeditionsbericht Alaska-Range, Kahiltna Basecamp 22. April bis 20. Mai 2016 Teilnehmer: Julian Bückers, Michael Dürr, Christoph Hummel, Tobias Karpinski Blick vom P 13790 zum Mount Foraker. Der Rücken, der von rechts auf den Gipfel führt, ist der oberste Teil der Sultana Ridge, dem einfachsten Weg auf diesen Berg. Gebiets-Recherche: Wir hatten uns für eine Expedition in die Ruth-Gorge vorbereitet: Für Topos und Routeninformationen war vor allem die Homepage des American Alpine Journal nützlich, ebenso die Alpenvereinsbibliothek auf der Praterinsel in München, wo eine vollständige Sammlung aller Ausgaben des AAJ vorliegt. Anreise: Die Anreise nach Talkeetna, von wo aus man alle Ziele in der Alaska Range per Luft-Taxi erreicht, ist problemlos. Nach der Landung in Anchorage tätigten wir alle wichtigen Einkäufe in Anchorage. Wir waren für Lebensmittel und Basislagerausstattung in zwei Geschäften: Im riesigen Supermarkt Fred Meyer (1000 E Northern Lights Blvd, Anchorage, AK 99508) und im nahen REI Bergsportgeschäft (1200 W Northern Lights Blvd, Anchorage, AK 99503, United States). Praktisch war, dass man spezielle Biwaknahrung, Gas, etc. bei REI (https://www.rei.com) vorbestellen kann - diese Dinge lagen dann abholbereit verpackt für uns im Laden in Anchorage bereit. Auf der gegenüberliegenden Straßenseite befindet sich das noch mehr für Alpinismus ausgelegte Bergsportfachgeschäft AMH (https://www.alaskamountaineering.com). Nach einer Nacht in Anchorage ließen wir uns von Talkeetna Taxi (http://talkeetnataxi.com/) nach Talkeetna fahren. Das Taxi sollte man ein paar Tage vorher bestellen, die Kosten belaufen sich auf 250 - 300 US-Dollar. In Talkeetna unterhält Talkeetna Air Taxi ein sogenanntes "Bunkhouse", in dem Kunden bis zu ihrem Abflug und nach der Rückkehr kostenlos übernachten können.
    [Show full text]
  • Breasts on the West Buttress Climbing the Great One for a Great Cause
    Breasts on the West Buttress Climbing the Great One for a great cause Nancy Calhoun, Sheldon Kerr, Libby Bushell A Ritt Kellogg Memorial Fund Proposal Calhoun, Kerr, Bushell; BOTWB 24 Table of Contents Mission Statement and Goals 3 Libby’s Application, med. form, agreement 4-8 Libby’s Resume 9-10 Nancy’s Application, med. form, agreement 11-15 Nancy’s Resume 16-17 Sheldon’s Application, med. form, agreement 18-23 Sheldon’s Resume 24-25 Ritt Kellogg Fund Agreement 26 WFR Card copies 27 Travel Itinerary 28 Climbing Itinerary 29-34 Risk Management 35-36 Minimum Impact techniques 37 Gear List 38-40 First Aid Contents 41 Food List 42-43 Maps 44 Final Budget 45 Appendix 46-47 Calhoun, Kerr, Bushell; BOTWB 24 Breasts on the West Buttress: Mission Statement It may have started with the simple desire to climb North America’s tallest peak, but with a craving to save the world a more pressing concern on the minds of three Colorado College women (a Vermonter, an NC southern gal, and a life-long Alaskan), we realized that climbing Denali could and should be only a mere stepping stone to the much greater task at hand. Thus, we’ve teamed up with the American Breast Cancer Foundation, an organization that is doing their part to save our world, one breast at a time, in order to do our part, in hopes of becoming role models and encouraging the rest of the world to do their part too. So here’s our plan: We are going to climb Denali (Mount McKinley) via the West Buttress route in June of 2006.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 Annual Mountaineering Summary
    2018 Annual Mountaineering Summary NPS Photo (M. Coady) 2018 Statistical Year in Review Each season's !!!~~D.~~.iD.~.~- ~!~~ . !:.~':!.!~ . ~!~!!~!!~~ · including total attempts and total summits for Denali and Foraker, are now compiled into one spreadsheet spanning from 1979 to 2018. The P.~ .':1.~.1 ! ..l?.!~P.~!~~~~ blog can provide a more detailed perspective of the 2018 season, including daily statistics, weather, conditions reports, photos, and random climbing news. Thank you to the 31 !!!~~!:.'~.~.i.':1.~.~-~!~~t~.<?.1.':l. ~!~~~~ ~! .':1::~~~~! (VIP's) who teamed up with Denali rangers to staff the mountain camps in 2018. Read about the efforts of the 2018 recipients of the M.i.:;. 1.~~:~~~- ~~~~ - g-~D.~.l.i.. ~~~ Award. Quick Facts - Denali • Climbers from the USA: 694 (63% of total) Climbers hailed from 42 of the 50 states in 2018. Colorado was the most heavily represented with 114 climbers. Alaska followed close behind with 111 climbers. There were 87 climbers from Washington and 72 from California. • International climbers: 420 (37% of total) 51 foreign nations were represented on Denali in 2018. Of the international climbers, Poland generated the highest number of climbers with 47. Canada was next with 42. Australia was suprisingly well-represented on Denali this season, with 28 climbers. China and Japan each had 24 climbers on Denali. We had one climber each from Andorra, Kazakhstan, and Qatar. • Average trip length The average trip length on Denali was 17 days; independent teams averaged a day less (16 days), while guided teams averaged a day more (18 days). The average length of a Muldrow Glacier climb was 27 days.
    [Show full text]
  • Bangor University Denali Expedition
    BANGOR UNIVERSITY DENALI EXPEDITION 28 May - 5 July 2012 Final Report by: Tom Ripley With support from: British Mountaineering Council Mount Everest Foundation Welsh Sport Association Tom Livingstone descending the West Buttress at sunset. Introduction. After hearing many stories of the amazing climbing in the Central Alaska Range Tom Livingstone and I decided to check it out for ourselves. For both us this would be our first visit to Alaska and Livingstoneʼs first to the great ranges. We wanted to do a number of existing routes but we were both keen to do something new as well. Iʼd read about the Father and Son Wall on Denali. It sounded hard but not too hard and I could see a plausible new line. Unfortunately it wasnʼt to be. Our trip started well with ascents of SW Ridge of Mount Francis and Bacon and Eggs on the Mini-mini Moonflower Buttress, before warm weather forced us to head up onto Denali. Upon reaching 14k Camp we dropped down to checkout the Father and Son Wall, but warm weather, large seracs and reports of very poor quality rock made us reconsider our plans. After acclimatizing on the West Buttress we were able to take advantage of a good weather window and make a two day ascent of the Cassin Ridge. This was the quickest of the four ascents the Cassin had that season with the others taking four or more days. With a combined age of 43 we are pretty sure that our ascent is youngest ever British ascent of the Cassin. 1 Expedition Diary.
    [Show full text]
  • ALASKA and CANADA CRUISETOURS 2018 Destination Guide
    ALASKA AND CANADA CRUISETOURS 2018 Destination Guide CONSECUTIVE YEARS CONSECUTIVE YEARS TABLE OF CONTENTS The Royal Alaska Difference ..............6–9 The Onboard Experience ......................10–12 The Alaska Cruise .....................................13–15 Excursions ....................................................16–17 Alaska Inland Destinations .................18–27 Included Experiences ............................28–31 Alaska Lodgings ........................................32–33 Alaska Cruisetour Daily Details .........35–48 The Royal Canada Difference ............50–51 Canada Cruisetour Daily Details .......52–54 The Alaska Range 3 THE GREAT LAND ONE GREAT STATE. A WORLD OF ADVENTURE. ALASKA, BY LAND AND SEA. The rugged southeastern coast represents some of With a Royal Caribbean Cruisetour, you enjoy both. nature’s best work. The intricate waterways of the Inside Combining a seven-night sailing along the southeastern Passage, dotted with thousands of islands, big and small. coastline of Alaska with a small-group tour into the The high cliffs of Misty Fjords. The deep bays that breathtakingly beautiful inland destinations, it’s a welcome whales every summer. The towering blue ice of complete Alaska adventure. Hubbard Glacier. Where life is centered around the water, a Experience the authentic interior of Alaska in supreme OF EPIC cruise is the ideal choice. comfort, with luxury transportation and accommodations in But a journey into the interior reveals so much more. the finest lodges available. And with the personal attention Mighty rivers fed by massive glaciers. Towns where moose and expertise of our Adventure Specialists, you’ll explore stroll the streets. The vast taiga forests and rolling tundra the wild lands of the Last Frontier your way. of Denali National Park. And the Great One itself — Denali, If you’re going the distance, discover the best of Alaska the mountain standing tall over the rest of the by land and sea on a Royal Caribbean Cruisetour.
    [Show full text]
  • Defining and Sizing-Up Mountains
    Defining and Sizing-up Mountains By Steven Fry What are the ten highest mountains in the world? ridge-level, before it is considered an individual Is Mount Everest larger than Mount McKinley? Does mountain. Mount Rainier rise higher above its base than In 1981, following 12 years of academic, profes- Everest? Unbelievably, these questions have never sional and recreational mountain study, I decided to been answered with any certainty, for the simple rea- make a serious attempt to establish a workable defi- son that mountains have remained essentially nition for mountains. I studied thousands of moun- undefined. tains and hills before I arrived at the conclusion There are some who may say defining mountains presented in this article. My research mainly focused is irnposstbte. However, the word "impossible" on Washington's Cascade Range, but I also studied should be used with great caution, especially within other sections of the Cascade Range, the Rockies, the climbing community. Furthermore, classifica- Sierra Nevada, Appalachians, Himalayas, Andes, tion systems are ubiquitous for such things as trees, Alps, British Isles, Alaska Range and numerous animals, rocks and clouds-and although not other geographic localities. perfect - these systems do help people better de- Mountain Definitions scribe and eventually understand the world around A mountain can be defined based upon the follow- us. ing three geographic parameters: A. Local Relief; B. Various geographers and geologists have stated Elevation; and C. Prominence. These three that a mountain must have: 1. 1,000 or 2,000 feet parameters are utilized in the mountain definitions of local relief; 2. Relatively steep slopes; and 3.
    [Show full text]