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A Basque Nationalist Party see PNV accession 66, 70, 73–6, 79, 81–2, 84, 287, (Partido Nacionalista Vasco) 293, 297, 347, 362, 366, 371 Belgium 276, 291, 298, 320, 399, 401, 411, Albania 297, 299 414–15, 418 America see United States belonging 2–3, 8, 21, 23, 55, 177, 178, 345, 37, 313 348, 360 Anderson, Benedict 4–5, 183, 400, 404 Billig, Michael 93–5, 103, 111, 181, Arana, Sabino 32, 34, 44, 95 186, 189 army 65, 99, 107, 108, 148, 150, 157, 158, Bosnia 297 165, 167, 170, 209, 288 Brexit 1, 8, 11, 12, 15, 22, 78, 80, 81, 83, 219, see also military 223, 299 Austria 8, 9, 284, 287, 293 Britain 9, 11, 12, 67, 79, 95, 153, 227, authority 18, 23, 55, 110, 170, 211, 212, 257, 241, 287 346, 399, 400 British identity 14, 410 autonomous community 103–4, 266, Brubaker, Rogers 285, 342, 360 386, 387 Basque Autonomous C Community 38, 91, 101–2, 105, Canada 276, 384, 390–1, 395, 401 106, 107, 111, 113, 380, 382, 383–4 37, 56, 58, 61–2, 64–67, 68, autonomy 33, 37, 39, 43–4, 46, 49, 68, 81–2, 84, 100, 179–81, 191, 192–4, 96–101, 180, 193, 259, 261, 265, 195, 197–9, 256, 261, 262, 263–7, 273, 274, 285, 290, 293, 294, 297, 269, 270, 276, 286, 294, 298, 298, 349, 379–85, 386–7, 408, 303–20, 327, 379, 386, 388, 393–5, 409, 410, 416 399–400 Catalan identity 177, 178–181, 183, B 188, 189, 195, 315 Balkans 120, 134, 142, 286, 297, 370 Catalanism 21, 183, 185–6, 187–91, Basque Country 29–50, 91–113, 189, 194–7, 200 261, 262, 263, 265, 267, 269, Catalunya see Catalonia 276, 379–96 Christian Democrats 45, 48, 316, 411–12 Basque identity 29–31, 34–36, 91, 95, citizenship 149, 159, 167, 274, 341–5, 98, 100–1, 384 345–7, 360–2, 370–2, 407–8 Basque nationalism 30, 45–6, 49, European Union citizenship 73–4, 92–113, 260, 267, 269, 379 76–7, 367 see also Euskadi Moldovan citizenship 364–5

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Romanian citizenship 339, 341–5, D 352, 360–2, 362–7, 369–72 democracy 19, 57, 72, 183, 194–7, 219, social citizenship 399, 401–2, 405–6, 258–9, 295, 379, 389, 390 407–8, 412–19 devolution 19, 70, 297, 299, 307, 379, 399, civil society 13, 18, 19, 57, 91, 171, 362, 371 401, 410 community 3, 5, 21, 23, 29, 33, 37–9, 119, dialogue 56–7, 91, 95, 199, 253, 255, 394 132, 150, 161, 166, 179, 180, 189, diaspora 123, 128, 141, 143, 343–4, 345, 402–8, 410, 412–14, 418–19 353, 354 Basque community 41, 44, 104 diplomacy 213, 327, 359, 369 Jewish community 120, 122, 128–9, diversity 57, 169, 194, 258, 270, 271, 317 137, 140–3 Donbas (Donbass) 20, 203, 206, 218–19, political community 4, 270, 347, 371 283, 287, 299, 300 conflict 3, 7, 16, 23, 81, 108, 111, 177–8, 199, 215, 230, 259, 264, 283–4, E 292, 293, 294, 296, 329 ECJ (European Court of Justice) 70, see also ethnicity, ethnic conflict; 73–4, 77 identity, identity-based conflict economic crisis 11, 13, 263–4, 308, constitution 37, 40, 41–3, 65, 68, 71, 317, 388 101–2, 107, 211, 253–4, 256, 259– education 100, 122, 148, 273, 283, 296, 66, 267–9, 270–2, 274, 275–6, 316, 344, 353, 358, 367–8, 380, 350–1, 379–96 382, 399, 405, 407, 411, 413, 414 Constitutional Court 68, 210, 256, elites 5, 8, 14, 57, 58, 93, 102–3, 151, 153, 262–3, 264, 313–5, 317, 319, 356, 205, 208, 257, 283, 322, 349–50 379, 380, 385–6, 393–5 empire 12, 204, 206, 284, 285, 369 CiU (Convergència i Unió) 64, 190, 259, British Empire 286, 410 265–6, 306, 309, 311–12, Ottoman Empire 120, 122, 124, 127 316, 319 England 10, 67, 80 corruption 148, 154, 157, 163, 169, 208, equality 22, 72, 107, 187, 269, 406 218, 359 ERC (Esquerra Republicana de Crimea 20, 203–19, 289, 299 Catalunya) 64, 179, 306 Crimean Tatars 210, 289, 299, 342, 369 15, 290, 294, 295, 300, 310 Croatia 15, 296, 342, 370 ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna) 32, 96, 293 culture 4, 37, 47, 159, 180, 188, 205, ethics 183, 199, 244, 402 261, 276, 400, 402–4, 406–13, ethnicity 4, 124, 182, 293, 296, 346, 356, 416–17, 419 358, 369 political culture 55, 99, 255 ethnic conflict 290, 296, 351–2 currency 76, 80, 100 EU (European Union) 6–17, 22–3, 58, 59, Cyprus 79, 293 61–6, 70–84, 208, 213, 215, 219, Czech Republic 300 275–6, 293, 297, 299, 306, 341, 284, 285, 287, 288, 290, 345, 347, 352, 354, 361–2, 364, 292, 295, 297, 389 371, 418

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Eurasian Economic Union 208, 214–15, Greece 9, 10, 12, 15, 127–8, 134, 291, 217, 357 292, 293 Europe 4–17 Greenland 63, 71, 298 European identity 6–7, 9, 11, 17 Euskadi 34, 37, 45, 47–8, 49 H see also Basque Country HB (Herri Batasuna) 43, 99, 104–5, 107, 109, 110–12 F history 4, 9, 23, 35, 56, 150, 151, 180, 188, family 19, 21, 95, 137, 155, 189 189, 190, 223, 243, 245, 255, 256, federalism 60, 254–6, 269, 390 358, 363, 370, 403, 409, 412–13 297, 298 Holocaust (Shoah) 6, 123, 124, 143, 287 flags 158, 181, 350 Hungary 8, 9, 284, 288, 300, 342, Basque flag ikurriña( ) 44, 351, 352 92–113, 166 hybridity 4, 57, 211, 261, 285, 296, 300 Catalan flag (estelada) 181, 305 Flanders 59, 298, 399–400, 402, I 411–12, 413–19 identity v 1, 2, 3, 8, 12, 329 France 8, 9, 17, 46, 49, 128, 153, 195, 255, collective identity 133 287, 291, 292, 300, 317, 406 cultural identity 345 Franco, Francisco 29–33, 45, 48, 95–8, identity crisis 132, 254, 350 99–100, 106, 107, 286, 294, 316 identity formation 1, 19, 226 Franco dictatorship 95–6, 100 identity markers 132, 411, 416 Francoism 58–9, 94, 98, 107 identity politics 1, 7, 9, 12, 203, 291, freedom 72, 140, 178, 193, 198, 218, 294, 342, 369 269, 292, 305, 389, 403, identity-based conflict 1, 23 405, 406 national identity 4, 7, 19, 55, 58, 95, Frisia 59, 291, 299 184, 188, 270, 285, 288, 400, 401, fueros 30, 34, 41, 380 402, 413–14, 416, 419 political identity 245, 255 G regional identity 5–6 37, 50, 59, 100, 261 ideology 55, 148, 184, 187, 192, 204, 234, Gellner, Ernest 3, 400, 408 285, 411 Generalitat 187, 308–10, 311–12, 315, 316, ikurriña see flags, Basque flag ikurriña( ) 318, 319, 327, 329 integration 6–13, 23, 167, 206, 208, 253, Germany 9, 10, 12, 17, 46, 258, 284, 256, 261, 340, 344, 351, 381, 400 286–7, 290–1, 292, 300, international law 20, 66, 67–74, 82–3, 320, 389 212, 390–2 German reunification 63, 71, 389 Ireland 19, 20, 67, 223–5, 227, 232, 235, globalization 7–8, 12–14, 59–60, 241, 242, 245 254, 346 Irish border 223, 237, 249, 299 Great Britain see Britain Irish Free State 67, 235, 236

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Irish identity 225 immigration 11, 59, 197, 341, 343, 346 Irish independence 235, 286 military 6, 101, 102, 105, 107, 147–8, 151, irredentism 284, 289, 297, 299, 359, 370 154–8, 164, 166, 169, 171–2, 209, Italy 8, 9, 12, 153, 255, 258, 292, 293, 211, 213, 216, 260, 287, 295 297, 299 military service 154, 159, 404 see also army J monarchy 94, 100, 102–3, 106–7, 308 Jewish identity 121, 124, 126 Moldova 337–72 Judeo-Spanish language 119–26, Moldovan identity 357, 358, 359 135–40, 143 Montenegro 69, 76, 127, 391 multiculturalism 7, 12, 13–16, 59 K kin 342, 344, 347, 351, 359, 371 N kin-community 342, 344, 355, nationalism 1–6, 13–17, 55–6, 59, 60, 181, 361, 370 185–6, 192 kin-state 342, 344, 347–8, 369, 371 banal nationalism 93–5 Kosovo 68, 79, 84, 212, 216, 290, 297, 391 ethical nationalism 402–3, 408–9, 412–13, 415, 416, 419 L sub-state nationalism 59, 399–403, language 3–4, 37, 119–121, 132–134, 180, 407–8, 419 194, 259, 261, 291, 293, 294, 350, nation-building 181, 257, 340, 388, 356, 402, 403, 412–14, 419 396, 400 Basque language 39, 44 nationhood 157–8, 169, 172, 189, 192, Catalan language 188–9, 200, 314, 203, 329, 339–40 316, 318 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty 290, 294, 295, 300, 310 Organisation) 210, 213–15, 297, Linz, Juan J. 257, 259, 276 347, 352, 353, 354, 371 284, 290, 294, 295, 310 Navarre 35, 38, 40, 91, 101–8, 113, 127, 261, 380–2 M Netherlands, The 9, 291, 300, 322 Mas, Artur 64, 305–6, 308–9, 312, 319, Northern Ireland 20, 67, 223–5, 236, 237, 325, 327 238, 243, 244, 246–7, 249, 250, media 19, 44, 208, 211, 233–4, 265, 268, 293, 297 303–7, 321–9, 366 social media 17, 125 P memory 121, 123, 133, 142 passports 178, 189, 200, 298, 341, 361, collective memory 119, 124, 127, 364, 372 141, 143 patriotism 147, 186, 212, 258, 268 cultural memory 127, 132, peace v 6, 22, 108, 168, 235, 244, 349, migration 13–17, 22–3, 292, 359, 367 385, 392 emigration 128, 288, 343 pluralism 57, 394

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PNV (Partido Nacionalista Vasco) 29–50, regionalism 5, 47 95, 97, 101, 104–5, 107, 109–11, religion 2, 184, 297, 370, 413 112, 259 Renan, Ernest 2, 8, 400 Poland 8, 9, 219, 287, 288, 291, 295 rights 4, 33–9, 50, 62, 70, 73–4, 75–7, police 44, 61, 96, 99, 106, 108–12, 199, 225, 274 208, 319 citizenship rights 342, 416 populism 7, 10, 14 human rights 72, 82, 84, 211, 261, PP (Partido Popular) 179, 191, 262, 263, 364, 379 266, 267–8, 308, 312–13, 315, minority rights 288, 346 316–8, 326 Rodríguez Zapatero, José Luis 264, Primo de Rivera, Miguel 147–8, 152, 311, 312 154–8, 159, 167, 169, 171–2 Romania 79, 285, 291, 295, 337–72 propaganda 65, 167, 227, 300 Romanian identity 366 PSOE (Partido Socialista Obrero Russia 6, 210, 211, 215–19, 284–5, 295–6, Español) 42–4, 49, 97, 102–12, 340, 352, 357, 364 191, 259, 262, 266, 267, 269, 272, Russian nationalism 204–6 306, 311–12, 316 Russian Federation see Russia public opinion 209, 265, 322, 329, 403, 406 S Puigdemont, Carles 62, 305, 319–20 Salonika 119–22, 126–8, 141–3 Pujol, Jordi 179, 266–7, 310–11, 316–17 Scotland 56, 59, 61, 63–4, 67–8, 71–2, Putin, Vladimir 208–13, 216–19, 298, 359 74, 78–81, 82–4, 293, 298, 410, 417, 419 Q Scottish independence 68, 75, 78, Quebec 390–1, 413 83, 299 secession 7, 56, 61–84, 207, 236, 270, 284, R 288, 296, 299–300, 389–395 Rajoy, Mariano 65, 265, 306, 308, 309, security 15, 205, 213, 215, 217, 273, 358, 310, 312 392, 403 reconciliation 100, 379 self-determination 42, 50, 61–2, 65, 69, referendum 56, 75, 102, 104, 107, 210, 291, 77, 81–2, 99, 127, 192, 212, 259, 356–7, 381, 391 285, 306, 307, 308–10, 326–9, on Brexit 78 384, 388–94 on Catalan independence 61, 81, 199, self-government 29, 180–1, 260–1, 266, 270, 305, 307, 308–10, 313, 379–86, 395–6 315–17, 319–20, 328–9, 395 191, 283–4, 287, 288–93, on Crimea 207 296–300 on Scottish independence 61, 63, 64, Sephardim 119–143 78, 316, 400 Serbia 69, 84, 127, 216, 284, 290, 297, 342, on Spanish Constitution 42, 43 351, 352, 370 regeneration 150, 152, 154, 155, 171 Shoah see Holocaust (Shoah)

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Slovakia 79 T Slovenia 296 terrorism 14, 22, 217, 292, 299 Smith, Anthony D. 3, 4, 55, 400 tradition 56, 123–4, 132 SNP (Scottish National Party) 63–4, 69, treaty 64, 67, 71–3, 207, 210, 349, 352–3, 359 78, 411, 413–14, 417 Turke y 127, 128, 134, 284, 285, 298, 367 social citizenship 399, 401–2, 405–8, 412–14, 416–17 U social cohesion 15, 212, 270 UK (United Kingdom) 9, 12, 22–3, 46, social policy 316, 399–419 56, 63–4, 67–70, 74, 77–81, solidarity 5, 73, 91, 107, 217, 234, 247, 223–4, 255, 276, 297, 322, 399, 257, 260, 272, 399, 403, 409, 401, 417 415, 416–18 203–19, 283, 288, 291, 294, 300, sovereignty 23, 41, 55, 67, 91, 95, 203, 351, 352, 353 207, 284, 285, 317, 344, 363, 369, Ulster 223–37, 240–2, 243, 245–7, 386, 387 248–50, 297 national sovereignty 10, 94, 260, Ulster identity 224, 231, 246, 249 262, 295 Ulster Unionism 223–44, 249–50 Soviet Union see USSR Ulster Unionist identity 225, 226–7, Spain 2, 9, 18, 40–4, 57–8, 65, 79–80, 233, 236, 237–8 94, 100, 104, 107–8, 147–8, UN (United Nations) 69, 75, 211, 212 150–5, 171–2, 196, 253–76, 286, unification 340, 349, 351, 353, 355, 358, 307–8, 311, 314, 315–18, 379–83, 367, 368, 370 386–8, 392–6 reunification 350, 352, 354, 359, 368–9 Spanish Civil War 95–6, 172 see also German re-unification Spanish identity 94, 99–100, 111, 181, US (United States) 128, 152–3, 211, 188, 253, 263 213, 215, 217, 219, 255, 294, 295, Spanish nationalism 58, 94–5, 299, 406 99–101, 104, 150, 258, USSR (Union of Socialist Soviet 267–8 Republics) 69, 203–5, 207, 212, Spanish transition to 216, 285–90, 294–6, 339, 341, democracy 57, 256 349, 389 State of Autonomies 18, 253, 268 statute 58, 169–70, 261, 262, 263–4 V Basque Statute of Autonomy 39, values 9, 21, 23, 72, 102, 103, 148, 162, 178, 41–4, 263, 380–6, 392 182–3, 185, 186, 187, 190, 193, 197, Catalan Statute of Autonomy 68, 199–200, 208, 270, 388, 403–4, 178, 256, 263–5, 305, 310–15, 410–2, 414, 417 317–18, 379 violence 7, 98, 110, 199, 211, 242, 254, 265, Sweden 9, 80, 298 293, 295, 297, 319, 346, 396 Switzerland 77, 418 political violence 94, 283, 292

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W Inter-war Europe 148 Wales 293 Irish War of Independence 232 Wallonia 298, 415, 418 Second World War 46, 142, 286–7, war 5, 6, 216, 219, 292, 296 295, 341, 346, 349, 352, 405 Balkan wars 127 Spanish–American War 152 Cold War 203, 204, 205, 216, 290, welfare 57, 272–3, 274, 316, 382, 395–6, 292, 294 401, 404, 405–6, 410, 416, 418 culture war 7, 196 First World War 119, 126, 128, 147, Y 154, 227–8, 284, 286, 340 Yugoslavia 69, 288, 290, 295, 389 Great Patriotic War 290 Great War see war, First World War

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