Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, Vol. 12, No. 3, September 2005 ( C 2005) DOI: 10.1007/s10880-005-5742-7

History of the Association of Medical School Psychologists (AMSP), 1982–2005

Reuben J. Silver, 1 John E. Carr, 2,4 and Gerald Leventhal 3

This paper presents a brief history of the Association of Medical School Psychologists (AMSP) from the Association’s beginning in 1982 to the present day. Prior to 1982, there had been sev- eral unsuccessful efforts to form an association that would represent psychologists in academic medical centers. Attempts by psychiatry to limit the growing number and influence of psychol- ogists in medical schools created a sense of threat among psychologists that catalyzed the for- mation of the Association. Membership was initially restricted to one senior psychologist from each medical school, a restriction that limited AMSP’s development, but AMSP later opened its doors to all academic medical center psychologists. The Association was rebuffed in initial efforts to join the Association of American Medical Colleges, and at a later date, to become a Division of the American Psychological Association (APA). In time, however, AMSP did es- tablish formal ties to both of those organizations, and it has collaborated with APAin important surveys of academic medical center psychologists. Following a period in the late 1990’s when AMSP seemed likely to lose its way, the Association rebounded. AMSP now has an Adminis- trative Director, a stable home base, and revised bylaws that assure greater stability and con- tinuity of leadership. These developments, in conjunction with a strong working relationship with the Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings , have positioned AMSP to grow and more effectively serve the community of psychologists who work in academic medical centers. KEY WORDS: History of psychology associations; medical school psychologists; academic medicine and psychology.

INTRODUCTION Association of Medical School Psychologists (AMSP). This paper uses the acronym AMSP to refer to the Almost a decade has passed since the first his- Association across all time periods, but with the un- tory of the Association of Medical School Psychol- derstanding that readers will keep in mind that AM- ogists (AMSP) was written (Silver, 1996). Since that SPP is the historically correct acronym for the period time, there have been many changes. For one thing, prior to 1999. The paper is divided into three main sec- the Association adopted a new name. At its beginning tions: (1) review of AMSP’s development from 1982 in 1982, the Association was known as the Associa- through 2005; (2) listing of key events grouped accord- tion of Medical School Professors of Psychology (AM- ing to the presidential term in which they happened; SPP). In 1999 the Association changed its name to the and (3) Appendices that identify the organizational leaders whose vision and work guided the Associa- 1 Wilmington, North Carolina. tion’s development. 2University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry and Behav- ioral Science, Seattle, Washington. 3University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey—New Jersey EARLY HISTORY Medical School Department of Psychiatry, UMDNJ—University Behavioral Health Care, Newark, New Jersey. 4Correspondence should be addressed to John E. Carr, Department Although some psychologists on the facul- of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Washington, ties of medical schools had begun to meet infor- 4225 Roosevelt Way, Nebraska, Seattle, Washington 98105. mally at American Psychological Association (APA)

235

1068-9583/05/0900-0235/0 C 2005 Springer Science +Business Media, Inc. 236 Silver, Carr, and Leventhal conventions in the nineteen forties, it was not un- as full voting members of the Medical Staff, but their til the early nineteen fifties that the interest in the report helped open the way for psychologists at other role of psychology in medical education became or- university and community hospitals to seek full staff ganized. In 1953, Ivan Mensh, as chair of a subcommit- privileges (Thompson & Matarazzo, 1984). tee of the APA Education and Training Committee, In 1979 Reuben Silver, of Albany Medical surveyed psychologists in medical schools, publish- College, invited all Heads of Psychology in medical ing his findings in the American Psychologist (Mensh, schools in the State of New York to a meeting to dis- 1953). Joseph Matarazzo, who succeeded Mensh as cuss the feasibility of developing a forum to share is- chair of that subcommittee, did a follow-up survey in sues of mutual concern. Eleven of the then New York 1955 (Matarazzo & Daniel, 1957). State 12 medical schools were represented at that ini- Mensh’s survey revealed that there were 255 psy- tial meeting, at which Silver was chosen President. chologists working in medical schools. This informa- The bylaws that were developed limited membership tion prompted Joseph Matarazzo, who later was to to the Director of Psychology at each medical school. become the first psychologist to chair a department However, it soon became apparent that psychologists of psychology in a medical school, Ivan Mensh, Head in medical schools were not organized into strong di- of Psychology within the Department of Psychiatry at visions. In fact, in many schools the director of psy- UCLA, and Robert Watson, Professor of Psychology chology at the affiliated hospital was completely in- at Northwestern University, to convene a meeting in dependent from psychology in the medical school. In Colorado of a group of medical school psychologists other words, there was no overarching entity called in 1953. Victor Raimy, of the University of Colorado, “psychology” in many of the medical schools. There- hosted the meeting. Enough signatures were gathered fore, the decision was made to expand membership to present a petition to APA Council for the estab- to include the designated head of psychology at each lishment of a Division of Medical Psychology. Un- medical school affiliated hospital in New York State. fortunately, Hobart Mowrer, APA President in 1954, who believed that there were too many Divisions, per- suaded the APA Council to declare a moratorium on THE BEGINNING the creation of Divisions. In 1957, another unsuccess- ful attempt was made to form an association of med- In March 1981, as President of the New York ical school psychologists. A summary of that meeting group, Silver surveyed all Chief Psychologists in med- was described by Knopf (1959). There was little en- ical colleges in the United States concerning their in- thusiasm for further discussion after that setback. terest in attending a meeting at the APA convention Nathaniel Wagner of the University of in September 1981 to discuss issues of mutual con- Washington School of Medicine, in collaboration cern. Although the previous attempts at organizing with K. Stegman, surveyed medical school psychol- psychologists in medical schools had failed, this one ogists (Wagner & Stegman, 1964) and followed with did not. Probably the Zeitgeist had a great deal to do another review a few years later (Wagner & Stegman, with the viability of the proposal for an organization. 1968). As a result of their findings showing increased Earlier, psychologists may have felt relatively secure numbers of psychologists in medical schools, Wagner in their medical school appointments and/or viewed called a meeting at APA with the hope of organizing them as intermediate steps to graduate department medical school psychologists. However, very few appointments. The new Zeitgeist suggested that psy- medical school psychologists attended, and those that chologists were beginning to identify with their set- did were not enthusiastic about another association. tings as medical school faculty and administrators. Apparently, at that time, not all psychologists in Psychologists were appointed Deans at the Univer- medical schools perceived their settings or their ac- sity of Colorado Medical School (John Conger) and at ceptance as uniquely different from arts and sciences Syracuse (Carlyle Jacobson). Some (e.g., Starke Hath- departments or other clinical settings. This perception away, at the University of Minnesota) had been ap- was challenged by a landmark survey by Matarazzo, pointed acting heads of psychiatry in the early 1940. Lubin, and Nathan (1978), which asked psychologists Interestingly, at the time of the 1981 APA meeting, in medical schools about their membership status on Sidney Orgel, at Upstate Medical Center in Syracuse, the Medical Staff of their university hospital. They and John Carr, University of Washington School of found that the medical staff bylaws of only six of the Medicine, were appointed acting chairs of psychiatry then 115 university hospitals included psychologists and were to serve in those positions for four years. History of AMSP 237

The early nineteen eighties were also a time establish a task force to work on the formation of a when psychologists in medical schools were beginning national organization. to feel attacked. For one thing, the Joint Commis- The initial meeting of the task force occurred sion on Accreditation of Hospitals (JCAH)—since in April 1982 in San Antonio, with Alvin Burstein, renamed, Joint Commission on the Accreditation of of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Health care Organizations (JCAHO)—had decided San Antonio, as the host. Just prior to the meeting, to exclude psychologists from membership on medi- the Division of Clinical Psychology, which Burstein cal staffs. In fact, most psychologists, being unaware headed at the UT Health Sciences Center, was elim- of this change in policy, assumed that they were mem- inated. It was generally assumed that the change had bers of their medical staffs, and were shocked to been prompted by the growing antagonism of psy- learn about the change. Psychologists felt increas- chiatry toward psychology. Thus, the formation of ingly threatened by the acts of some psychiatry de- a national organization of medical school psycholo- partments, e.g. limitations on the status and func- gists was undertaken at a time and place that seemed tioning of psychologists. John Carr returned from a especially symbolic of the need for such an orga- meeting of the Chairs of Psychiatry to report that, nization. The task force members who met at that not knowing that he, a psychologist, was in atten- organization meeting in San Antonio were: Alvin dance, there had been discussion of strategies for Burstein, University of Texas; John Carr, University eliminating Psychology Divisions under institutional of Washington; David Clayson, Cornell, Chairperson; “financial emergency” contingencies. Reports circu- Joseph Matarazzo, Oregon Health Sciences Univer- lated that Divisions of Psychology in medical schools sity; Ivan Mensh, University of California at Los An- were being disbanded and that Directors of Psychol- gles; Reuben Silver, Albany Medical College; and ogy were being dismissed or relieved of their titles. Robert Thompson, Duke University.Carl Zimet, Uni- Reports about decreasing numbers of psychologists versity of Colorado, was also a member but was unable in psychiatry departments appeared to have some to attend. At least one other psychologist, Anthony validity. For example, in one medical school—the David, of Brown University, had been invited. How- University of Minnesota—open warfare had devel- ever, by the time that the Task Force met, he had oped between psychology and psychiatry. In an at- moved from the medical school to the university’s psy- tempt to resolve the conflict, the President of the chology department. University of Minnesota assembled a blue-ribbon The task force at San Antonio drafted a set of panel to adjudicate the issues. Although the result bylaws, which was to be presented to a member- was the elimination of the Division of Clinical Psy- ship meeting for ratification. In an attempt to orga- chology, the influence of the Chair of Psychiatry was nize themselves like the Associations of Professors significantly reduced. He eventually was asked to of Surgery, Medicine, Biochemistry, Psychiatry, etc. relinquish his chairmanship, and the Board of Di- within the Association of American Medical Colleges rectors of the Hospital voted to continue Clinical (AAMC), the decision was made, after much debate, Psychology as a totally independent hospital service. that membership would be limited to one representa- Matarazzo (1994) described an earlier unsuccessful tive from each medical school. Some members of the 1967 attempt to eliminate the department of medical task force had wanted membership to be open to all psychology at the University of Oregon Health Sci- psychologists working in medical schools. However, ences University. despite recognizing that psychologists in many med- It was in this climate of threat that the invitation ical schools did not have a formal organization, the to psychologists in medical schools was issued. Lit- task force recommended that membership in the new tle wonder that 60 senior psychologists at the med- association be limited to one senior person from each ical schools in the United States appeared for the medical school. It was felt this strategy would encour- initial meeting at the 1981 APA convention in Los age the development of independent administrative Angeles. The New York State Association of Medical units of psychology, and following the precedent of School Psychology Directors was the host and the As- other professional groups within the Association of sociation of Psychology Internship Centers (APIC) American Medical Colleges, the name for the new or- was co-host. The chair of the initial meeting was the ganization would reflect that intent, the Association of newly elected President of the New Yorkgroup, David Medical School Professors of Psychology (AMSPP). Clayson, of Cornell Medical School. A spirited discus- The hope was that in those schools in which there was sion ensued culminating in the directive to Clayson to no formal organization, the psychology members of 238 Silver, Carr, and Leventhal the school would be able to designate one of their Over time, communication among members and with peers to act as director. With the draft of the bylaws the public was facilitated via the establishment of a in place, the task force scheduled a meeting at the newsletter, list serve, and web site. National confer- 1982 APA convention, at which time the bylaws re- ences were convened in Washington in 1995 and St. ceived provisional approval. The membership voted Louis in 1997, focusing upon the contributions of psy- to establish an Executive Committee, consisting of: chologists to health care research, service, and educa- tion. As psychology and other behavioral sciences be- John Carr, University of Washington came increasingly recognized for their contributions Eugene Levitt, Indiana University to health care and medical education, both AAMC Ivan Mensh, UCLA and APA became more responsive and supportive. William Schofield, University of Minnesota By the end of 1999, the organization had become Robert Thompson, Duke University the Association of Medical School Psychologists and David Clayson, Cornell University had collaborated with APA on surveys of psycholo- Joseph Matarazzo, Oregon Health Sciences gists in medical schools, their salary structures, clinical University privileges, and academic, clinical, and research contri- Sidney Orgel, SUNY-Syracuse butions. On December 31, 1999, under the guidance Reuben Silver, Albany Medical College of Nathan Perry and Barry Hong, AMSP became Sec- Carl Zimet, University of Colorado tion VIII of Division 12 in APA and began contribut- ing substantive symposia presentations at APA meet- ings. Through the collaborative support of Ronald The Executive Committee then elected the Rozensky, AMSP member and Editor of the Journal following officers: President, David Clayson; of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings (JCPMS), President-Elect, John Carr; Secretary/Treasurer, recent AMSP presentations at APA have been pub- Robert Thompson. lished in JCPMS (Belar, 2004; King, 2004; Hong & The initial momentum for the establishment of Leventhal, 2004; Leventhal, Baker, Archer, Cubic, & the Association was a “circling of the wagons” to ward Hudson, 2004; Leventhal & Seime, 2004). At APA off the attacks from psychiatry. As a result, there was meetings, AMSP also presents the AMSP Annual Dis- a pressing need to inform all of psychology via the tinguished Achievement Awards for teaching and re- APA of the unique situation and challenges faced by search. Appendix 1 lists the winners of these annual psychologists in academic medical settings. These in- awards. Recent awardees have been invited to present cluded the centrifugal pulls on professional identity in at AMSP symposia at APA and to publish papers in a multidisciplinary health care setting, and the chal- JCPMS (Bennett Johnson, 2004; Bray, 2004). lenges and opportunities of teaching about psycholog- For several years, AMSP members have received ical factors in health and illness in academic medical JCPMS as a membership benefit. Given the grow- centers. In addition, there was the related challenge ing linkage between AMSP and JCPMS, the Editor of sensitizing the academic medical community, via of JCPMS, the AMSP Board of Directors, and rep- the Association of American Medical Colleges, about resentatives of Kluwer Academic Publishers, which psychology’s special contribution to health care re- publishes JCPMS, have discussed making JCPMS the search, practice, and education. Early explorations of official journal of AMSP. In line with this goal, the affiliation with AAMC put AMSP in contact with the Editor of JCPMS has become an Ex Officio member Association of Behavioral Sciences and Medical Ed- of the AMSP Board. In the summer of 2004, tentative ucation (ABSAME), and resulted in several collabo- agreement was reached to establish JCPMS as the rative projects including a Behavioral Sciences Cur- official publication of AMSP. However, the Kluwer riculum Guide for medical educators, and a series of Academic publishing house was acquired recently by Behavioral Science Training Modules for global the Springer Publishing Group, and so the agreement health care training developed for the World Health has not been finalized. The AMSP Board remains op- Organization (WHO) in cooperation with the Inter- timistic. JCPMS Editor Ron Rozensky’s communica- national Union of Psychological Science. tions with the new publishers indicate that they will During its first decade, AMSP (or AMSPP, as stand by the original agreement. it was then known) focused considerable effort on With respect to AMSP affiliation with AAMC, informing APA as well as the AAMC of medical early in 2002, at an AAMC Council of Academic So- school psychologists’ unique roles and contributions. cieties (CAS) meeting in Savannah Georgia, AMSP History of AMSP 239

President Barry Hong and Secretary Christine Car- additional years would pass, with more debate, be- rington met with Jordan Cohen, MD, President of fore the Association revised its name to one that re- the AAMC, Tony Mazzaschi, AAMC Staff Officer flected greater openness, the Association of Medical to the CAS, and Barbara Schuster, MD, Chairperson School Psychologists. The result has been an increase of the CAS Membership Committee. On February in membership (albeit modest), a broader base of pro- 13, 2002, two decades after AMSP’s founding, Barry fessional participation, a potentially larger fiscal base Hong achieved the long sought goal of having AMSP (more dues paying members), and a continuing source admitted to the Council of Academic Societies of the of initiatives, innovations and new leadership. Association of American Medical Colleges. Whereas A second issue was the Association’s debate over earlier attempts had been vigorously opposed by Psy- affiliation. As medical school psychologists, many of chiatry, AMSP’s admission was now met with wide the original founders felt affiliation with academic acceptance. AMSP’s success led to discussions of the medicine was essential, as embodied in membership possibility of the Council of Presidents of Psychology in AAMC, as is true for other academic health profes- Specialty Academies (CPPSA) seeking admission to sions. Other founders felt that affiliation with psychol- CAS. Hong and incoming President Rick Seime met ogy was more desirable, as reflected in membership in with Joseph Talley, Chair of CPPSA, and presidents of APA. Given the financial limitations on members, af- the various specialty boards. Bernard Brucker, Pres- filiation with APA was economically more feasible. ident of the Rehabilitation Psychology Board and If members had limited meeting funds, the annual incoming Chair of CPPSA, attended the next CAS APA meeting took precedence over AAMC, which meeting with Hong and Seime. The CPPSA applied was seen as having limited relevance to psychology. for membership in CAS and was admitted in March The early lack of recognition and formal connection to of 2004. Psychology now had two professional groups either AAMC or APAleft AMSP suspended between representing the profession in the Council of Aca- two poles, reaching out toward but not fully linked demic Societies of the Association of American Med- either to organized academic medicine (AAMC) or ical Colleges. to organized professional psychology (APA). In the past few years, AMSP’s affiliation problem has been resolved favorably. AMSP is linked to APA by having HISTORICAL ISSUES become a Section of APA’s Division 12, the Society of Clinical Psychology, and AMSP is linked to AAMC Over the course of AMSP’s development, sev- by having become a member of the AAMC Council of eral issues have influenced the organization identity Academic Societies. With the increasing prominence and effectiveness. First was the issue of representa- of psychology in health care research, the emergence tion. Initially conceived of as an association of heads of health psychology,behavioral medicine, and the ex- of psychology, the Association of Medical School Pro- panding role of psychology in medical education, the fessors of Psychology became a small, exclusive group. appropriateness and mutual benefit of AMSP affilia- This had the effect of limiting membership and pre- tion with APA and with AAMC became apparent to venting broader participation by the profession in the all parties. Association and its governance. The results were few The issues of identity had an inevitable impact members, small meetings, a limited budget, and in- in defining the nature and effectiveness of the AMSP creasing reliance upon the original financially self- organizational infrastructure. As a small, “exclusive” supporting core leadership. The fact that this found- vs. “inclusive” group, the original organization had ing group consisted of middle-aged, Caucasian male few resources to support its limited functions. Dues senior faculty members likely enhanced the percep- were nominal and members were few. Members and tion of AMSP as an “old boys club.” It is little won- officers paid their own expenses to meetings or pig- der that the existence of the organization generated gybacked off institutional funds for other meetings. little notice among medical school faculty in its early This was a “Mom and Pop” operation that didn’t days. It took ten years and considerable debate for the even have a “Mom.” There were times when AMSP Association to reverse the decision to restrict mem- leadership lost focus and the Association seemed bership and to move to a more inclusive orientation to be losing its way. The evolving improvements that opened membership to all psychologists in aca- under recent administrations and the major bylaws demic medical settings irrespective of whether they changes and restructuring, currently occurring under are medical school faculty members. Even then, seven the Leventhal Presidency, have addressed many of 240 Silver, Carr, and Leventhal these historical weaknesses. These initiatives should • AMSP helps divert attempt by Chairs of Psy- provide the necessary foundation for the expansion chiatry to eliminate the behavioral sciences of AMSP into a truly representative organization portion of the national boards. with the resources, infrastructure, and vision required • Medical Education Committee is established, to meet the expectations of its members and assume chaired by Ivan Mensh and John Carr. A col- its rightful place among the major professional health laborative project involving AMSP, the As- care organizations. sociation of Behavioral Sciences and Medical Education (ABSAME), and the Association of Directors of Medical School Education in HIGHLIGHTS Psychiatry (ADMSEP), results in a collabo- The following section lists key events and activ- rative Behavioral Science Curriculum Guide ities of the Association from 1982 through 2005. The of knowledge, skills and attitudes for medi- items are grouped according to the presidential term cal education. In Presidential Address “Bio- in which they occurred. See Appendix 2 for a complete Behavioral Interaction: The Need for a New listing of Association officers and leadership during Renaissance”, Carr urges Psychology’s leader- the period 1982–2005. ship in defining mechanisms of bio-behavioral interaction in medical education. • The first of a series of presentations by AMSP 1982–1984—Clayson’s Presidency at AAMC and APA begins. Clayson organizes a symposium at the 1985 APAmeeting on “Psy- • Number of medical schools represented in chologists in Medical Schools: The Trials of membership increases from 52 to 75. The an- Emerging Political Activism” (American Psy- nual meeting features addresses by APA of- chologist, 1987). ficials from the Office of National Policy as • The annual meeting in 1986 features an address AMSP begins an active dialogue with APA. by John Conger entitled, “The Role of Psychol- AMSP begins presentations to key congres- ogy in Medical Schools: A Dean’s Perspective.” sional committees. • Proposal to open membership to all doctoral • First AMSP census of psychologists in medical level psychologists in medical schools fails in schools is undertaken by Robert Thompson, Jr. favor of continuation of the one representative • A Task Force, chaired by Reuben Silver, is per medical school policy. appointed to develop a casebook of adverse incidents affecting psychologists in medical schools. 1986–1988—Thompson’s Presidency • First AMSP salary survey conducted by Ivan Mensh. • AMSP responds to request from the APA Board of Directors concerning the status of 1984–1986—Carr’s Presidency psychologists in medical schools. The forced departure of psychologists from the Univer- • Membership holds at 75. Mensh reports on sity of Nebraska Medical School, and the dis- salary survey. Silver finds only two reported ad- solution of the Division of Clinical Psychol- verse incidents among psychologists surveyed. ogy at the University of Minnesota School of There is concern that psychologists in medical Medicine are noted. Psychologists’ vulnera- schools are reluctant to report problems. bility increases with the necessity to support • Carr testifies on behalf of AMSP and APA be- their faculty positions through combinations fore congressional committees on reimburse- of clinical and research revenue in a hostile ment for psychologists via Medicare and urges environment. psychology internship training be included • Thompson writes a series of white papers under Medicare supplementary funding that proposing psychologists become administra- medical schools received for Graduate Med- tive units within medical schools, outlining re- ical Education. Reviews “Federal Impact on sponsibilities, clinical privileges and quality as- Psychology in Medical Schools” for APA in surance. American Psychologist (Carr, 1987) • APA Monitor carries story about AMSP. History of AMSP 241

• Charles Kiesler addresses annual meeting on • Liaison with Practice Directorate of APA is es- “The Health Care Revolution in a Rapidly tablished. Congressional members are urged to Changing World”. AMSP presents symposium, support legislation defining the role of psychol- “Behavioral Science Contributions to Health ogists in national health care plans. at AAMC”. • The Medical Education Committee in liaison with ABSAME and ADMSEP completes Cur- 1988–1990—Orgel’s Presidency riculum Guide for the Behavioral Sciences in Medical Education. The document is circu- • A formal application to AAMC, begun by lated to AAMC, APA,National Board of Med- Robert Thompson, Jr., for recognition under ical Examiners, all medical school Deans in the Council of Academic Societies is filed. U.S. and Canada, and other interested parties. • A $5000 grant from CAPP is received for a survey to develop a database of psycholo- 1992–1994—Zimet’s Presidency gists in medical schools. Robert Thompson is given responsibility for directing the project. • The AMSP Newsletter, The Medical School Thompson reports that 3000 psychologists hold Psychologist , is established with Richard Seime academic appointments in 92 medical schools. as editor. • AMSP is concerned that psychology is being • Focus groups are organized at the annual meet- threatened by the closing of medical school sec- ing in preparation for the first major AMSP tions of psychology under the guise of “finan- conference, a National Conference on Psychol- cial emergencies.” ogists in Medical Schools, scheduled for 1995. • AMSP receives tax-exempt status. • Because of financial problems, the Executive • AMSP organizes a symposium at AAMC en- Committee begins to conduct business via ad titled, “Issues of Health Care in an Aging hoc conference calls. Society.”

1990–1992—Carr’s Presidency; the Second Time Around 1994–1996—Martin’s Presidency • • Bylaws change opens membership to all doc- The first national invitational conference is toral level psychologists in academic health held at Georgetown University in November care settings. 1995. The theme of the conference is the Chal- • AAMC turns down AMSP for membership in lenges for Psychologists in Medical Schools. the Council of Academic Societies. Danny Wedding obtains significant financial • Executive Committee considers proposal of support to underwrite this meeting. The con- Ronald Rozensky to sponsor the Journal of ference is considered a major accomplish- Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings but ment and stimulates related publications (e.g., turns it down out of concern for financial obli- Margolis & Pollard, 1997; Seime, 1998). • gation. Executive Committee works on a revision of • AMSP continues its campaign to include psy- the bylaws. Changing the name from the As- chology in Medicare funding of GME. Carr en- sociation of Medical School Professors of Psy- lists support of Senator Daniel Inouye. Letters chology (AMSPP) to the Association of Medi- from Carr, Senator Inouye, and his Adminis- cal School Psychologists (AMSP) is proposed. • trative Assistant, Pat Deleon, are sent to Bruce John Linton resigns as President-Elect due Vladeck, Administrator of HCFA, DHHS, of- to increased commitments at his Medical fering evidence in support of psychology’s el- School. igibility. Responses by Vladeck and Thomas Ault, Director of Policy Development, DHHS, 1996–1998—Wedding’s Presidency argue that under Federal Regulations, Psychol- ogy is not eligible since “ . . . psychology (Grad- • AMSP establishes a list serve providing a ve- uate) programs are not hospital based or hos- hicle for exchange of information about aca- pital operated.” AMSP’s request for a review demic medical centers between members and of the regulations is denied. from the office of AMSP’s President. 242 Silver, Carr, and Leventhal

• The Board of Directors votes to provide, as Society of Clinical Psychology of the American a membership benefit, the Journal of Clinical Psychological Association. Psychology in Medical Settings (JCPMS). • Affiliation with AAMC is once again explored. • Electronic membership database, developed Barry Hong and Christine Carrington meet by Gerald Leventhal, Membership Chair, with Jordan Cohen, President of AAMC. facilitates Association business, e.g. gener- • AMSP application for AAMC membership is ates annual renewal notices, dues statements, submitted in 2001. AMSP is admitted to mem- membership directory, and mailing labels for bership in AAMC Council of Academic Soci- JCPMS. eties in 2002. • The second national conference meets in 1997 • Student Affiliate category of membership is ap- in St. Louis with theme “Academic Health Psy- proved. chology: Building on a Tradition of Success.” • May 1999 APA Monitor article addresses Focuses on the past and future of psychology marginalization of psychologists in U.S. Medi- in academic health care centers. Several of the cal Schools. presentations appear in a 1999 issue of the Jour- nal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings (Johnstone & Wedding, 1999). January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2003—Seime’s Presidency • AMSP continues to urge APA to advocate for psychologists inclusion in GME training. • Barry Hong appointed as first Representative • AMSP membership votes to try for Divisional of AMSP to AAMC Council of Academic So- status within APA. Eight hundred signatures cieties (CAS). are required to petition for Division status, but • Barry Hong and Richard Seime join with John the Association is only able to generate 550 Robinson, Joe Talley, Howard Cohen, and signatures. Bernard Brucker to promote representation of • AMSP sends representatives to Supply and psychology specialty boards in AAMC CAS. Demand Conference, convened by APPIC The Council of Presidents of Psychology Spe- and APA. cialty Academies (CPPSA) is admitted to CAS • AMSP and APA Office of Research conduct a in 2004. national salary survey of psychologists in aca- • AMSP conducts second salary survey in col- demic medical centers (Williams & Wedding, laboration with the APA Office of Research. 1999; Williams, Wedding, & Kohout, 2000). • Mark Vogel is appointed liaison to ABSAME. • Graduate Psychology Education (GPE) Pro- 1998–1999—Perry’s Presidency gram is approved and funded. Administered by the Bureau of Health Professions, GPE Pro- • AMSP considers invitations from Division 38 gram is only federal program dedicated to psy- and Division 12 to form a Section of these di- chology education and training. Kris Hagglund visions. AMSP accepts the offer from Division and Robert Frank are instrumental in getting 12, and becomes Section VIII of the Society of legislation passed. Clinical Psychology (Division 12). • AMSP symposia at APA 2003 feature trends in • AMSP continues to seek inclusion of psycholo- medical education, implemetation of HIPAA gists under GME. Robert Frank takes the lead regulations, and Bureau of Health Professions in pursuing legislation to establish a demon- funding for training psychologists in academic stration project at the University of Florida. medical centers. • With his main goal of establishing an affilia- tion with APA completed, Nathan Perry re- signs as President and hands over the leader- January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2005—Leventhal’s Presidency ship to Barry Hong. • AMSP symposia at APAin 2003 and 2004 com- April 1999 to December 31, 2001—Hong’s Presidency prise special issues of JCPMS published in 2004 and 2005. • Official name becomes, The Association of • Board creates position of Administrative Di- Medical School Psychologists: A Section of the rector and signs contract with Ms. Lynn History of AMSP 243

Peterson to assume that post. All Associa- Appendix A.2—AMSP Officers: 1982–2005 tion operations now centralized in single loca- tion ensuring stability and continuity despite August 1982 to August 1983 President: David Clayson Executive Committee changes in officers and leadership. President-Elect: John Carr John Carr • Board conducts business via monthly con- Secretary/Treasurer: Eugene Levitt ference calls; switches to internet-based Robert Thompson, Jr. balloting system for membership votes; Joseph Matarazzo conducts first on-line survey of member- Ivan Mensh Sidney Orgel ship’s views of Association’s programs and William Schofield benefits. Reuben J. Silver • Tentative agreement with publishers to make Carl Zimet Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Set- August 1983 to August 1984 tings the official journal of AMSP but finaliza- President: David Clayson Executive Committee: tion of agreement is delayed when publisher is President-Elect John Carr Eugene Levitt acquired by new ownership. Secretary/Treasurer Joseph Matarazzo • Salary survey data for psychologists in aca- Robert Thompson, Jr. Ivan Mensh demic medical settings is posted on AMSP Sidney Orgel website. William Schofield • Bylaws are changed, extending terms of office Reuben Silver for Board members from two to three years. Carl Zimet System of staggered elections is adopted to August 1984 to August 1985 provide for continuity and stability. Presiden- President: John Carr Executive Committee tial terms remain unchanged (two years Presi- President Elect: Sidney Blatt dent Elect, two years President, two years Past Robert Thompson Past President: David Clayson Joseph Matarazzo President). Secretary/Treasurer: Ivan Mensh Robert Thompson, Jr. Sidney Orgel Reuben Silver Appendix A.1—Winners of AMSP Distinguished Carl Zimet Contribution Awards August 1985 to August 1986 President: John Carr Executive Committee To honor members who have made distin- President-Elect: Sidney Blatt guished contributions to teaching and to research, Robert Thompson, Jr. the Association bestows two Distinguished Con- Past President: David Clayson Larry Beutler Secretary/Treasurer: Joseph Matarazzo tribution Awards, both of which are presented at Robert Thompson, Jr. the annual meeting. Past winners are listed below. Sidney Orgel Jerome Singer Carl Zimet

Year Teaching Research August 1986 to August 1987 President: Robert Thompson E xecutive Committee 1992 Ivan Mensh Joseph Matarazzo President-Elect: Sidney Orgel Larry Beutler 1993 John Carr Robert Thompson, Jr. Past President: John Carr Joseph Matarazzo 1994 David Clayson Robert Archer Secretary/Treasurer: Ivan Mensh 1995 Deborah Beidel Sidney Blatt Nathan Perry 1996 Reuben Silver Robert M. Kaplan Robert Resnick Edward Sheridan 1997 Cynthia Belar Samuel Turner Carl Zimet 1998 Robert Martin Rudolf Moos 1999 Ron Drabman Annette Brodsky August 1987 to August 1988 2000 Carl Zimet Robert Ader President: Robert Thompson Executive Committee 2001 Ron Rozensky Ellen Frank President-Elect: Sidney Orgel Thomas Boll 2002 James Bray Suzanne Bennett Johnson Past President: John Carr Ivan Mensh Secretary/Treasurer: Robert Resnick 2003 John Robinson Peter Monti Nathan Perry 2004 Susan McDaniel Ann Streissguth Edward Sheridan Carl Zimet 244 Silver, Carr, and Leventhal

August 1988 to August 1989 Past President: John Carr John Linton President: Sidney Orgel Executive Committee Secretary/Treasurer: Phyllis Magrab Barbara McCann President-Elect: Carl Zimet Allen Bellack Ronald Margolis Past President: Thomas Boll Samuel Turner Robert Thompson, Jr. Danny Wedding Secretary/Treasurer: Ivan Mensh Council of Advisors John Linton John Carr Edward Sheridan David Clayson Council of Advisors Ivan Mensh John Carr Reuben Silver David Clayson Robert Thompson Nathan Perry Robert Resnick August 1994 to August 1995 President: Robert Martin Board of Directors August 1989 to August 1990 President-elect: Danny Wedding Cynthia Belar President: Sidney Orgel Executive Committee Past President: Carl Zimet Barbara McCann President-Elect: Carl Zimet Allen Bellack Secretary: Danny Wedding John Linton Past President: Ivan Mensh Treasurer: Phyllis Magrab Ronald Margolis Robert Thompson, Jr. Samuel Turner Secretary/Treasurer: Edward Sheridan Council of Advisors John Linton John Carr Council of Advisors David Clayson John Carr Ivan Mensh David Clayson Reuben Silver Nathan Perry Robert Thompson, Jr. Robert Resnick August 1995 to August 1996 August 1990 to August 1991 President: Robert Martin Board of Directors President: John Carr Executive Committee President-Elect: Danny Wedding Cynthia Belar President-Elect: Carl Zimet Robert Martin Past President: Carl Zimet Barbara McCann Past President: Sidney Orgel Reuben J. Silver Secretary: Danny Wedding John Linton Secretary/Treasurer John Linton Robert Thompson, Jr. Treasurer: Phyllis Magrab Ronald Margolis Eugene Walker Samuel Turner Council of Advisors Council of Advisors David Clayson John Carr Ivan Mensh David Clayson Nathan Perry Ivan Mensh Robert Resnick Reuben Silver Robert Thompson, Jr. August 1991 to August 1992 President: John Carr Executive Committee Robert August 1996 to August 1997 President-Elect: Carl Zimet Robert Martin President: Danny Wedding Members-at-Large Past President: Sidney Orgel Reuben Silver President-Elect: John Linton Ronald Rozensky Secretary/Treasurer: John Linton Robert Thompson Past President: Robert Martin Robert Archer C. Eugene Walker Secretary: Nadine Kaslow Advisory Committee Council of Advisors Treasurer: Phyllis Magrab Samuel Turner David Clayson Membership: Gerald Leventhal Ronald Margolis Ivan Mensh Robert Frank August 1992 to August 1993 August 1997 to August 1998 President: Carl Zimet Executive Committee President: Danny Wedding Members-at-Large President-Elect: Robert Martin John Linton President-Elect: Nathan Perry Ronald Rozensky Past President: John Carr Barbara McCann Past President: Robert Martin Robert Archer Secretary/Treasurer: Reuben Silver Secretary: Nadine Kaslow Advisory Committee Phyllis Magrab Treasurer: Phyllis Magrab Samuel Turner Robert Thompson, Jr. Membership: Gerald Leventhal Ronald Margolis C. Eugene Walker Robert Frank Danny Wedding Council of Advisors August 1998 to April 1999 President: Nathan Perry Members-at-Large David Clayson President-Elect: Barry Hong Ronald Rozensky Ivan Mensh Past President: Danny Wedding Nadine Kaslow John Carr Advisory Committee August 1993 to August 1994 Secretary: Christine Carrington Treasurer: Leonard Haas John Linton President: Carl Zimet Executive Committee Membership: Gerald Leventhal Robert Martin President-Elect: Robert Martin Cynthia Belar History of AMSP 245

April 1999 to December 31, 2001 Belar, C. D. (2004). The future of education and training in aca- President: Barry Hong; Members-at-Large demic health centers. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical President-Elect: Richard Seime Annette Brodsky Settings , 11, 77–82. Past President: Nathan Perry Michael Lechner Bennett Johnson, S. (2004). Integrating behavior into health re- Secretary: Christine Carrington Division 12 Representative search and health care: One psychologist’s journey. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings 11, Treasurer: Leonard Haas Danny Wedding , 91–100. Bray, J. H. (2004). Training primary care psychologists. Journal of Membership: Gerald Leventhal CAS Representative Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings , 11, 101–108. Barry Hong Hong, B., & Leventhal, G. (2004). Partnerships with psychiatry and January 2002 to December 31, 2003 other clinical disciplines: The key to psychology’s success in U.S. medical schools. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical President: Richard Seime Members-at-Large Settings , 11, 135–140. President-Elect: Gerald Leventhal Annette Brodsky Johnstone, B., & Wedding, D. (1999). Special Issue: 1997 Associa- Past President: Barry Hong Michael Lechner tion of Medical School Psychologists Convention. Journal of Treasurer: Leonard Haas Division 12 Representative Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings , 6, 151–153. Secretary: Christine Carrington Danny Wedding King, C. A. (2004). Psychologists in academic health settings: Key CAS Representative contributors to dynamic interplay among research, clinical Barry Hong practice, and policy domains. Journal of Clinical Psychology Advisory Committee in Medical Settings , 11, 83–90. Karen Schmaling Knopf, I. J. (Series Ed.). (1959). Psychology as a basic science in medical education. Neuropsychiatry , 5, 43–74. Cheryl King Leventhal, G., Baker, J. Archer, R. P., Cubic, B., & Hudson, Kristofer Haggland B. O. (2004). Federal funds to train clinical psychologists for January 2004 to December 31, 2005 work with underserved populations: The Bureau of Health Professions Graduate Psychology Education Grants Program. President: Gerald Leventhal Members-at-Large Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings , 11, 109– President-Elect: Cheryl King Jeff Baker 118. Past President: Richard Seime Carl Zimet Leventhal, G., & Seime, R. J. (2004). Introduction to the special is- Secretary: Barbara Cubic Division 12 Representative sue: Psychology in academic health centers. Journal of Clinical Treasurer: Steven Tovian Danny Wedding Psychology in Medical Settings , 11, 75–76. CAS Representative Matarazzo, J. D. (1994). Psychology in a medical school: A personal Barry Hong account of a department’s 35-year history. Journal of Clinical Psychology , 50, 7–36. Note. This Appendix lists Association Officers and other members Matarazzo, J. D., & Daniel, R. S. (1957). The teaching of psychology of the Association’s leadership group covering the period from the by psychologists in schools of medicine. Journal of Medical Education , 32, 410–415. association’s beginning in 1982 through the end of 2005. Matarazzo, J. D., Lubin, B., & Nathan, R. G. (1978). Psychologists’ Acknowledgments membership on the medical staffs of university teaching hos- pitals. American Psychologist , 33, 23–29. Mensh, I. N. (1953). Psychology in medical education. American This History could not have been produced with- Psychologist , 8, 83–85. out the help of Past Presidents of the Association. Margolis, R. B., & Pollard, C. A. (1997). Report of the working group on governance and administration. Journal of Clinical The earlier Presidents were acknowledged in the Psychology in Medical Settings , 4, 29–34. first history (Silver, 1996). Thanks are now due to Seime, R. J. (1998). The section of psychology: Psychology in an the AMSP Board of Directors that appointed Drs. academic health sciences Center’s department of behavioral medicine and psychiatry. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Silver and Carr as Co-Chairs of the project to up- Medical Settings , 5, 215–232. date the Association’s history; Barry Hong, who sup- Silver, R. (1996). History of the Association of Medical School plied significant information about the attempts to Psychologists (AMSP). Unpublished Manuscript. Thompson, R. J., & Matarazzo, J. D. (1984). Psychology in United obtain membership into the Council of Societies of States Medical Schools: 1983. American Psychologist , 39, 988– the Association of American Medical Colleges; and 995. Richard Seime, who was generous with the records of Wagner, N. N., & Stegman, K. L. (1964). Psychologists in medical education: 1964. American Psychologist , 19, 689–690. his work throughout the years. Special thanks go to Wagner, N. N., & Stegman, K. L. (1968). Psychologists in medical Danny Wedding, who provided us with archival ma- education: A 9-year comparison. Social Science and Medicine , terial that he had accumulated during the last several 2, 81–86. Williams, S., & Wedding, D. (1999). Employment characteristics years. and salaries of psychologists in United States medical schools: Past and current trends. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Med- REFERENCES ical Settings , 6, 221–228. Williams, S., Wedding, D., & Kohout, J. (2000). Gender differences in employment and salaries of psychologists within medical Carr, J. E. (1987). Federal impact on psychology in medical schools. school settings. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Set- American Psychologist , 42, 869–872. tings , 7, 149–157.