DOCSLIB.ORG

FLORAL PHENOLOGY, FLORAL REWARDS and INSECT VISITATION in an ORNAMENTAL SPECIES Geranium Platypetalum Fisch

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
FLORAL PHENOLOGY, FLORAL REWARDS and INSECT VISITATION in an ORNAMENTAL SPECIES Geranium Platypetalum Fisch ACTA AGROBOTANICA Vol. 65 (2): 23–36 2012 FLORAL PHENOLOGY, FLORAL REWARDS AND INSECT VISITATION IN AN ORNAMENTAL SPECIES Geranium platypetalum Fisch. & C. A. Mey., GERANIACEAE Marzena Masierowska University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Department of Botany, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland e-mail: [email protected] Received: 03.01.2012 Abstract and Lande, 2009). A quantitative characterization of This 4-year study examined the flowering pattern, floral flowering phenology is possible by examining the flo- display, nectar and pollen production as well as insect visitation wering distribution curve, i.e. the number of open flo- to a perennial Geranium platypetalum Fisch. & C. A. Mey. wers per census day for the whole flowering duration G. platypetalum bloomed from the end of May until the (Rathcke and Lacey, 1985). In plants that display end of June. The pattern of flowering shows the skewed distri- multiple flowers simultaneously, the floral display, ra- bution with a tendency towards a more symmetrical curve. The ther than the individual flower, is the basic unit of plant flower display size fluctuated during the flowering season. The mating. Plants with large floral displays usually attract most intense blooming fell in the 2nd and 3rd flowering week. more pollinators than those that have small displays, The flowers exhibit incomplete protandry. and pollinators tend to visit more flowers on large dis- Nectar productivity differed significantly between plays (reviewed by Ohashi and Yahara, 2001; and stage of flower development. Ten and flowers se- Kudo and Harder, 2005). creted 29.8 mg and 17.6 mg of nectar, on average, respectively, with mean sugar content of 33.9% and 43.1%. The mean total The flowering pattern of a species is of a gre- sugar mass in nectar was similar for both stages and the values at importance when the insect-plant relationships are were 10.2 mg and 8.2 mg, respectively. Pollen mass per 10 flo- investigated, especially if the taxon is considered as wers was 19.06 mg. a food source for visitors. The Geranium species are Bees (Apoidea) were the principal visitors on Geranium among plants which can supply insects with ample flowers. The peak of daily activity of visitors occurred between nectar and pollen food. 10.00 and 14.00 hrs. The insects gathered mainly nectar. The The genus Geranium L. (Geraniaceae), crane’s mean visiting rate was 0.149 visit per flower×min-1. bill, comprises approximately 400 species distributed Increased use of G. platypetalum in parks and gardens in temperate areas and tropical mountains throughout is recommended in order to enrich the nectar pasture for A. mel- most of the world (Zomfler, 1994; Aedo et al. lifera and wild Apoidea. 2007). According to Rutkowski (1998) 21 Gera- nium species occur in Polish flora. Some species are Key words: Geranium platypetalum, flowering pattern, nectar, used as medicinal plants with antioxidant properties pollen, protandry, bees due to a high flavonoid and tannin content (M i ł - kowska et al. 1998; Ghimire et al. 2006; A n - tal, 2010). They also provide essential oils (mainly INTRODUCTION geranium oil) for cosmetic purposes. Numerous crane- Variations in flowering phenology represent ’s bill species and cultivars are widely grown as orna- adaptation to various modes of pollination and are as- mentals, especially in naturalistic parks and gardens. sociated with the reproductive systems (reviewed in Their decorative value derives from beautiful and Goodwille et al. 2010). Changes in flowering time abundant flowers as well as from dense leaf canopies allow plants to synchronize reproduction with conspe- covering the ground. These plants are very easy in cul- cifics and pollinators, and to reduce competition for tivation and perform well both in full sun and in shade pollination (Waser and Real, 1979; Devaux conditions. 24 Marzena Masierowska Geranium flowers appear to be typically ento- MATERIALS AND METHODS mophilous because of their visually attractive petals, robust stigmas, abundant pollen and the presence of ac- Study site and plant species tive nectaries. Moreover, these actinomorphic flowers The present study was conducted on a cultiva- produce conspicuous nectar guides, generally similar ted plot of G. platypetalum grown on a loess-origin on all petals (Link, 1990). Wild crane’s bills are eager- soil in the Botanical Garden of Maria Skłodowska-Cu- ly visited by insects attracted mainly by nectar with rie University, Lublin, Poland (N-51o09’, E -22o27’). a high sugar content. The census plot occupied an area of 7 m2. The obse- Among taxa occurring in natural habitats, the rved plants grew in a dense patch so it was difficult to best known, valuable nectariferous plants are Gera- discriminate the individuals and to count their number. nium pratense L. (Larsson and Shuel, 1982; Geranium platypetalum Fisch. & C. A. Mey., Jabł o ń ski, 1998; Lipiń ski, 2010) and G. syl- synonymous with G. ibericum var. platypetalum vaticum L. (J a b ł o ń ski and K o ł towski, 2002). (Fisch. & C. A. Mey.) Boiss., is a perennial herb, Also, G. collinum Steph. (M i ń kov, 1974), G. pheum 25-57 cm tall, which is native to northeast Turkey, L. (Mountain et al. 1981) and G. sanguineum L. Caucasus, and northern Iran and cultivated since 1802. (Masierowska, 2006) are listed among good The stem is erect, leafy, herbaceous. Basal leaves in a melliferous species. Moreover, the presence of Gera- rosette. Rootstock ± horizontal. The flowers are her- nium pollen was stated in pollen loads of honey bees maphroditic, actinomorphic, disc-shaped, 3-4.5 cm (Hodges, 1952; Szwan and Martinovs, in diameter, deep blue with red veins, clustered in 1954) and bumblebees (Teper, 2002). Hymenopte- a dichasial cyme with 2-flowered cymules. The se- ra are the main insect visitors on flowers of different xual parts, consisting of a pistil and surrounding Geranium species (Proctor et al. 1996; Kando- 10 stamens, stand straight in the center of flower. An- r i , 2002; Kozuharova, 2002; Masierowska, thers are blue-black and gynoecium is dark purplish. 2006). Phenology and abundance of flowering In the recent literature there are very scarce The study on phenology of flowering was car- data on plant-insect relationships in cultivated crane’s ried out on the species level as well as flower level bills (J a b ł o ń ski and K o ł towski, 2002; M a - (Dafni, 1992). During the period 2009-2011 flowe- sierowska, 2006). Ornamental species and culti- ring onset and flowering termination were recorded to vars planted in urban regions may help sustain local determine the timing and duration of flowering. Mo- pollinator populations as well as broaden food sour- reover, in the years 2009-2010 the dynamics of flo- ce for maintained insects such as honey bees or some wering per area unit was examined as well. For this species of solitary bees and bumblebees (Denisow, purpose, prior to opening of the first flowers, 5 plots, 2008). These natural pollinators are of potential value each 50×50 cm in size were selected at random on the in open and closed crop production systems and their patch and marked. On each plot, daily or every second population size should be increased by, among others, day, all new flowers that opened were counted and ensuring their refuges and nesting places as well as ful- marked with a marker until blooming terminated. The filling food resource requirements (Goulson, 2003; values were recalculated per 1 m2 area. The dynamics Klein et al. 2007; Williams and Kremen, of flowering was expressed as the percentage of newly 2007). The habitat’s heterogeneity promotes biodiver- opened flowers on successive flowering days in rela- sity in human landscapes and hence may provide ‘bio- tion to the total number of flowers eventually formed logical insurance’ for services currently rendered by on the plot (100%). The total number of flowers was managed insect species (Ives et al. 2000; Winfree determined per 1 m2 area as well as per inflorescence. et al. 2007). Moreover, the development stages of G. platypetalum The aim of present study was: (1) to examine flowers were observed. Floral persistence was counted floral phenology in one of most showy ornamental as the days from the opening to the falling of all petals. species Geranium platypetalum, (2) to investigate The length of flowering of a single inflorescence was floral rewards available to visiting insects and (3) determined, too. to monitor the activity and spectrum of insects col- lecting these rewards. The primary purpose of this Floral reward measure investigation was to determine the floral traits in G. Preliminary observations on localization of flo- platypetalum beneficial for relationships with visiting ral nectaries were conducted. After removing elements insects as well as to check if these plants can supply of the corolla and anthers, the whole glands from fresh their flower visitors with an ample, high quality food material were examined under a stereoscopic micro- during spring time, i.g. the period of high food de- scope. Nectar productivity was examined in the years mand by bees. 2007, 2009-2010. To determine it, flower buds were Floral phenology, floral rewards and insect visitation in an ornamental species Geranium platypetalum Fisch. & C. A. Mey... 25 isolated in the field and nectar was collected from per- flower×min-1). Observation discriminated four insect fect flowers at two different stages of flower develop- categories: honey bees, bumblebees, solitary bees, ment: male stage ( )-flowers with full pollen presen- others (flies, ants). Relative abundance and daily visi- tation (Fig. 1), and the female stage ( )-flowers after tation pattern of these categories were determined. pollen exposure with fully expanded stigmas (Fig. 2). Data analysis The nectar was gathered using glass micropippets and its amount was measured (in mg).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Taxonomic Revision of Geranium Subsect. Mediterranea (Geraniaceae)
    Systematic Botany (2007), 32(1): pp. 93–128 # Copyright 2007 by the American Society of Plant Taxonomists Taxonomic Revision of Geranium Subsect. Mediterranea (Geraniaceae) CARLOS AEDO,1,3 MIGUEL A´ .GARCI´A,1 MARI´A L. ALARCO´ N,1 JUAN J. ALDASORO,1 and CARMEN NAVARRO2 1Real Jardı´n Bota´nico, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain; 2Departamento de Biologı´a Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain 3Author for correspondence ([email protected]) Communicating Editor: Gregory M. Plunkett ABSTRACT. Geranium subsect. Mediterranea (Geraniaceae) consists of ten species. The highest diversity of the group is located in the Caucasus and neighbouring areas of Turkey and Iran, with five endemic species. Other species reach western Europe and northwestern Africa. In contrast to the current literature, we consider G. montanum and G. ibericum subsp. jubatum to be synonyms of G. ibericum. A univariate morphometric study revealed some valuable quantitative characters useful for the identification of these species. Micromorphological features of pollen, stigmas, seeds, and mericarps were investigated by SEM. A new key is provided, as well as new and detailed descriptions. Geranium kurdicum is here illustrated for the first time. Eleven lectotypes are designated, and distribution maps are presented. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses of chloroplastic trnL-trnF and ribosomal nuclear ITS regions suggest that sect. Mediterranea is monophyletic. Two clades are recovered, one including the annual species and other with the perennials, in which G. tuberosum (subsect. Tuberosa) emerges within a paraphyletic subsect. Mediterranea. RESUMEN. Geranium subsect. Mediterranea (Geraniaceae) esta´ formada por diez especies.
    [Show full text]
  • GERANIACEAE 1. GERANIUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 676. 1753
    GERANIACEAE 牻牛儿苗科 mang niu er miao ke Xu Langran (徐朗然 Xu Lang-rang)1; Carlos Aedo2 Herbs, annual or perennial [rarely shrublets or shrubs]. Stipules present. Leaves alternate or opposite, palmately or pinnately divided, petiolate. Flowers in cymes, pseudoumbels, rarely flowers solitary, usually bisexual, actinomorphic, or ± zygomorphic. Sepals 5, usually distinct, imbricate. Petals usually 5, distinct. Fertile stamens 5 or 10, usually in 2 whorls, sometimes a whorl reduced to staminodes; filaments basally connate or distinct; anthers 2-locular, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior; carpels 5, connate; ovules 1 or 2 per locule, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit a schizocarp with 5 1-seeded awned mericarps which separate elastically from a central beak. Seeds usually with little or no endosperm; embryo folded. Six genera and ca. 780 species: widely distributed in temperate, subtropic, and tropical mountains; two genera and 54 species (18 endemic, three introduced) in China. Pelargonium, including P. ×domesticum Bailey, P. ×graveolens L’Héritier, P. ×hortorum Bailey, P. peltatum (Linnaeus) L’Héritier, P. radens H. E. Moore (P. radula (Cavanilles) L’Héritier), and P. zonale (Linnaeus) L’Héritier, treated in FRPS (43(1): 83–86. 1998), are only cultivated as garden and potted plants in China and so are not treated here. Xu Langran, Huang Chengchiu & Huang Baoxian. 1998. Geraniaceae (excluding Biebersteinia). In: Xu Langran & Huang Chengchiu, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 43(1): 18–89. 1a. Fertile stamens 10 (5 in G. pusillum); leaves palmately divided ..................................................................................... 1. Geranium 1b. Fertile stamens 5; leaves pinnately divided ....................................................................................................................... 2. Erodium 1. GERANIUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 676. 1753. 老鹳草属 lao guan cao shu Herbs, annual, biennial, or perennial [rarely shrublets or shrubs].
    [Show full text]
  • Functional Integration of Floral Plant Traits: Shape and Symmetry, Optical Signal, Reward and Reproduction in the Angiosperm Flower
    Functional Integration of Floral Plant Traits: Shape and Symmetry, Optical Signal, Reward and Reproduction in the Angiosperm Flower Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.) der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn vorgelegt von Andreas Wilhelm Mues aus Kirchhellen Bonn, den 20. Januar 2020 1 2 Angefertigt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Maximilian Weigend, Universität Bonn Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Eberhard Fischer, Universität Koblenz Tag der Promotion: 30. April 2020 Erscheinungsjahr: 2020 3 4 Acknowledgements I thank Prof. Dr. Maximilian Weigend, supervisor, for his guidance and support, and for giving me the opportunity to study the holistic subject of floral functional integration and plant-animal interaction. I am grateful for the experience and for the research agendas he entrusted to me: Working with the extensive Living Collections of Bonn Botanical Gardens was an honour, and I have learned a lot. I thank Prof. Dr. Eberhard Fisher, for agreeing to be my second supervisor, his advice and our shared passion for the plant world. I would like to thank many people of the Nees Institute and Bonn Botanical Gardens who contributed to this work and who gave me good memories of my years of study: I thank Lisabeth Hoff, Tianjun Liu, Luisa Sophie Nicolin and Simon Brauwers for their contribution in collecting shares of the raw data together with me, and for being eager students – especially counting pollen and ovule numbers and measuring nectar reward was a test of patience sometimes, and we have counted and measured a lot … Thank you! Special thanks go to Gardeners of the Bonn Botanical Gardens, for their constant support throughout the years, their love for the plant world in general and their commitment and care for the Living Collection: Klaus Mahlberg (Streptocarpus), Birgit Emde (carnivorous plants), Klaus Bahr (Geraniales), Bernd Reinken and Klaus Michael Neumann.
    [Show full text]
  • 60 Spring 2021 Latest
    Flora News Newsletter of the Hampshire & Isle of Wight Wildlife Trust’s Flora Group No. 60 Spring 2021 Published February 2021 In This Issue Member Survey .................................................................................................................................................3 Keeping in Touch Flora Group Open Chat Sessions ........................................................... Martin Rand ...............................3 Forthcoming Online Events .........................................................................................................................3 Forthcoming Field Events ...........................................................................................................................5 Reports of Recent Events Zoom Workshop on Flowering Plant Families ........................................ Martin Rand ...............................8 Notes & Features Possible first British record of Linaria vulgaris × L. purpurea .................. John Norton ...............................9 ‘Hello Old Friend’: the reappearance of Mudwort in the New Forest ...... Clive Chatters ..........................13 Small Fleabane: A Miscellany ................................................................. Clive Chatters ..........................14 Hunting for Local Orchids During the 2020 Lockdown ............................ Peter Vaughan .........................16 Reporting New Pests and Diseases of Trees ......................................... Sarah Ball ................................18 Hants
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Distribution and Evolution of Mycorrhizas in Land Plants
    Mycorrhiza (2006) 16: 299–363 DOI 10.1007/s00572-005-0033-6 REVIEW B. Wang . Y.-L. Qiu Phylogenetic distribution and evolution of mycorrhizas in land plants Received: 22 June 2005 / Accepted: 15 December 2005 / Published online: 6 May 2006 # Springer-Verlag 2006 Abstract A survey of 659 papers mostly published since plants (Pirozynski and Malloch 1975; Malloch et al. 1980; 1987 was conducted to compile a checklist of mycorrhizal Harley and Harley 1987; Trappe 1987; Selosse and Le Tacon occurrence among 3,617 species (263 families) of land 1998;Readetal.2000; Brundrett 2002). Since Nägeli first plants. A plant phylogeny was then used to map the my- described them in 1842 (see Koide and Mosse 2004), only a corrhizal information to examine evolutionary patterns. Sev- few major surveys have been conducted on their phyloge- eral findings from this survey enhance our understanding of netic distribution in various groups of land plants either by the roles of mycorrhizas in the origin and subsequent diver- retrieving information from literature or through direct ob- sification of land plants. First, 80 and 92% of surveyed land servation (Trappe 1987; Harley and Harley 1987;Newman plant species and families are mycorrhizal. Second, arbus- and Reddell 1987). Trappe (1987) gathered information on cular mycorrhiza (AM) is the predominant and ancestral type the presence and absence of mycorrhizas in 6,507 species of of mycorrhiza in land plants. Its occurrence in a vast majority angiosperms investigated in previous studies and mapped the of land plants and early-diverging lineages of liverworts phylogenetic distribution of mycorrhizas using the classifi- suggests that the origin of AM probably coincided with the cation system by Cronquist (1981).
    [Show full text]
  • 2012Catalogfinal.Pdf
    Phone (603) 463-7663 Fax (603) 463-7326 www.vanberkumnursery.com email: [email protected] At Van Berkum Nursery, we strive for continued growth as a source for healthy perennials in New England, to stay abreast of the latest developments in our field, and to retain a family-run business of integrity. Greetings, We are environmentally friendly. Check out the details are environmentally friendly. We in the “Why Van Berkum Nursery” in the “Why Van subpage on our What a year! A busy April, rainy May, decent summer and a wild fall. We thank you for your business this past year. This may be a no-brainer, but it is because of you that we staying ahead in these tough times. We are doing a two-year catalog for 2012-13 since many of you are using the computer to access our information; we can also save in paper, costs, and time. We have taken the prices out of the text (see price sheet inside the back cover) so you website. can share the catalog with your clients. Next year, we’ll have a supplement for 2013 with our new plants for the year. Your clients are also welcome to use our website to access perennial information; many people have commented on the printable plant list feature under photos that lets you create a pdf of selected plants. We’d love to see you on Facebook, and if you don’t receive our weekly e-mails during the season (bi-monthly in winter) and would like to, please sign up on our healthy and tough going into the winter.
    [Show full text]
  • Synorganisation Without Organ Fusion in the Flowers of Geranium Robertianum (Geraniaceae) and Its Not So Trivial Obdiplostemony
    Endress, P K (2010). Synorganisation without organ fusion in the flowers of Geranium robertianum (Geraniaceae) and its not so trivial obdiplostemony. Annals of Botany, 106(5):687-695. Postprint available at: http://www.zora.uzh.ch University of Zurich Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich. Zurich Open Repository and Archive http://www.zora.uzh.ch Originally published at: Annals of Botany 2010, 106(5):687-695. Winterthurerstr. 190 CH-8057 Zurich http://www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2010 Synorganisation without organ fusion in the flowers of Geranium robertianum (Geraniaceae) and its not so trivial obdiplostemony Endress, P K Endress, P K (2010). Synorganisation without organ fusion in the flowers of Geranium robertianum (Geraniaceae) and its not so trivial obdiplostemony. Annals of Botany, 106(5):687-695. Postprint available at: http://www.zora.uzh.ch Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich. http://www.zora.uzh.ch Originally published at: Annals of Botany 2010, 106(5):687-695. Synorganisation without organ fusion in the flowers of Geranium robertianum (Geraniaceae) and its not so trivial obdiplostemony Abstract BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Synorganisation of floral organs, an important means in angiosperm flower evolution, is mostly realized by congenital or post-genital organ fusion. Intimate synorganisation of many floral organs without fusion, as present in Geranium robertianum, is poorly known and needs to be studied. Obdiplostemony, the seemingly reversed position of two stamen whorls, widely distributed in core eudicots, has been the subject of much attention, but there is confusion in the literature. Obdiplostemony occurs in Geranium and whether and how it is involved in this synorganisation is explored here.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluating the Ornamental Value of the Caucasian Flora in Georgia
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Tuexenia - Mitteilungen der Floristisch-soziologischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft Jahr/Year: 2017 Band/Volume: NS_37 Autor(en)/Author(s): Beisheim Katja Artikel/Article: Evaluating the ornamental value of the Caucasian flora in Georgia 333- 354 ©Floristisch-soziologische Arbeitsgemeinschaft; www.tuexenia.de; download unter www.zobodat.at Tuexenia 37: 333–354. Göttingen 2017. doi: 10.14471/2017.37.008, available online at www.tuexenia.de Evaluating the ornamental value of the Caucasian flora in Georgia Bewertung des Zierpflanzenwertes der kaukasischen Flora in Georgien Katja Beisheim1, 2 & Annette Otte1, 3, * 1Division of Landscape Ecology and Landscape Planning, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; 2School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; 3Center for International Development and Environmental Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Senckenbergstrasse 3, 35390 Giessen, Germany *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract The flora in the Caucasus Ecoregion is rich in economically important plants. While its value in terms of food crops and medicinal plants has recently been subject to scientific research, the ornamental value of many Caucasian plant species has not yet been fully recognized. In order to assess the orna- mental value of the Caucasian flora, vegetation data from two mountainous study regions in Georgia (n = 958 species, mostly grassland vegetation) was compared with the product range of ornamental plants in Germany using an online plant shopping guide. Characterization of the 150 plant species listed in both databases revealed that 121 species are present in central Europe and 117 species are natives or archaeophytes in Germany.
    [Show full text]
  • FLORAL PHENOLOGY, FLORAL REWARDS and INSECT VISITATION in an ORNAMENTAL SPECIES Geranium Platypetalum Fisch
    ACTA AGROBOTANICA Vol. 65 (2): 23–36 2012 FLORAL PHENOLOGY, FLORAL REWARDS AND INSECT VISITATION IN AN ORNAMENTAL SPECIES Geranium platypetalum Fisch. & C. A. Mey., GERANIACEAE Marzena Masierowska University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Department of Botany, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland e-mail: [email protected] Received: 03.01.2012 Abstract and Lande, 2009). A quantitative characterization of This 4-year study examined the flowering pattern, floral flowering phenology is possible by examining the flo- display, nectar and pollen production as well as insect visitation wering distribution curve, i.e. the number of open flo- to a perennial Geranium platypetalum Fisch. & C. A. Mey. wers per census day for the whole flowering duration G. platypetalum bloomed from the end of May until the (Rathcke and Lacey, 1985). In plants that display end of June. The pattern of flowering shows the skewed distri- multiple flowers simultaneously, the floral display, ra- bution with a tendency towards a more symmetrical curve. The ther than the individual flower, is the basic unit of plant flower display size fluctuated during the flowering season. The mating. Plants with large floral displays usually attract most intense blooming fell in the 2nd and 3rd flowering week. more pollinators than those that have small displays, The flowers exhibit incomplete protandry. and pollinators tend to visit more flowers on large dis- Nectar productivity differed significantly between plays (reviewed by Ohashi and Yahara, 2001; and stage of flower development. Ten and flowers se- Kudo and Harder, 2005). creted 29.8 mg and 17.6 mg of nectar, on average, respectively, with mean sugar content of 33.9% and 43.1%.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. GERANIUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 676. 1753. 老鹳草属 Lao Guan Cao Shu Herbs, Annual, Biennial, Or Perennial [Rarely Shrublets Or Shrubs]
    Fl. China 11: 7–29. 2008. 1. GERANIUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 676. 1753. 老鹳草属 lao guan cao shu Herbs, annual, biennial, or perennial [rarely shrublets or shrubs]. Leaves simple, usually palmately divided or cleft, sometimes entire or pinnately lobed, petiolate. Basal leaves usually forming a rosette. Cauline leaves opposite or alternate. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, cymose, bracteate. Flowers usually paired or occasionally solitary, actinomorphic, rarely somewhat zygomorphic. Sepals 5, imbricate, apex obtuse to caudate. Petals 5, distinct, sometimes clawed, apex rounded, retuse, or emarginate. Stamens 10, in 2 whorls, outer ones opposite to petals, inner ones alternating with petals, all with anthers or very rarely (in G. pusillum) 5 reduced to staminodes. Nectaries usually 5 and alternate with petals, rarely (in G. sinense) united into a ring. Ovary 5- locular, with 2 superposed ovules per locule; style distinctly 5-cleft. Fruit a schizocarp, long beaked, splitting into 5 1-seeded mericarps. About 380 species: cosmopolitan, especially in temperate and tropical mountains; 50 species (18 endemic, three introduced) in China. Primary leaf blade divisions are named segments and second ones lobes. The middle segment is measured from leaf blade apex to the insertion of the petiole with the leaf blade. The main sinus is measured from the leaf blade apex to the junction between the middle segment and the adjacent lateral segments. The second sinus is the deeper of the middle segment. Sepal length does not include mucro length. Fruit length is measured from the mericarp base to the apex of the stigmatic remains. The fruit rostrum length is measured from the mericarp apex to the base of the stigmatic remains including, when present, a narrowed apical part.
    [Show full text]
  • Developmental and Genetic Mechanisms
    Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2016 INDEPENDENT ORIGINATION OF FLORAL ZYGOMORPHY, A PREDICTED ADAPTIVE RESPONSE TO POLLINATORS: DEVELOPMENTAL AND GENETIC MECHANISMS Ghadeer Bukhari Wenheng Zhang Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons, Evolution Commons, and the Molecular Genetics Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4482 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. i © Ghadeer Bukhari, 2016 All Rights Reserved i INDEPENDENT ORIGINATION OF FLORAL ZYGOMORPHY, A PREDICTED ADAPTIVE RESPONSE TO POLLINATORS: DEVELOPMENTAL AND GENETIC MECHANISMS A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University. by GHADEER BUKHARI BACHELOR OF SCIENCE, KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY, 2009 MASTER OF SCIENCE, VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY, 2016 Director: WENHENG ZHANG, PHD ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY Codirector: BONNIE L. BROWN, PHD PROFESSOR AND ASSOCIATE DEPARTMENT CHAIR, DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia July, 2016 iii Acknowledgements It is a great opportunity and pleasure to express my profound gratitude to a number of people to whom I am greatly in debt and appreciate. To my advisor Dr. Wenheng Zhang, a very special thank you for the inspiration, priceless advice, constant guidance, friendship, mentorship, and continuing gifts of wisdom. Thank you for believing in me and for allowing me to grow as a research scientist.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomic Revision of Geranium Sections Andina and Chilensia (Geraniaceae)
    Blackwell Science, LtdOxford, UKBOJBotanical Journal of the Linnean Society0024-4074The Linnean Society of London, 2005? 2005 1491 168 Original Article GERANIUM SECTIONS ANDINA AND CHILENSIA C. AEDO et al. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005, 149, 1–68. With 88 figures Taxonomic revision of Geranium sections Andina and Chilensia (Geraniaceae) CARLOS AEDO*, CARMEN NAVARRO and MARÍA LUISA ALARCÓN Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, E-28014 Madrid, Spain Received April 2004; accepted for publication February 2005 The sections Andina and Chilensia of Geranium from South America, Australia and New Zealand are taxonomically revised. Fruits with ‘seed ejection-type’ dispersal have been found in all species, which confirms their classification within subgen. Geranium. Section Andina consist of four species, while sect. Chilensia comprises 11 taxa. In sect. Andina, G. brevicaule and G. parodii, previously considered as synonyms or recognized as infraspecific taxa, are accepted at species level. In contrast, G. tucumanum, G. sessiliflorum ssp. novaezelandiae and 17 other taxa have been reduced to synonyms. In sect. Chilensia, G. patagonicum, G. fiebrigianum and G. drumondii have been con- sidered as synonyms of G. berteroanum, G. fallax and G. solanderi, respectively. Additionally, another 24 taxa have been reduced to synonyms. Diagnostic morphological features are analysed and compared within and between the sections. A multivariate morphometric study from 258 specimens was carried out to test the most significant char- acters. The chromosome number of six species (five never previously counted) was established. A key, species descrip- tions, a complete list of synonymy, a list of specimens examined and distribution maps are provided.
    [Show full text]