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Vaistinio Augalo Raudonstiebio Snapučio (Geranium Robertianum L.) Introdukcija Lietuvoje

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Vaistinio Augalo Raudonstiebio Snapučio (Geranium Robertianum L.) Introdukcija Lietuvoje ISSN 1822-1823 Žmogaus ir gamtos sauga 2017, ASU Vaistinio augalo raudonstiebio snapučio (Geranium robertianum L.) introdukcija Lietuvoje Sandra Saunoriūtė1, Erika Šeinauskienė1, Ona Ragaţinskienė1, Audrius Maruška2 1Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto botanikos sodas, 2Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas Vaistinis augalas – raudonstiebis snaputis (Geranium robertianum L.) 2005 metais introdukuotas Vytauto Didţiojo universiteto botanikos sode, Vaistinių ir prieskoninių augalų kolekcijų sektoriuje vaistinių augalų kolekcijoje. Straipsnyje nurodyta augalo taksonomija, nomenklatūra, paplitimas, vegetacijos tarpsnių kitimas 2006–2016 metų laikotarpiu bei fenolinių junginių kitimas augalų vegetacijos metu 2016 metais. Geranium robertianum L., vegetacijos tarpsnis, fenoliniai junginiai Įvadas snapučių lapų ir ţiedų gaunami eteriniai aliejai naudojami parfumerijos, muilo, maisto pramonėje (Fedorov, 1980; Pasaulio sveikatos apsaugos organizacija sprendţia Ragaţinskienė ir kt., 2005). ţmogaus sveikatos stiprinimo ir jos išsaugojimo bei ligų Snaputis vertinamas dėl ilgo ţydėjimo periodo. Jais profilaktikos problemą. Daţnai pasitaikančių ligų apţeldinami miestų skverai, ţalieji miestų kampeliai, prevencijai vartojama vaistinė augalinė ţaliava ir iš jos formuojami dekoratyvūs ţeldiniai, kurie nėra reiklūs, pagaminti preparatai. (Haddad et al., 2005). nereikalauja didţiulių finansinių resursų. Tiriant svetimţemių augalų biologines savybes, Šio darbo tikslas – nustatyti raudonstiebio snapučio introdukuojant juos, didinama jų biologinė įvairovė ir (Geranium robertianum L.) vegetacijos tarpsnių kitimą skatinamas nacionalinių genetinių išteklių kaupimas bei 2006 – 2016 metų laikotarpiu ir fenolinių junginių kitimą išsaugojimas (Ragaţinskienė ir kt., 2004). Tyrimo objektu 2016 metais augalų vegetacijos metu. pasirinktas raudonstiebis snaputis (Geranium robertianum L.) nuo 2005 metų introdukuojamas Vytauto Didţiojo Tyrimų metodika universiteto botanikos sodo Vaistinių ir prieskoninių augalų kolekcijų sektoriuje, vaistinių augalų ex Fenologiniai stebėjimai vykdyti Vytauto Didţiojo situkolekcijoje. universiteto Kauno botanikos sode, Vaistinių ir Raudonstiebis snaputis (Geranium robertianum L.) – prieskoninių augalų kolekcijų sektoriuje atskirais augalų snaputinių (Geraniaceae Juss.) šeimos, snapučio vegetacijos tarpsniais: atţėlimas (A1), lapų vystymąsis (Geranium L.) genties, erškėčiaţiedţių (Rosidae Takht.) (A2), butonizacija (B), ţydėjimo pradţia (Ţ1), masinis poklasio, snaputiečių (Geraniales) eilės, magnolijainių ţydėjimas (Ţ2), ţydėjimo pabaiga (Ţ3) pradinis ir visiškas (Magnoliophyta Cronquist, Takht. Et W. Zimm. ex. sėklų subrendimas (V3), vegetacijos pabaiga (L2). Augalų Reveal) skyriaus augalas. Augalo aukštis 20 – 40 cm. adaptacinės savybės tirtos augalų stebėjimų ir bandymų Stiebas rausvas, plonas. Lapai sudėtiniai. Ţiedai pavieniai, metodais (Nacevičius, 1958; Kulienė, 1990; Miuleris, rausvi, sudaryti iš 5 ţiedlapių. Ţydi geguţės – rugsėjo Bluzmanas, 1998; Romanovskaja ir kt., 2006; mėnesiais. Sėklos – lygios, pailgos, rudos – juodos. Ragaţinskienė ir kt., 2008). Vaisius – skeltavaisis. Natūraliai auga Europoje, Azijoje, 2016 metais skirtingais vegetacijos tarpsniais surinkta Šiaurės Afrikoje (Vilkonis, 2008). ir paruošta raudonstiebio snapučio (Geranium robertianum Snapučio (Geranium) genties augalai dauginasi L.) antţeminė augalinė ţaliava. Raudonstiebių snapučių generatyviniu būdų (sėklomis). Daugumai augalų ţolės ekstraktų fenolių cheminės sudėties tyrimai atlikti būdingas aktyvus sėklų išmetimas iš dėţutės. Snapelio spektrometrijos metodais (Miliauskas, 2007; Ligor, et al., sąvaros puslankiu susilenkdamos, tarsi spyruokle išmeta 2008). sėklas tolyn nuo augalo. Taip įvyksta todėl, kad dėţutės Darbo objektas – raudonstiebis snaputis (Geranium išorinis - viršutinis ląstelių dalies sluoksnis išdţiūsta robertianum L.) greičiau nei vidinis, dėl to gaunasi spaudimas, tempimas, dėţutė plyšta, o sėkla su jėga išmetama lauk. Sėkla gali Rezultatai ir aptarimas nukristi net iki 2,5 metro nuo augalo. Sėklas padeda išnešioti gyvūnai (zoochorija). Sėklos yra su plaukeliais, Introdukuojamų augalų prisitaikymas prie naujų kurie padeda sėklai laikytis prie ţemės (Fedorov, 1980). aplinkos sąlygų priklauso nuo jų savybių, susijusių su Atliktų mokslinių tyrimų duomenimis, snapučio augimo greičiu, maistinių medţiagų įsisavinimo genties augaluose kaupiasi eterinis aliejus, taninai, efektyvumu, atsparumu ligoms ir kenkėjams bei sėklų karčiosios medţiagos. Snapučių ţaliava plačiai vartojama produktyvumu ir jų sklaida (Ricklefs et al., 2008). farmacijos pramonėje. Jų šakniastiebių ir šaknų ekstraktai Geografinėse platumose, kur yra ryški metų sezonų naudojami tekstilės pramonėje: su tvirtintojų priedais kaita, gyvosios gamtos sezoniniai ritmai atitinka audinius daţo ţaliai. Snapučio genties augalai, priskiriami metereologinių sąlygų kitimą. Sistemingai keičiantis vertingiems medingiems augalams. Jų nektaringumas – augalų vegetacijai palankiems ir nepalankiems sezonų apie 20 kg iš hektaro. Be nektaro, iš snapučių galima periodams, pakaitomis kartojasi augalų vegetacijos ir išgauti gana daug ţiedadulkių (Smaliukas ir kt., 1992). Iš biologinės ramybės tarpsniai. 82 ISSN 1822-1823 Žmogaus ir gamtos sauga 2017, ASU Augalų vegetacijos tarpsnių laikas ir trukmė yra labai ilgesnė nei kitais metais. Trumpiausia sėklų branda – 2012 svarbūs augalo augimo ir vystymosi procesams. metais, tačiau ţydėjimo trukmė – ilgiausia. 2009 metais Siekiant įvertinti įvairių augalų rūšių vystymosi vegetacijos pradţia labai trumpa, bet intensyvaus augimo laikotarpį, tikslinga naudoti vidutinės metinės oro vegetacijos tarpsnis išliko panašus, lyginant su kitais temperatūros ir vidutinio kritulių kiekio kaitos rodiklius, metais. 2016 metais fenologinių stebėjimų duomenimis, kurie parodo, daromą temperatūros ir kritulių įtaką augalų butonizacijos vegetacinis tarpsnis buvo trumpesnis nei augimui, vystymuisi, ţydėjimui, sėklų brandinimui (1 2015 metais. Būtent šio vegetacijos tarpsnio metu pav.). Intensyviai didėjant augalų biomasei, didėja ir raudonstiebio snapučio antţeminėje augalinėje ţaliavoje drėgmės poreikis. Konkrečios teritorijos drėgmės sąlygos tyrimų metu nustatytas didţiausias fenolinių junginių vertinamos sąlygiškais rodikliais - hidroterminiu kiekis (3 pav.). koeficientu (HTK) (Ragaţinskienė, 1999). Drėgmės uţtenka, kai HTK <1,1 – 1,5; labai drėgna – HTK >1,6; sausa – HTK<0,5. Tiriamoje teritorijoje HTK vegetacijos metu kito: maţesnis buvo 0,83 (2015 m.), didesnis 1,70 (2016 m.). 2 pav. Raudonstiebio snapučio (Geranium robertianum L.) fenospektrai vegetacijos metu (2007 – 2016 m.) Fig. 2. Geranium robertianum L. fonospectric during the growing season 2007 - 2016 year 2016 metais atlikus fenolinių junginių analizę, nustatyta, kad raudonţiedţio snapučio (Geranium robertianum) antţeminės dalies ţaliavoje maksimalus fenolinių junginių kiekis susikaupia B – butonizacijos tarpsniu – 47,77 RE mg/g; flavonoidų – A3 – intensyvaus augimo metu – 42,42 RE mg/g; antioksidacinis aktyvumas visų vegetacijos tarpsnių metu yra panašus ir svyruoja nuo 8,32 RE mg/g iki 9,45 RE mg/g (3 pav.). 1 pav. Vidutinės metinės oro temperatūros ir metinio kritulių kiekio kaita 2016 metais. Fig. 1. The average annual air temperature and annual precipitation change in 2016 year. 2006–2016 metais VDU Botanikos sodo Vaistinių ir prieskoninių augalų kolekcijų sektoriaus vaistinių augalų kolekcijoje atlikti introdukuoto raudonstiebio snapučio (Geranium robertianum) fenologiniai stebėjimai (2 pav.). Šių ilgalaikių stebėjimų metu išryškėja raudonstiebio snapučio (Geranium robertianum) vegetacijos tarpsnių kaita kiekvienais metais. 2006–2016 metų laikotarpiu, raudonstiebio snapučio (Geranium robertianum) vegetacijos pradţia fiksuota balandţio mėnesio 3 pav. Fenolinių junginių kiekis raudonstiebio snapučio (Geranium pirmosiomis dienomis, o vegetacijos pabaiga – lapkričio robertianum L.) augalinėje žaliavoje, surinktoje skirtingais vegetacijos mėnesio pirmąją savaitę. Ryškesnės tendencijos tarpsniais. pastebimos ţydėjimo trukmės ir vaisių pradinio ir visiško Fig. 3. Phenolic compounds (Geranium robertianum L.) plant raw subrendimo vegetacijos tarpsnių metu. 2009, 2014 ir 2016 materials collected from different growing stages. metais pradinio ir visiško vaisių subrendimo trukmė buvo 83 ISSN 1822-1823 Žmogaus ir gamtos sauga 2017, ASU Literatūros duomenimis, snapučio genties augalų 6. MENZEL, A. Trends in phenological phases in Europe between 1951 antţeminėje dalyje kaupiasi raugai (6,5–10,0%), and 1996. International Journal of Biometeorology, 2000, 44(2), p. 76–81. flavonoidai (antocianinai, leukoanticioninai, flavonolių 7. MILIAUSKAS, G. Stambiašaknio snapučio (Geranium macrorrhizum glikozidai – kempferolio, siringetino iki 0,5%), vitaminas L.) ir krūminės sidabraţolės (Potentilla fruticosa L.) antioksidantai C (iki 155,0 mg), eterinis aliejus (iki 0,1%), kurio 50% ir jų savybės. Daktaro disertacijos santrauka. Kauno technologijos sudaro seskviterpeninis ketonas germakronas; yra universitetas. Kaunas, 2004. 8. MILIAUSKAS, G., LINSSEN, JPH., BEEK, TA., VENSKUTONIS, PR., krakmolo, organinių rūgščių ir jų druskų, karčiosios WAARD, P. Antioxidative activity of Geranium macrorrhizum. medţiagos geranino, karotinoidų, dervų, gleivių, European Food Research and Technology. 2004: Vol. 218, Iss. 3, p. mineralinių druskų (Ragaţinskienė ir kt., 2005). 253–261. Snapučio poţeminiuose organuose yra 5,3–38% 9. MILIAUSKAS, G., MULDER, E., LINSSEN, JPH. , HOUBEN, JH., rauginių medţiagų, angliavandenių, fenolkarboninių BEEK, TA., VENSKUTONIS,
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