Madison 2012X

AN INVENTORY OF SIGNIFICANT NATURAL AREAS OF MADISON COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA

Shawn C. Oakley

with terrestrial animal data provided by C. Reed Rossell, Jr.

N.C. Natural Heritage Program Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs Department of Environment and Natural Resources

Funding provided by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Trust Fund

December 2011

AN INVENTORY OF SIGNIFICANT NATURAL AREAS OF MADISON COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA

Shawn C. Oakley

with terrestrial animal data provided by C. Reed Rossell, Jr.

N.C. Natural Heritage Program Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs Department of Environment and Natural Resources

Funding provided by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Trust Fund

December 2011

SUMMARY

The inventory of the significant natural areas, ecological communities, and rare species of Madison County, North Carolina was funded by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Trust Fund. This report identifies 39 Significant Natural Heritage Areas (SNHAs) in Madison County which are comprised of stand-alone standard sites, a significant aquatic habitat, and two landscape-scale sites. Information about natural areas in Madison County is provided, as well as detailed descriptions of SNHAs including their significance, natural community types, rare and uncommon species, and management needs. The report is intended to provide guidance for land use decisions by county government, conservation and land management agencies, and interested citizens. Voluntary conservation options are available for owners of lands identified for protection in this report. Field work for the inventory took place during summer and fall of 2008, fall 2009, and spring and fall 2010. Field work focused on areas on private and public land, with emphasis on public land in 2008 and fall 2010. A project zoologist assisted in surveys of many of the sites. The content of this report was derived from the recent field work, as well as from previously-archived data. In addition to surveying new areas, substantial work was done to update the status of previously-identified sites and to fill data gaps. For some sites, such as Spring Creek Gorge, Lovers Leap/Stackhouse Slopes, and Paint Rock Road Natural Area, boundaries were expanded to include additional high quality areas. Boundaries were reduced for some sites that had been impacted since they were initially described and delineated. Some areas supporting old-growth communities, or communities that approach old-growth in terms of maturity, were also documented.

Of the 39 ecologically significant SNHAs that are ranked at the county, regional, state, or national level of significance, no sites in the inventory are believed to merit the national level of significance. Two of the sites are landscape-scale macrosites and one is a significant aquatic habitat. Eleven sites are State-significant, including three that are near the national significance level: Spring Creek Gorge, Paint Rock Road Natural Area, and Lovers Leap/Stackhouse Slopes. Seventeen sites are of Regional significance, including one of the Big Creek Macrosite and the Lower French Broad Aquatic Habitat.

Cover Photo: Paint Rock. French Broad River. Madison County, North Carolina. ca. 1894. Hillers, J.K. 185 - hjk00185 - U.S. Geological Survey - Public domain image

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Many people provided assistance with various facets of the inventory. Matt Roark of the Madison County Tax Assessor’s Office provided re-projected digital parcel data for the county, more than once. Michelle Pugliese of the Southern Appalachian Highlands Conservancy (SAHC) provided assistance with landowner permission and access for numerous tracts held as conservation easements as well as for several tracts being considered for easements. Joffrey Brooks of the N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission provided contacts and instruction for accessing the Sandy Mush Game Land. I appreciate the assistance of Mars Hill Town Manager Darhyl Boone for providing information and permission to access Mars Hill watershed. Much assistance was provided by Josh Kelly, Staff Biologist at the Asheville branch of Wildlaw, an environmental advocacy organization. Josh shared knowledge about various areas in the county and provided direction to impressive, previously undocumented sections of Spring Creek Gorge. Thanks also to Kevin Caldwell of Mountains-to-Sea Ecological, Inc. for information regarding a previously unknown mafic plant site in the Ivy River Corridor and to Dr. Jim Petranka of the University of North Carolina-Asheville, who provided useful information and insights into the rare southern zigzag salamander (Plethodon ventralis) in general and specifically in regard to its occurrence well east of the French Broad River, in atypical habitats. Others who provided assistance include Bob Burns, Security Manager for the Wolf Laurel Resort, and all of the numerous land owners who gave permission to survey, and especially to those who provided friendly assistance and support for the inventory. I was glad to have the opportunity to partner with the project zoologist, Reed Rossell, whose steadiness and good nature were welcome in the field.

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION ...... 6 OBJECTIVES ...... 6 METHODS ...... 6 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA ...... 9 STUDY AREA ...... 9 PHYSIOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY ...... 9 GEOLOGY ...... 13 LAND USE ...... 15 THE BIODIVERSITY OF MADISON COUNTY ...... 17 NATURAL COMMUNITY TYPES ...... 17 FLORA AND FAUNA ...... 33 DISCUSSION OF SIGNIFICANT NATURAL HERITAGE AREAS...... 48 CONSERVATION OPTIONS...... 52 AREAS FOR FURTHER SURVEY ...... 54 BIOLOGICAL SURVEYS AND ENDANGERED SPECIES LAWS ...... 55 FEDERAL LAW ...... 55 STATE LAW ...... 56 REFERENCES ...... 57 SITE DESCRIPTIONS ...... 59 AQUATIC SITE ...... 65 LOWER FRENCH BROAD RIVER AQUATIC HABITAT ...... 67 BALD MOUNTAINS ...... 71 BIG CREEK MACROSITE ...... 73 BLACK PINE RIDGE ...... 77 WHITEOAK FLATS BRANCH ...... 81 WHITEROCK CLIFFS ...... 85 BIG FLAT/RICE GAP ...... 91 FLINT MOUNTAIN BOULDERFIELDS ...... 95 SAMS GAP/HIGH ROCK ...... 99 SPILLCORN/LOCUST KNOB ...... 103 SPILLCORN/RICHLAND MOUNTAIN ...... 107 STREET GAP FOREST ...... 111 SUGARLOAF KNOB ...... 115 CENTRAL MADISON COUNTY SITES ...... 119 BIG ROCK SPRING ...... 121 CROOKED CREEK MEADOW BOG ...... 125 FORKS OF IVY SALAMANDER SITE ...... 129 MARS HILL WATERSHED ...... 133 MAX PATCH/ROARING FORK FOREST ...... 137 SPRING CREEK MOUNTAIN ...... 143 SPRING CREEK/TURKEY MOUNTAIN ...... 147 WALNUT MOUNTAINS/SEVENMILE RIDGE ...... 151 4

HOT SPRINGS WINDOW ...... 153 HOT SPRINGS WINDOW MACROSITE ...... 155 BIG LAUREL CREEK GORGE ...... 159 DAVIS BRANCH FLOODPLAIN...... 165 DEEP WATER BRIDGE AREA...... 169 DOE BRANCH FORESTS ...... 175 HOT SPRINGS MOUNTAIN ...... 179 LOVERS LEAP/STACKHOUSE SLOPES ...... 183 MAIDENHAIR RAVINE ...... 191 MINE RIDGE ...... 195 MOUNTAIN ISLAND ...... 199 MURRAY BRANCH SLOPES ...... 203 PAINT ROCK ROAD NATURAL AREA ...... 209 SPRING CREEK GORGE ...... 215 SQUIRREL BRANCH OAKS ...... 225 STOKELY HOLLOW AND RIDGE ...... 229 SOUTHERN MAFIC SITES ...... 233 BAILEY BEND SLOPES ...... 235 IVY BLUFFS MAFIC FORESTS AND WOODLANDS...... 241 IVY RIVER DAM CLIFFS ...... 247 SANDYMUSH CREEK/TURKEY CREEK GORGE ...... 253 INDEX OF RARE AND WATCH LIST SPECIES…………………………………………...258

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Natural community types occurring in Madison County, North Carolina, grouped ecologically, with ranks and sites of occurrence...... 20 Table 2. Rare plant species documented from Madison County, North Carolina...... 35 Table 3. Rare animal species documented from Madison County, North Carolina...... 42 Table 4. Significant Natural Heritage Areas in Madison County, North Carolina...... 50

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Towns, localities, and primary roads of Madison County, North Carolina ….…....…11 Figure 2. Physiographic features of Madison County, North Carolina …..………………….....12 Figure 3. Geologic Map of Madison County, North Carolina ……....………………………….14 Figure 4. Public lands and primary streams of Madison County, North Carolina ……….…….16 Figure 5. Significant Natural Heritage Areas of Madison County, North Carolina ………..…..63

INTRODUCTION

OBJECTIVES

The primary objective of this inventory was to identify and describe Significant Natural Heritage Areas (SNHAs) in Madison County. SNHAs contain good examples of natural community types and/or rare plant or animal species populations. Natural areas that support this biodiversity are critical for the ecological, aesthetic, recreational, environmental health, and educational values that they provide. They are reservoirs of native biodiversity and often contain habitats that are crucial to the long-term survival of species that may be at risk. They can also play a significant role in water quality and pollution abatement. The increase in land development seen throughout the state in the last few decades threatens to reduce or eliminate these biological reservoirs. It is crucial that these exemplary natural areas be identified and that efforts be made to protect them with the willing cooperation of landowners. Conservation options available to landowners include conservation easements with land trust organizations, several types of cost-share programs available through state and federal government, or addition to the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program’s Registry of Natural Heritage Areas. See the Conservation Options section of this report for additional information.

This introduction provides an overview of how the inventory was conducted, a description of the county's environmental features, and listings of the natural communities and rare plants and animals that have been documented. The introductory sections are followed by a site description and map for each of the Significant Natural Heritage Areas (SNHAs) documented, including a list of the rare species and natural communities found there and information on landscape context, protection status, and management needs.

METHODS

The methods used in this inventory are those established by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (NC NHP), a part of the Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs within the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources. The NC NHP maintains the state's primary database and geographic information for rare species, exemplary natural community types, and SNHAs.

Field surveys of natural areas were conducted by the principal investigator and project zoologist during summer and fall of 2008, fall 2009, and spring and fall 2010. The surveys conducted in 2008 and fall 2010 focused primarily on plants and natural communities on public land, with emphasis on those in Pisgah National Forest. Areas were identified using topographic quadrangle maps, aerial photography, geological mapping, and data collected previously by the NC NHP. Private landowners were contacted for permission to survey their lands, and surveys were carried out only when permission was granted.

The goal of the inventory was to identify, describe, and rank high quality natural areas qualifying as SNHAs. The term “natural areas”, as it is used in this report, refers to those that retain a substantial amount of their original natural character even though they may not be completely without disturbance. The significant natural areas in this report generally contain an exemplary natural community type, regardless of whether a rare species is present. The results of the inventory are not a complete record of all high quality natural areas in the county. Viable, exemplary sites almost certainly remain undocumented, often due to an inability to obtain landowner permission. A substantial number of tracts for which permission was given did not meet the criteria for biological significance. In areas where land ownership consisted of numerous small tracts, survey was considered infeasible.

Criteria used to determine the significance of various sites include the quality and significance of natural community types and rare species as well as the overall integrity of the site and areas surrounding it. For sites that merited recognition as SNHAs, natural communities and rare species were described using report formats developed by the NC NHP. Updated site boundary and rare species locational information is maintained at the NC NHP in a Geographic Information System (GIS). The information is also kept in at the Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (CGIA) in Raleigh and the western regional office of the CGIA in Asheville. Data records for each site, as well as each natural community and rare species occurrence, are retained in the Biotics database at NC NHP headquarters in Raleigh.

The SNHAs were ranked as national, state, regional, or county significant with criteria used by the NC NHP, NatureServe, and The Nature Conservancy for statewide and global rarity for rare species and communities. The criteria used for site significance are:

National Significance: Sites considered to contain examples of natural communities, rare plant or animal populations, or other significant ecological features that are among the highest quality occurrences of their type in the nation. Comparable (or more significant) sites may occur elsewhere in the nation.

State Significance: Sites considered to contain examples of natural communities, rare plant or animal populations, or other significant ecological features that are among the highest quality occurrences in North Carolina after nationally significant examples. There may be comparable (or more significant) sites elsewhere in the nation or the state.

Regional Significance: These sites contain communities or species that are represented elsewhere in the state by better quality examples, but which are among the best examples in their geographic region of the state. Madison County is considered to be part of the Middle Mountain Region and its sites are compared with similar sites in the adjacent counties of the Middle Mountain Region: Yancey and Buncombe counties. Comparison is also done, to some extent, with adjacent counties even if they lie in a different region: Haywood County, which is considered part of the Southern Mountains Region, is such an example.

County Significance: Sites that do not rank of regional significance, but which contain significant biological resources at the county level. These may include sites with a good example of a fairly common community type, a species that is rare in the state but widespread in other parts of the nation or in neighboring states, or a site that has been greatly reduced from its original quality but which still has significance. Sites with the only occurrence in the county of a rare species or an exemplary community type, even with little other merit, are included at this level.

DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA

STUDY AREA

Madison County is located in the western portion of the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. It is bordered by Yancey County on the east and northeast, Buncombe County on the south, by Haywood County on the west, and by Tennessee on the north and west. It contains a land area of 449 square miles, or nearly 290,000 acres, and is roughly comparable in size to its bordering counties. The county had a population estimated at 20,442 in 2009 (U.S. Census Bureau). About 75% of the county is considered to be forest land with over 111,000 acres in private ownership and nearly 36,000 acres -- Pisgah National Forest -- in federal ownership (N.C. Division of Forest Resources website). An estimated 66,734 acres of the county are in farm land (N.C. Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services website), only 8,956 acres of which is harvested cropland. Christmas tree production in the county is relatively small, at an estimated 454 acres (USDA 2002 Census data). Large developments and resort communities in the county have become increasingly common in recent years.

Figure 1 shows Marshall, the county seat and only incorporated municipal area, as well as other towns and localities in the county. Primary roads are also shown in the figure. The population of Marshall in 2009 was 989 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2011). The primary roads shown in Figure 1 include US Highway 25/70 and I-26, which are the prinicipal conduits through the county. They provide north-south access from Asheville in Buncombe County to the rural parts of the county as well as Tennessee. The Madison County section of the Appalachian Trail follows the North Carolina-Tennessee state line across most of the county.

PHYSIOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY

The physiography of Madison County relates to the configuration of its land surface, including mountain ranges, river valleys, and other distinct features. North Carolina is divided into various physiographic provinces which have similar landforms, elevation, and geologic history. All of Madison County lies in the Blue Ridge physiographic province, which includes all of the mountain region west of the steep front of the Blue Ridge -- the Blue Ridge Escarpment.

Madison County is located at the western margin of the Blue Ridge physiographic province and extends from about 1,200 feet in elevation where the French Broad River enters Tennessee to about 5,150 feet in its southwestern corner near its junction with Buncombe and Haywood counties.

The majority of Madison County lies in the Unaka Ranges Region, a section of the Blue Ridge Province that includes the Bald Mountains of Yancey and Madison counties, as well as the Great Smoky Mountains. The Bald Mountains extend from the Nolichucky River Gorge in Yancey County westward to the Pigeon River Gorge in Haywood County. They form the high mountains on the North Carolina-Tennessee state line and form the northern and northwestern 9 boundaries of Madison County. The Walnut Mountains occupy much of central Madison County east of the French Broad River. A small part of southern Madison County lies in the Blue Ridge Ranges Region. Much of this area lies in the Asheville Basin.

The county is located entirely within the French Broad River watershed. The French Broad River winds approximately 28 miles in its course across the county from the south to the north. Tributaries of the French Broad River, separated by low to moderately-elevated mountains, extend in various directions to divide the county. The topography of the county can be generally described as a highly convoluted system of mountains and valleys. Two primary ranges, the Bald Mountains and the Walnut Mountains, are shown in Figure 2. Much of the Bald Mountains lie within Pisgah National Forest and constitute some of the most isolated parts of the county. The Appalachian Trail follows much of the range. Elevations in the Bald Mountains range from around 2,000 feet in valley locations to as much as 4,000-4,500 feet in many locations on the crest of the range. Elevations in excess of 4,800 feet occur in two or three locations along the crest of the range. The Walnut Mountains occupy an area east of the French Broad River in central Madison County and are almost completely in private ownership. Valley elevations range from 2,000-2,500 feet to 3,000-3,500 feet on many ridgetops and peaks. Maximum elevations in the Walnut Mountains approach 4,000 feet as they merge into the higher Bald Mountains.

A distinct feature of southern Madison County is an area known as the Asheville Basin. Asheville, North Carolina, is centered in this broad area of relatively gentle topography and low relief. The Asheville Basin extends from south of Asheville, in central Henderson County, northward into south-central Madison County. It is characterized by low ridges and small knobs at elevations between 2,000 and 2,800 feet. The northern edge of the basin extends north to the southern margins of the Walnut Mountains and to areas west of the French Broad River. The Asheville Basin includes the Sandymush Creek and Ivy River drainages and the areas south of a line between Mars Hill and Marshall.

Tennessee

Carmen!

212 208 ! Wolf Laurel Paint Rock ! Yancey Little Creek County ut25 ut70 ! ut23 26 Hot Springs ut19 ut70 Walnut 25 ! Mars Hill 209 ut ! 213 !Spring Creek Petersburg

Marshall 251

209 63

Buncombe County Haywood County

Figure 1. Towns, localities, and primary roads in Madison County, North Carolina.

11 Tennessee

Carmen

Wolf Laurel Paint Rock Yancey Little Creek County

Hot Springs Walnut Mars Hill Spring Creek Petersburg

Marshall

Buncombe County

Asheville Basin Haywood County Bald Mountains Walnut Mountains

Figure 2. Physiographic features of Madison County, North Carolina.

12 GEOLOGY

Due to the complexity of the geology of mountain regions in general and that of Madison County in particular, this section is meant to be a brief distillation of geology as it pertains to significant natural areas. The Appalachian Mountains were produced by a series of collisions between the tectonic plates of North American and Africa, beginning more than 400 million years ago and ending between 200-300 million years ago. Erosional processes have shaped them since that time. At various stages in the development of the Blue Ridge portion of the Appalachians, rocks were thrust westward, causing folding and deformation. The mixing and shifting of rock strata along with the pressure and heat it generated produced a complex geology of igneous (volcanic) and metamorphic rock types throughout the Blue Ridge. In addition to the geological complexity produced by movement and deformation of rocks in the upper strata, faulting and erosional processes exposed the underlying strata in a few locations in the state -- producing “windows” where atypical rock types are exposed. These geologic windows occur in North Carolina notably at the Grandfather Mountain Window and the Hot Springs Window. Most of Madison County occurs on crystalline rocks of volcanic origin which were the upper rock strata that were thrust, folded, and deformed during mountain-building. The area within the Hot Springs Window, near the town of Hot Springs, contains sedimentary rock types similar to those in the adjacent Ridge and Valley physiographic province of Tennessee (see Rodgers 1953). The geology of Madison County is thus especially complex due to exceptionally high diversity of rock types. Figure 3 is a distillation of the primary rock types in Madison County. It is adapted from the State Geologic Map of North Carolina (1985) and Oriel (1950).

Geology has implications for natural community types and rare species, in that it can have a strong influence on soil pH and striking differences in species composition. A majority of the rocks of the Blue Ridge weather to produce acidic conditions, which favor natural communities and species that are typical and widespread in the state. However, where the less common sedimentary rocks or mafic rock types are present, soil conditions may be less-acidic due to higher amounts of elements such as calcium, magnesium, and iron. Many of the rare community types and species in Madison County, as well as in North Carolina, are associated with areas with rock types and soils with higher pH than areas on more typical acidic rock types. Concentrations of rare community types and rare plant species occur in the Hot Springs Window, where sedimentary or metamorphosed sedimentary rocks are present (i.e., shales, slates, dolomite, siltstone, limestone, and others). Sandstones in the Hot Springs Window area produce sites with exceedingly dry soils. Rare communities and species also cluster in the southern portion of the county, where mafic rocks are present (i.e., amphibolite and hornblende gneiss). The high number of rare land snails documented from Madison County is also believed to be related to geology, since calcium if required for shell formation.

Tennessee

Yancey County

Buncombe County

Hot Springs Window Haywood County

Feldspathic Arenite Ultramafic Rock Metagraywacke and Metasiltstone Sandstones Amphibolite Max Patch Granite Shale and Siltstone of Rome Formation Gneisses Slates, Metasiltstones, and Metasandstones Shady Dolomite Migmatitic Hornblende Gneiss Longarm Quartzite

Figure 3. Geologic map of Madison County, North Carolina.

14 LAND USE

Throughout most of its history, Madison County has been one of the most rural and isolated counties in western North Carolina. Isolation and a lack of industry produced a culture based on self-sufficiency and use of the land as a resource. Although the topography of the land often limited extensive crop production, other traditional uses such as timber extraction and cattle production were common. The acquisition of lands during the formation of Pisgah National Forest placed some of the most rugged and elevated lands in public ownership, primarily those in the Bald Mountains along the North Carolina-Tennessee state line. About 147,000 acres (75%) of the county is forest land in private and public ownership. Roughly 55,000 acres (37%) of the forest land is within Pisgah National Forest. Public lands in state ownership are almost completely restricted to the newly-formed 2,600-acre Sandy Mush Game Land, located in the southern part of the county.

Of the nearly 290,000 acres of Madison County, about 67,000 acres (23%) are estimated to be used as farmland, but only 8,956 acres (or 13%) are classified as harvested croplands. Substantial areas of non-crop farmland are grazed, with cattle being the most important type of livestock. In many parts of the county, livestock are not excluded from forested areas. Timber extraction in the past half-century has been substantial and widespread on private land. Substantial activity is associated with recreational uses, including hiking, camping, and horseback riding on Pisgah National Forest and hunting in Sandy Mush Game Land. The Appalachian Trail and outdoor recreational activities associated with the French Broad River produce important economic benefits for the town of Hot Springs. Large, sprawling mountain developments have also become increasingly common in the last several decades.

Tennessee

Appalachian Trail Shelton Laurel Creek French Broad River

Big Laurel Creek Yancey County Shut-in Creek

French Broad River Walnut Creek

Big Pine Creek Ivy River

Spring Creek Little Pine Creek French Broad River

Sandymush Creek Buncombe County Sandy Mush Game Land

Haywood Appalachian Trail County Pisgah National Forest Appalachian Ranger District

Sandy Mush Game Land

Figure 4. Public lands and primary streams of Madison County, North Carolina.

16 THE BIODIVERSITY OF MADISON COUNTY

Information regarding the rare species and natural community types of the county is derived from the findings of this inventory as well as information archived at the N.C. Natural Heritage Program (NC NHP) in Raleigh. Detailed information for rare species and community occurrences can be obtained on request through the NC NHP. The current status and presence of rare species and communities in the county can be obtained through the NC NHP website at www.ncnhp.org. The current state natural community classification and NC NHP rare plant and animal lists are also available on the website as downloadable files. Other information on rare species and natural community types, such as global distribution and rarity, can be obtained by accessing the Explorer database on the NatureServe website: www.natureserve.org/explorer/ or by contacting the NC NHP.

NATURAL COMMUNITY TYPES

A natural community is defined as a distinct and reoccurring assemblage of populations of plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi naturally associated with each other and their physical environment. Natural communities can be recognized as distinct forest, rock outcrop, woodland, or wetland types. The 25 natural community types that are known from Madison County are shown in Table 1. The community types follow the current North Carolina community classification (Third Approximation – Schafale and Weakley 1990), with the exception of a couple of more recently discovered communities that are not referable to any of its types. These latter – Acidic Shale Slope Woodland, Calcareous Shale Slope Woodland, and Low Elevation Basic Glade – are called by the names that will be used in the soon-to-be-adopted new classification (Fourth Approximation – Schafale 2011), and are discussed in the community type descriptions below. The community types shown in Table 1 are arranged in ecological categories that reflect relationships between them. Ranks that indicate their global and in-state rarity are provided, with an explanation of ranks at the end of the table. The ranks for the community types were developed by the NC NHP from information on their rarity range-wide (i.e., globally) and in-state. For additional information on these communities and their floristics from a statewide perspective, refer to Schafale and Weakley (1990). The occurrences of community types at individual sites are described in the Site Descriptions section of this report. Brief descriptions of the natural community types in the county follow Table 1.

Natural community types are a distinct form of biodiversity, important in their own right and also important as “coarse filters” in conservation; protection of natural communities can simultaneously protect uncommon or rare species that they may support. Biologically- significant sites usually contain one to several good examples of natural community types, with or without the presence of rare species. The quality, condition, extent, and rarity of natural communities have a strong influence on site significance. The extent of exemplary natural communities, rather than the location of rare species, often dictates the location of site boundaries.

A majority of the elevations in the county range between 2,000 and 3,500 feet above sea level. Forest community types of low elevations (i.e., to 3,000 feet) and middle elevations (i.e., 3,000- 4,000 feet) are well-represented in the mountains of Madison County. Twelve of the 25 types known from the county have a forest physiognomy. By far the most frequently-occurring among these are cove and oak-hickory types: Rich Cove Forest, Acidic Cove Forest, Canada Hemlock Forest, Montane Oak--Hickory Forest, and Chestnut Oak Forest. Types with a woodland structure are also well-represented in Madison County: these include the Pine--Oak/Heath, rare shale slope woodlands, and basic glades. Rock outcrop community types in Madison County are fairly diverse, with three cliff types represented: Montane Acidic Cliff, Montane Mafic Cliff, and Montane Calcareous Cliff. The Low Elevation Rocky Summit type is also present. Non- alluvial wetlands are poorly represented in the county, likely an artifact of vigorous/extensive human land use in areas with gentler topography.

The county supports several community types which are considered to be rare. The area known as the Hot Springs Geologic Window supports most of the known examples of the very rare Calcareous Shale Slope Woodland and Acidic Shale Slope Woodland types. The rare Montane Calcareous Cliff type also occurs at three sites in the Hot Springs Window, on sedimentary rock. The rare Montane Mafic Cliff and Montane Alluvial Forest types are also present in the county.

Old-growth communities and “older-growth” communities (i.e., those which will become old- growth in the absence of disruption) are also present. Some examples have the classic old- growth appearance of very large trees, such as the Canada Hemlock Forest at Whiterock Cliffs and the Chestnut Oak Forest at Hot Springs Mountain. However, other examples on very dry, undisturbed sites support only trees of small diameter but which show characteristics of old- growth such as a gnarled, scarred, and contorted growth form. Substantial parts of the Acidic Shale Slope Woodland community at Spring Creek Gorge, Lovers Leap/Stackhouse Slopes, and Deep Water Bridge Area exhibit such characteristics.

Stresses which can affect the extent and quality of natural communities are numerous and differ substantially in nature. In Madison County, on land in both public and private ownership, logging has been and continues to be perhaps the single greatest stress on natural communities. Forests regenerate after logging, but changes in species composition, in one or more strata, often result. The introduction and establishment of numerous non-native plant species is also closely associated with logging. Other stresses include grazing in forested areas, fragmentation where increased development is occurring, and non-native pests such as the hemlock wooly adelgid (Adelges tsugae), which is steadily diminishing the Canada Hemlock Forest community type. Natural disturbance such as fire might be considered destructive, but for several community types in the county it may be essential. Fire suppression (i.e., the alteration of a normal fire regime) should be viewed as a potential threat to the Calcareous Shale Slope Woodland, Acidic Shale Slope Woodland, Montane Oak--Hickory Forest, Chestnut Oak Forest, Basic Oak-- Hickory Forest, and Heath Bald types. Its absence (in communities which are at least in part maintained by fire) allows species composition to change as well as for ignitable wood fuels to build beyond the levels they would normally reach. The degree to which fire suppression is negative undoubtedly varies by type as well as the presence of rare species. The use of

18 prescribed fire to reverse the effects of fire suppression on natural communities should be undertaken carefully with regard to the seasonality and extent of burning and its effects on species composition, especially where rare species are present.

Table 1. Natural community types occurring in Madison County, North Carolina, grouped ecologically, with ranks and sites of occurrence.

ECOLOGICAL GROUPING RANK Natural Community Type STATE GLOBAL Sites of Occurrence High Mountain Communities Heath Bald S3 G4 Whiterock Cliffs High Elevation Red Oak Forest S5 G5 Big Flat/Rice Gap Northern Hardwood Forest S4 G5 Big Flat/Rice Gap Flint Mountain Boulderfields Street Gap Forest Boulderfield Forest S3 G3 Flint Mountain Boulderfields Sugarloaf Knob Low Elevation Mesic Forests Rich Cove Forest S4 G4 Big Laurel Creek Gorge Big Rock Spring Black Pine Ridge Deep Water Bridge Area Ivy Bluffs Mafic Forests and Woodlands Maidenhair Ravine Sams Gap/High Rock Sandymush Creek/Turkey Creek Gorge Spillcorn/Locust Knob Spillcorn/Richland Mountain Spring Creek Gorge Spring Creek Mountain Sugarloaf Knob Whiteoak Flats Branch Acidic Cove Forest S5 G5 Lovers Leap/Stackhouse Slopes Max Patch/Roaring Fork Forest Sandymush Creek/Turkey Creek Gorge Spring Creek Gorge Spring Creek Mountain

ECOLOGICAL GROUPING RANK Natural Community Type STATE GLOBAL Sites of Occurrence Canada Hemlock Forest S5 G5 Ivy Bluffs Mafic Forests and Woodlands Ivy River Dam Cliffs Whiterock Cliffs Basic Mesic Forest (Montane Calcareous Subtype) S1 G4TNR Mine Ridge Low Elevation Dry and Dry-Mesic Forests and Woodland Pine--Oak/Heath S4 G5 Spring Creek Gorge. Acidic Shale Slope Woodland1 S2 GNR Deep Water Bridge Area Lovers Leap/Stackhouse Slopes Murray Branch Slopes Spring Creek Gorge Calcareous Shale Slope Woodland1 S1 GNR Murray Branch Slopes Spring Creek Gorge Chestnut Oak Forest S4 G5 Big Laurel Creek Gorge Hot Springs Mountain Murray Branch Slopes Spring Creek Gorge Whiteoak Flats Branch Spring Creek/Turkey Mountain Montane Oak-- Hickory Forest S5 G5 Big Laurel Creek Gorge Ivy Bluffs Mafic Forests and Woodlands Spillcorn/Locust Knob Squirrel Branch Oaks Walnut Mountains/Sevenmile Ridge Whiteoak Flats Branch Basic Oak--Hickory Forest S3 G4 Lovers Leap/Stackhouse Slopes Paint Rock Road Natural Area Low Elevation Basic Glade2 SNR GNR Ivy Bluffs Mafic Forests and Woodlands Rock Outcrop Communities Low Elevation Rocky Summit S2 G2 Whiterock Cliffs 21

ECOLOGICAL GROUPING RANK Natural Community Type STATE GLOBAL Sites of Occurrence Montane Acidic Cliff S3 G4 Lovers Leap/Stackhouse Slopes Mountain Island Spring Creek Gorge Whiterock Cliffs Montane Mafic Cliff S1 G2? Bailey Bend Slopes Ivy Bluffs Mafic Forests and Woodlands Ivy River Dam Cliffs Sandymush Creek/Turkey Creek Gorges Montane Calcareous Cliff S1 G3G4 Deep Water Bridge Area Paint Rock Road Natural Area Spring Creek Gorge River Floodplains Piedmont/Low Mountain Alluvial Forest S5 G5 Ivy River Dam Cliffs Sandymush Creek/Turkey Creek Gorge Montane Alluvial Forest S1 G2? Big Laurel Creek Gorge Davis Branch Floodplain Doe Branch Forests Lovers Leap/Stackhouse Slopes Mountain Island Floodplain Pool S2S3 G3? Ivy River Dam Cliffs Rocky Bar and Shore S5 G5 Mountain Island Nonalluvial Wetlands of the Mountains Rich Montane Seep3 SNR G3 Mars Hill Watershed Sams Gap/High Rock Swamp Forest--Bog Complex (Typic Subtype) S2 G2G3T24,5 Crooked Creek Meadow Bog

1 Calcareous Shale Slope Woodland and Acidic Shale Slope Woodland are not covered in Schafale and Weakley (1990) but are recognized in the fourth Approximation (Schafale 2011).

2 This community does not fit any type in the Third Approximation. The example in Madison County appears to best fit the Low Elevation Basic Glade (Montane Subtype) of the Fourth Approximation. 3 Rich Montane Seep is a distinctive division of Low Elevation Seep and is recognized in Schafale (2011). 4 T indicates the rank for the subtype. 5 A question mark indicates that the element is not known well enough to assign a rank. An S or G rank involving two numbers indicates uncertainty of rank. For example, a G1G2 rank indicates that the species appears to warrant either a G1 or a G2 ranking, but that existing data do no allow that determination to be made.

EXPLANATION OF RANK CODES FOR NATURAL COMMUNITY TYPES

STATE RANK S1 = Critically imperiled in North Carolina because of extreme rarity or because of some factor making it especially vulnerable to degradation or destruction in the state. S2 = Imperiled in North Carolina because of rarity or because of some factor making it very vulnerable to degradation or destruction in the state. S3 = Rare or uncommon in North Carolina. S4 = Apparently secure in the state, with many occurrences. S5 = Demonstrably secure in the state. S? = Unranked, or rank uncertain. SNR = No state rank has been assigned for the type.

GLOBAL RANK G1 = Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity or because of some factor making it especially vulnerable to degradation or destruction. G2 = Imperiled globally because of rarity or because of some factor making it vulnerable to degradation or destruction. G3 = Either very rare and local throughout its range or found locally (even abundantly at some of its locations) in a restricted range or because of other factors making it vulnerable to degradation or destruction. G4 = Apparently secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery. G5 = Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range,especially at the periphery. GNR = No global rank has been assigned for the type. T_ = The rank of a subtype. As an example, G5T1 would apply to a subtype of a community with an overall rank of G5, but the subtype warranting a rank. TNR = No subtype rank has been assigned.

Natural Community Descriptions

Short descriptions of each of the community types in the county appear below.

Heath Bald. This type occurs in exposed positions on steep slopes, sharp ridges, and peaks on thin, rocky soils. The soils are primarily organic and generally acidic. By definition, the community has no canopy and has a shrubland physiognomy. Heath Balds are dominated by evergreen heath species such as mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), or at higher elevations Catawba rhododendron (Rhododendron catawbiense). Blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), huckleberries (Gaylussacia spp.), and chokeberries (Aronia spp.) are also frequent. A variety of other shrubs of dry, exposed sites may be present. The herb layer is not well-developed and often supports galax (Galax urceolata), teaberry (Gaultheria procumbens), cow-wheat (Melampyrum lineare), or beargrass (Xerophyllum

24 asphodeloides), as well as other species of sunny, dry sites. The examples at Whiterock Cliffs are not well-developed due to growth of young tree saplings, probably owing to a lack of fire.

High Elevation Red Oak Forest. The type occurs on relatively exposed ridgetops and peaks, generally at 3,500 feet in elevation or higher. It generally grades to Northern Hardwood Forest. It occurs on fairly deep soils and is dominated by red oak (Quercus rubra). A wide variety of other trees may be present in lower numbers, including other oaks (Quercus spp.), species of Northern Hardwood Forests, black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), red maple (Acer rubrum), and others. The understory is relatively open and sparse. It has small trees such as striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), sprouts of American chestnut (Castanea dentata), alternate-leaved dogwood (Cornus alternifolia), downy serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea), and saplings from adjacent areas, as well as shrubs such as flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum), rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), or various species of deciduous shrubs. Herbs are generally moderately dense. A wide variety of herbaceous species are potential, but white snakeroot (Ageratina altissima), lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria majuscula), galax (Galax urceolata), greenbriers and carrion-flowers (Smilax spp.), blackberries (Rubus spp.), rattlesnake-root (Prenanthus spp.), or bluebead lily (Clintonia umbellulata) are characteristic.

Northern Hardwood Forest. This type occurs at moderate to high elevations, generally in more sheltered positions than High Elevation Red Oak Forest, and on fairly deep soils. It usually grades downslope to Rich Cove Forest or to Montane Oak--Hickory Forest in drier areas. The transition between Northern Hardwood Forest and the other forest communities is often very broad. The examples in Madison County are the Northern Hardwood Forest (Rich Subtype) described in Schafale (2010). They differ in not being dominated by yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) and American beech (Fagus grandifolia). Instead they support a more diverse mixture that often includes yellow birch, American beech, yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), white ash (Fraxinus americana), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), red maple (Acer rubrum), or sweet birch (Betula lenta). The moderately dense understory supports additional trees such as striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), mountain holly (Ilex montana), and shrubs such as smooth hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens) and flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum). Witch- hobble (Viburnum lantanoides) is typical at higher elevations, but does not occur with frequency in Madison County. The herb layer is fairly dense and diverse, with coverage increasing downslope. Typical herbs include ferns such as New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), fancy fern (Dryopteris intermedia), Canada violet (Viola canadensis), false Solomon’s-seal (Maianthemum racemosum), bluebead lily (Clintonia umbellulata), common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), common white heart-leaved aster (Eurybia divaricata), Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum), Canada mayflower (Maianthemum canadense), and others. The rare mountain catchfly (Silene ovata) and uncommon largeleaf waterleaf (Hydrophyllum macrophyllum) occur in this type.

Boulderfield Forest. This distinctive, rare natural community typically occurs at elevations in excess of 4,600 feet. When present at lower elevations, it typically occurs on north-facing slopes; sizeable examples of this type are rare in the county. It is usually semi-sheltered,

25 occurring on moderately steep to steep slopes, and usually embedded in Northern Hardwood Forest. By definition, it has a well-developed layer of boulders such that tree diversity is limited. The canopy is not completely closed, due to the substrate, and soils are limited to organic accumulations on and between the boulders. Yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), which has an ability to straddle boulders with its roots, is the canopy dominant. The understory varies in density and often supports mountain maple (Acer spicatum) or striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum). Shrub and herb diversity are low, often limited to skunk currant (Ribes glandulosum), and herbs such as rockcap fern (Polypodium spp.), marginal woodfern (Dryopteris marginalis), pink turtleheads (Chelone lyonii), whorled nodding aster (Oclemena acuminata), enchanter’s-nightshade (Circaea sp.), or mountain meadowrue (Thalictrum clavatum). Moss coverage is high on the tops of the boulders. These communities are important for rare snail species.

Rich Cove Forest. This type is among the most widespread of all communities in the mountain region, occupying extensive acreages. It occurs in a variety of positions, provided they are somewhat sheltered and moist. These include coves, slopes, and even low ridgetops from low to elevations up to around 3,800 feet. It grades upward to Northern Hardwood Forest, with which it often shares a very wide transition zone. It occurs on deep, rich soils and has high plant species diversity. These communities are frequent candidates for logging, as they support many merchantable species. Quality is often determined by how abundant yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) is in the canopy. The closed canopy often supports yellow poplar, red oak (Quercus rubra), sweet birch (Betula lenta), basswood (Tilia americana), yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), magnolias (Magnolia spp.), black cherry (Prunus serotina), Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), and others. The understory varies in density, depending on logging history. A great variety of additional trees and shrubs are potential, though smooth hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens) is almost always present. Herb coverage and species diversity is very high. Many uncommon and rare species can occur in the herb layer.

Acidic Cove Forest. Similar in distribution and position of occurrence to Rich Cove Forest, this type is also common in the mountains. It shares many canopy tree species with Rich Cove Forests, though often with fewer total numbers of species. Its understory is distinctive. Rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) is dominant, forming extensive, dense thickets in most areas. Herbs occur mostly in small openings where rhododendron is absent. Herb species diversity is moderate and is generally a subset of those of Rich Cove Forests. Fewer rare species occur than in Rich Cove Forest. In Spring Creek Gorge, the rare climbing fumitory (Adlumia fungosa) occurs in this type. In Sandymush Creek/Turkey Creek Gorge, the rare piratebush (Buckleya distichophylla) occur in this type and transitions with Rich Cove Forest.

Canada Hemlock Forest. This type is fairly common, but generally occurs in sizes of only a few acres. It is besieged by the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae). It occupies very sheltered, moist coves and lower to middle slopes and often grades to or is embedded in Rich Cove Forest. Its canopy is dominated by Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), with few other species. Its poorly-developed understory generally consists of saplings of cove hardwoods. Shrub coverage

26 is patchy. Thickets of rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) may be present. Few rare species are associated with this type.

Basic Mesic Forest (Montane Calcareous Subtype). This rare subtype of Basic Mesic Forest is known from only two locations in the state. It differs from the more common Piedmont Subtype of Basic Mesic Forest in having both montane and calciphilic species, as well as occurring on calcareous rock. The Basic Mesic Forest type, in general, occurs on moist, sheltered lower slopes which have especially rich soils. The example in Madison County has a closed canopy dominated by black walnut (Juglans nigra), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), white pine (Pinus strobus), and basswood (Tilia americana), with some slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), sugarberry (Celtis laevigata), bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), and hop-hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana). Chinquapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii) and redbud (Cercis canadensis) occur in the understory. The herb layer includes calciphilic species such as green violet (Hybanthus concolor), bulblet fern (Cystopteris bulbifera), walking fern (Asplenium rhizophyllum), and historically, the rare goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis).

Pine--Oak/Heath. This type is relatively common in the mountains, most often at lower to moderate elevations on sites that are fairly open and exposed. It occurs on dry steep slopes, sharp ridgetops, and around the margins of rock outcrops where soils are thin and acidic. They usually occur in fairly small patches and are often embedded in Chestnut Oak Forest or other dry types and are believed to be dependent on fire to some degree. Although they are not common in Madison County, some areas marginal to Acidic Shale Slope Woodland communities resemble this type. They have a semi-open canopy dominated by combinations of Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana), pitch pine (Pinus rigida), and in Madison County, with shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) in a mixture with chestnut oak (Quercus montana), scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), hickories (Carya spp.), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), and others. The open understory supports dense shrubs including mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), huckleberries (Gaylussacia spp.), rhododendron (Rhododendron spp.), and other heaths and deciduous species. Scattered understory trees such as sassafras (Sassafras albidum), American chestnut (Castanea dentata), or common chinquapin (Castanea pumila) are present. Dense patches of greenbrier (Smilax spp.) are characteristic. Herbs often include greater coreopsis (Coreopsis major), cow-wheat (Melampyrum lineare), galax (Galax urceolata), trailing arbutus (Epigaea repens), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), and broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus).

Acidic Shale Slope Woodland. This very rare woodland/outcrop type was not known in 1990 and does not fit any of the types in Third Approximation (Schafale and Weakley 1990). It was recognized in earlier inventory work in Madison County (Heiman 1995), where it was called “Dry Rocky Slope.” It has been recognized by the Natural Heritage Program as a distinct natural community type under that name since 1995, but is recognized as Acidic Shale Slope Woodland and Calcareous Shale Slope Woodland in Schafale (2011). Four of five known locations for this type in the state are from Madison County. All occur on sedimentary rock types. The community occurs at lower elevations on steep slopes, ridges, and crests. It is very dry, with soils consisting of shallow to deep accumulations of flat fragments of shale or siltstone.

Although most examples occur on hot, south-facing slopes, the type can occur on steep, dry, north-facing slopes. Soils are often loose and unstable. Bedrock is frequently exposed. The physiognomy is that of a rocky woodland. The type is unsuitable for timber production, with many gnarled, short-statured trees which may be quite old. Except where bedrock is exposed, a thin, semi-open canopy is present. It is dominated by Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana) and chestnut oak (Quercus montana), with occasional groups of red cedar (Juniperus virginiana). Other species of very dry sites are present, including some more typical of the the Piedmont such as post oak (Quercus stellata) and blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica). The understory is generally sparse. Shrubs include heaths such as blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) and mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia). The herb layer is patchy and sparse. Graminoids such as Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica), silky oat-grass (Danthonia sericea), poverty oat-grass (Danthonia spicata), and broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus) are present. Common herbaceous species include leafy hawkweed (Hieracium paniculatum), greater coreopsis (Coreopsis major), and Appalachian bellflower (Campanula divaricata) and some other species of dry sites.

Calcareous Shale Slope Woodland. This very rare woodland/outcrop type is similar to the Acidic Shale Slope Woodland type, and has similarly been recognized as the “Dry Rocky Slope” type since 1995. It occurs on steep slopes with loose fragments of siltstone or shale, but in sites where the rock chemistry is calcareous. The open canopy includes eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), white oak (Quercus alba), red oak (Quercus rubra), blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica), scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea), and white ash (Fraxinus americana). Subcanopy species include some that are uncommon in the mountains, such hop-hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), winged elm (Ulmus alata), slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), American elm (Ulmus americana), and the uncommon mountain hackberry (Celtis occidentalis). The open shrub layer includes species of rich, mesic sites such as sweet-shrub (Calycanthus floridus), maple-leaved viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium), and the uncommon hairy mock-orange (Philadelphus hirsutus). The mock-orange attains high densities in some areas. Herb diversity is quite high, with many species of Acidic Shale Slope Woodland being present. Some areas have substantial cover of prairie grasses, including indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans) and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii). Other herbs include hairy lipfern (Cheilanthes lanosa), woolly lipfern (Cheilanthes tomentosa), limestone goldenrod (Solidago sphacelata), spreading sunflower (Helianthus divaricatus), pineweed (Hypericum gentianoides), and many others. Numerous rare species occur in this type, including several that have few populations in the state or occur primarily in the Piedmont, as well as the state’s only population of three-flowered melic (Melica nitens).

Chestnut Oak Forest. This is a common type in the mountain region, occupying substantial acreage in many locations. It has a closed to semi-open canopy dominated by chestnut oak (Quercus montana), sometimes with co-dominant scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea). Other oaks and hardwoods of dry sites are present in low numbers. Its understory is fairly open with trees such as sassafras (Sassafras albidum), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), and red maple (Acer rubrum), and most often shrubs such as mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), or huckleberries (Gaylussacia spp.). The herbs are sparse and with low species diversity in this type.

Montane Oak--Hickory Forest. This common type is widespread in the mountain region, occurring on dry-mesic slopes and sheltered ridgetops. It has a closed canopy dominated by mixtures of oak, often with less abundant hickory. Some of the typical tree species include red oak (Quercus rubra), white oak (Quercus alba), chestnut oak (Quercus montana), pignut hickory (Carya glabra), and mockernut hickory (Carya alba). Species from surrounding communities are often present. The understory varies from moderately dense to dense depending on canopy maturity and includes trees such as flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), downy serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), and others. Shrubs include a range of common evergreen heath and deciduous species, such as mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum), maple-leaved viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium), or buffalo-nut (Pyrularia pubera). The herb layer is sparse to moderately dense and typically a collection of common mountain species of dry-mesic sites.

Basic Oak--Hickory Forest. This type is relatively uncommon in the state and rare in the mountain region, being distributed primarily in the Piedmont. The examples in Madison County differ in composition from those of the Piedmont. In Madison County it occurs in association with sedimentary rock and indicates circumneutral soil conditions. It occupies dry to dry-mesic lower to middle slopes and has a closed canopy with combinations of white oak (Quercus alba), chinquapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii), post oak (Quercus stellata), bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), and typically several other species of oaks and hickories. Shagbark hickory (Carya ovata) may also be present. The understory typically contains trees and shrubs of rich, circumneutral soils such as redbud (Cercis canadensis), slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), hop- hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), or the uncommon mountain hackberry (Celtis occidentalis). Shrubs are fairly sparse and primarily deciduous. Species indicating rich soils such as the uncommon hairy mock-orange (Philadelphus hirsutus), bladdernut (Staphylea trifolia), or Carolina buckthorn (Frangula caroliniana) may be present. The herb layer is sparse to moderately dense with good species diversity, including species that indicate rich soils. The Madison County examples support green violet (Hybanthus concolor), the uncommon Canada leaf-cup (Polymnia canadensis), and the rare pink thoroughwort (Fleischmannia incarnata), as well as many species of the mountain region.

Low Elevation Basic Glade. One site in southern Madison County, an open woodland on nutrient-rich mafic rock, does not fit any type in the current classification. It appears closest to the Low Elevation Basic Glade type in the Fourth Approximation, though it also shares characteristics with Montane Oak--Hickory Forest. It occurs on a dry, south-facing hill in the Ivy River corridor. It has a fairly open canopy of widely-spaced, fairly short-statured hickories (Carya spp.), including bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), white oak (Quercus alba), black oak (Quercus velutina), and other hardwoods from adjacent areas. The understory is fairly sparse and supports the rare American barberry (Berberis canadensis) and the uncommon hairy mock-orange (Philadelphus hirsutus). The herb layer is moderately dense and supports species such as the rare American barberry (Berberis canadensis), Missouri rockcress (Boechera

29 missouriensis), branching draba (Draba ramosissima), moss pink (Phlox subulata), and the uncommon largeleaf waterleaf (Hydrophyllum macrophyllum).

Low Elevation Rocky Summit. This moderately rare type is not common in Madison County. It differs from cliff communities in its position on more exposed upper slopes, summits, and ridgetops, as opposed to on more sheltered slopes. It consists of expanses of rugged, steep to vertical exposed rock that may include ledges or cliff-like features. These communities are generally dry due to exposure, but may have moist zones in crevices or small seepage areas. They are characterized by an absence of tree or shrub canopy, with plants occurring in soil pockets and crevices, and by patchy herb cover. Trees and shrubs are distributed sparsely in deeper soil areas and at outcrop margins and may include a variety of dry-site species. The communities at the Whiterock Cliffs site support scattered trees and primarily heath shrubs. Their herb cover includes crag-jangle (Heuchera villosa), bracken fern (Pteridum aquilinum), galax (Galax urceolata), hay-scented fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula) and cow-wheat (Melampyrum lineare), leafy hawkweed (Hieracium paniculatum), beargrass (Xerophyllum asphodeloides), and the uncommon Roan rattlesnake-root (Prenanthes roanensis), and Mitchell’s St. John's-wort (Hypericum mitchellianum). They provide a nesting site for the rare peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus).

Montane Acidic Cliff. This type is fairly common in the state, in contrast to other cliff types. The best examples in Madison County occur at Lovers Leap/Stackhouse Slopes and Spring Creek Gorge. It occurs in more sheltered positions than Low Elevation Rocky Summit communities, from lower to upper slopes. They are embedded in forest communities and are defined as being large enough to create a visible break in canopy of the surrounding forest, which differentiates them from smaller, more shaded outcrops in forests. They are characterized by steep to vertical rock faces from tens to hundreds of feet in height that are bare or sparsely vegetated. They may vary from dry to mesic within the same example. They differ in composition from Montane Mafic Cliff and Montane Calcareous Cliff communities in having fewer species and an absence of basophilic species that indicate nutrient-rich rock chemistry. Herbs that are very frequently present include Appalachian bellflower (Campanula divaricata), crag-jangle (Heuchera villosa), stonecrop (Sedum ternatum), and Michaux’s saxifrage (Saxifraga michauxii). Other species in the Madison County examples include marginal woodfern (Dryopteris marginalis), leafy hawkweed (Hieracium paniculatum), galax (Galax urceolata), greater coreopsis (Coreopsis major), Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica), poverty oat- grass (Danthonia spicata), and many other species. Vines are often prominent on portions of cliffs.

Montane Mafic Cliff. This type is rare in North Carolina and is well-represented in southern Madison County. It occurs in the same types of locations as the Montane Acidic Cliff type and is also defined as being large enough to create a visible break in the canopy of surrounding forest communities. It differs from the Montane Acidic Cliff type in being more species-diverse, with species that are indicative of nutrient-rich rock. Some overlap in composition can occur between this type and the Montane Calcareous Cliff type. Geologic mapping is often used to differentiate between the two types. Most of the examples in the county occur as multiple small-sized cliffs

30 that are significant in aggregate. Their herbaceous vegetation includes hairy lipfern (Cheilanthes lanosa), blunt-lobed cliff fern (Woodsia obtusa), crag-jangle (Heuchera villosa), American alumroot (Heuchera americana), Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum), sedges (Carex spp.), marginal woodfern (Dryopteris marginalis), mountain spleenwort (Asplenium montanum), maidenhair spleenwort (Asplenium trichomanes), resurrection fern (Pleopeltis polypodioides), goldenrod (Solidago sphacelata), wide-leaved spiderwort (Tradescantia subaspera), greater coreopsis (Coreopsis major), common smooth rockcress (Boechera laevigata), and rare and uncommon species such as Pennsylvania pellitory (Parietaria pensylvanica), Virginia stickseed (Hackelia virginiana), Carey’s saxifrage (Saxifraga careyana), Carolina saxifrage (Micranthes caroliniana), and downy alumroot (Heuchera pubescens). Trees and shrubs of rich sites at outcrop margins can include eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), redbud (Cercis canadensis), slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), and the uncommon hairy mock-orange (Philadelphus hirsutus).

Montane Calcareous Cliff. This type is the rarest cliff type in the state. It is similar to the other cliff types in terms of location and structure, but differs in occurring on calcareous rock, which is high in calcium. Madison County has several examples of the type, all located in the Hot Springs Geologic Window. Herb species in these examples include hairy lipfern (Cheilanthes lanosa), leafy hawkweed (Hieracium paniculatum), wide-leaved spiderwort (Tradescantia subaspera), sedges (Carex spp.), witch-grasses (Dichanthelium spp.), Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum), Appalachian bellflower (Campanula divaricata), marginal woodfern (Dryopteris marginalis), crag-jangle (Heuchera villosa), eastern columbine (Aquilegia canadensis), bladder fern (Cystopteris sp.), maidenhair spleenwort (Asplenium trichomanes), plantainleaf sedge (Carex plantaginea), wild ginger (Asarum canadense), the uncommon lyreleaf rockcress (Arabidopsis lyrata) and glade fern (Diplazium pycnocarpon), and the rare climbing fumitory (Adlumia fungosa) and slender corydalis (Corydalis micrantha ssp. micrantha).

Piedmont/Low Mountain Alluvial Forest. This type is relatively common in the lower elevation mountains but many examples are small and disturbed. It occurs on small stream and river floodplains with a mixture of species of alluvial and adjacent mesic slope habitats. Physical features such as levees or sloughs are not present or are very small. It has a closed canopy, an understory of variable density, and a dense herb layer that often contains many common, weedy species. Canopy species include sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), box-elder (Acer negundo), black walnut (Juglans nigra), river birch (Betula nigra), green ash (Fraxinus pensylvanica), and species from adjacent mesic slopes such as white pine (Pinus strobus), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), and slippery elm (Ulmus rubra). The understory contains American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), red maple (Acer rubrum), American holly (Ilex opaca), and shrubs such as spicebush (Lindera benzoin), strawberry-bush (Euonymus americanus), rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), and the non-native multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), and Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense).

Montane Alluvial Forest. This type is rare in the state, primarily because former locations have been lost due to disturbance. It occurs on small stream and river floodplains at moderate to high elevation. It differs from Piedmont/Low Mountain Alluvial Forest in having more montane

31 species and few species of the Piedmont. The closed to semi-open canopy often supports sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), river birch (Betula nigra), green ash (Fraxinus pensylvanica), Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), red maple (Acer rubrum), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), and others. The understory often contains black willow (Salix nigra), American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), and shrubs such as sweet-shrub (Calycanthus floridus), spicebush (Lindera benzoin), dog-hobble (Leucothoe fontanesiana), rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), and tag alder (Alnus serrulata). The uncommon butternut (Juglans cinerea) can occur in these communities. Like other alluvial communities, the herbs are dense and contain many common, weedy, and non-native species.

Floodplain Pool. This type occurs on stream and river floodplains where old river channels have been abandoned. These pools are large enough to hold water through a substantial part of the year and can be important habitats for breeding amphibians. Mostly a type of the Coastal Plain and Piedmont, they are rare in the mountain region, where higher-gradient streams meander little and produce few abandoned channels. They are typically vegetated around their edge, and may have floating aquatic plants during part of the year. The single example in Madison County is significant but completely unvegetated, occurring in silt in the deep shade of an alluvial forest. It is elliptical and about 75 feet long and 15 feet wide.

Rocky Bar and Shore. A very common community type consists of rocky areas and gravel bars bordering the edges of streams. Examples large enough to document occur only on larger streams, where flooding dynamics preclude establishment of a tree canopy. Few examples are documented due to the commonness of the type and due to disturbance that is common in areas adjacent to streams. An example is documented in the vicinity of Mountain Island in the French Broad River. It consists of loose beds of cobble alongside the stream and only supports a few saplings of black willow (Salix nigra), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), silverbell (Halesia tetraptera), and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia).

Rich Montane Seep. This wetland type occurs at moderate to high elevations, where conditions are sheltered and remain cool and moist. It is typically embedded in Northern Hardwood Forest, Rich Cove Forest, or Acidic Cove Forest and is usually restricted to the margins of small mountain streams. It can, however, extend a considerable distance away from streambanks in the heads of coves. They typically occur beneath a closed canopy of cove hardwood or northern hardwood tree species and support a moderately dense to dense layer of herbaceous species rooted in saturated or periodically saturated soils or stream bed substrates. Shrubs such as smooth hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens), common elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), sweet-pepperbush (Clethra acuminata), rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), or others may occur along portions of the seep areas. Herbs include mixtures of species such as branch lettuce (Micranthes micranthidifolia), Canada waterleaf (Hydrophyllum canadense), mountain angelica (Angelica triquinata), bee-balm (Monarda didyma), wood nettle (Laportea canadensis), umbrella-leaf (Diphyllaea cymosa), jewelweeds (Impatiens spp.), white hellebore (Veratrum viride), sedges (Carex spp.), stiff-cowbane (Oxypolis rigidior), mannagrass (Glyceria sp.), or pink turtleheads (Chelone lyonii).

Swamp Forest--Bog Complex (Typic Subtype). The type typically occurs on poorly-drained flats near small streams in the mountains. The type has a forest canopy except where wetland openings are present. The openings generally occur in slight depressions near but outside the banks of the stream. Most of the areas where this type might have been in Madison County are drained or degraded by human activity. However, an unusual example -- with no forest component -- is present. The wetland has zoned shrubs and herbs. Shrubs include tag-alder (Alnus serrulata), hardhack (Spiraea tomentosa), and Canada elderberry (Sambucus canadensis). Herb-dominated zones support sedges (Carex spp.), lamp rush (Juncus effusus), brownish beaksedge (Rhynchospora capitellata), bulrushes (Scirpus spp.), false nutsedge (Cyperus strigosus), blunt spikerush (Eleocharis obtusa), marsh fern (Theylypteris palustris), seepage goldenrod (Solidago patula), ridgestem yellow flax (Linum striatum), cardinal flower (Lobelia cardinalis), arrowleaf tearthumb (Persicaria sagittata), cinnamon fern (Osmundastrum cinnamomeum), roundleaf sundew (Drosera rotundifolia var. rotundifolia), purple-stem aster (Symphyotrichum puniceum var. puniceum), the rare American speedwell (Veronica americana), and the uncommon narrowleaf willowherb (Epilobium leptophyllum).

FLORA AND FAUNA

The flora and fauna of Madison County are generally characteristic of the lower and middle elevations of the Blue Ridge physiographic province of North Carolina. A moderate number of rare plant species (58) and a high number of rare animal species (63) have been documented from Madison County. Of the 58 rare plant species, the majority are terrestrial vascular plants. Six species are mosses and liverworts. At least 25 rare plant species are associated with sites on sedimentary rock in the Hot Springs Geologic Window. Fourteen of the rare plant species are considered to be historical, including all four moss species, and may no longer be extant in the county. The rare plant and animal species documented from the county appear in Tables 2 and 3, respectively.

Of the 58 rare plant species documented from the county, none have federal status as Threatened or Endangered Species, though seven are Federal Species of Concern. Seven species are state- listed as Endangered: marsh-marigold (Caltha palustris), Cherokee sedge (Carex cherokeensis), American bittersweet (Celastrus scandens), prairie-tea croton (Croton monanthogynus), three- flowered melic (Melica nitens), glade bluecurls (Trichostema brachiatum), and tower mustard (Turritus glabra). Eleven of the plant species are state-listed as Threatened: striped garlic (Allium cuthbertii), piratebush (Buckleya distichophylla), slender corydalis (Corydalis micrantha ssp. micrantha), pink thoroughwort (Fleischmannia incarnata), twinleaf (Jeffersonia diphylla), prairie ragwort (Packera paupercula var. appalachiana), prairie bold goldenrod (Solidago rigida ssp. rigida), aromatic aster (Symphyotrichum oblongifolium), mountain thaspium (Thaspium pinnatifidum), sweet white trillium (Trillium simile), and American speedwell (Veronica americana). Nine of the plant species have state status as Special Concern-Vulnerable, meaning they are likely to be state-listed as Threatened in the foreseeable future. The majority of the species with State status are associated with the sedimentary rock types in the Hot Springs Geologic Window or with mafic rock types in the southern portion of the county.

As shown in the ranks in Table 2, many rare plant species documented from Madison County are rare in the state but are globally secure. Of the rare plant species with this pattern of distribution, prairie-tea croton (Croton monanthogynus), bristle-leaf sedge (Carex eburnea), and three- flowered melic (Melica nitens) have their only extant occurrences in Madison County. Species represented in the county that have five or fewer extant occurrences statewide include twinleaf (Jeffersonia diphylla), aromatic aster (Symphyotrichum oblongifolium), and glade bluecurls (Trichostema brachiatum). Several species in the county are regionally rare in North Carolina. All known occurrences of Missouri rockcress (Boechera missouriensis) are in the central Piedmont, except for the occurrence at Ivy Bluffs Mafic Slopes and Woodlands. The occurrence of pink thoroughwort (Fleischmannia incarnata) at Murray Branch Slopes is the furthest west in the state. Of 13 extant occurrences in the state, ten are in the Brushy Mountains of Alexander and Wilkes counties, one is in Richmond County, and a couple are in Polk County.

Also notable is that two of eight extant North Carolina occurrences of mountain thaspium (Thaspium pinnatifidum) are from Madison County. Piratebush (Buckleya distichophylla) is the only rare Southern Appalachian endemic known from the county. However, Madison County and neighboring Haywood County are the North Carolina strongholds for the species.

Table 2. Rare plant species documented from Madison County, North Carolina.

SCIENTIFIC NAME STATUS RANK COMMON NAME N.C. U.S. N.C. GLOBAL VASCULAR PLANTS Adlumia fungosa SC-V - S2 G4 climbing fumitory Agastache nepetoides1 SR - S1 G5 yellow giant-hyssop Allium cuthbertii1 T - S2 G4 striped garlic Arabis patens SR - S1 G3 spreading rockcress Asplenium pinnatifidum SR - S2 G4 lobed spleenwort Asplenium ruta-muraria SC-V - S1 G5 wall-rue spleenwort Berberis canadensis SC-V - S2 G3 American barberry Boechera missouriensis SC-V - S1 G5?Q Missouri rockcress Buckleya distichophylla T FSC S2 G2 Piratebush Caltha palustris1 E - S1 G5 marsh-marigold Carex cherokeeensis E - S1 G4G5 Cherokee sedge Carex eburnea T - S1 G5 bristle-leaf sedge Carex projecta SR - S1 G5 necklace sedge Carex roanensis1 SR - S2 G3G4 Roan sedge Celastrus scandens1 E - S2? G5 American bittersweet Cheilanthes alabamensis SR - S1 G4G5 Alabama lip-fern Chelone cuthbertii SC-V FSC S3? G3 Cuthbert’s turtlehead Corallorhiza wisteriana1 SR - S1S2 G5 spring coral-root Corydalis micrantha ssp. micrantha T FSC S1 G5T4 slender corydalis 35

SCIENTIFIC NAME STATUS RANK COMMON NAME N.C. U.S. N.C. GLOBAL Croton monanthogynus E - S1 G5 prairie-tea croton Dicentra eximia SR - S3 G4 bleeding heart Draba ramosissima SC-V - S2 G4 branching draba Echinacea purpurea1 SC-V - S1 G4 purple coneflower Epilobium ciliatum SR - S2 G5 purpleleaf willowherb Euphorbia purpurea SR FSC S2 G3 glade spurge Fleischmannia incarnata T - S2 G5 pink thoroughwort Hackelia virginiana SR - S1S2 G5 Virginia stickseed Heuchera pubescens SR - S1 G4? downy alumroot Hexalectris spicata1 SR - S2 G5 crested coralroot Hydrastis canadensis SR - S2 G4 Goldenseal Jeffersonia diphylla T - S1 G5 Twinleaf Lysimachia tonsa SR - S2 G4 southern loosestrife Meehania cordata SR - S2 G5 Meehania Melica nitens E - S1 G5 three-flowered melic Micranthes caroliniana SR FSC S3 G3 Carolina saxifrage Packera paupercula var. appalachiana T - S1 G5TNR prairie ragwort Phlox subulata SR - S1 G5 moss pink Pycnanthemum curvipes SR - S1 G3 Tennessee mountain-mint Robinia hispida var. kelseyi SR-O - S1 G4T1 Kelsey’s locust

SCIENTIFIC NAME STATUS RANK COMMON NAME N.C. U.S. N.C. GLOBAL Ruellia purshiana SC-V - S2 G3 Pursh’s wild-petunia Scutellaria ovata ssp. rugosa var. 1 SR - S1 G5T1?Q Appalachian skullcap Silene ovata SC-V FSC S3 G3 mountain catchfly Solidago rigida ssp. rigida1 T - S1 G5T5 prairie bold goldenrod Solidago uliginosa1 SR - S1S2 G4G5 bog goldenrod Stachys cordata SR - S1 G5? heartleaf hedge-nettle Stewartia ovata SR - S2 G4 mountain camellia Symphyotrichum oblongifolium T - S1 G5 aromatic aster Thaspium pinnatifidum T FSC S1 G2G3 mountain thaspium Trichostema brachiatum E - S1 G5 glade bluecurls Trillium simile T - S2 G3 sweet white trillium Turritis glabra1 E - S1 G5 tower mustard Veronica americana T - S2 G5 American speedwell MOSSES

Orthotrichum strangulatum1 SR - SH G4 Drummond moss Platydictya confervoides1 SR - S1 G4G5 alga-like matted-moss Tortula papillosa1 SR - S1 G5 papillose tortula Tortula plinthobia1 SR - S1? G4G5 a chain-teeth moss LIVERWORTS

Cephaloziella spinicaulis SR - S1 G3G4 a liverwort

SCIENTIFIC NAME STATUS RANK COMMON NAME N.C. U.S. N.C. GLOBAL Plagiochila austinii SR - S1S2 G3 a liverwort

1 Denotes species known in Madison County only from records that are considered historical (i.e., not seen in the last 20 years), but which may still be extant.

EXPLANATION OF STATUS AND RANK CODES FOR PLANTS

N.C. Status: E = Endangered. Any species or higher taxon of plant whose continued existence as a viable component of the State's flora is determined to be in jeopardy" (GS 19B 106: 202.12). Endangered species may not be removed from the wild except when a permit is obtained for research, propagation, or rescue which will enhance the survival of the species.

T = Threatened. Any resident species of plant which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range" (GS 19B 106:202.12). Regulations are the same as for Endangered species.

SC = Special Concern. Any species of plant in North Carolina which requires monitoring but which may be collected and sold under regulations adopted under the provisions of [the Plant Protection and Conservation Act]" (GS 19B 106:202.12).

SC-V = Special Concern-Vulnerable. Any species or higher taxon of plant which is likely to become a threatened species within the foreseeable future (02 NCAC 48F .0401).

SC-H = Special Concern-Historical. Any species or higher taxon of plant that occurred in North Carolina at one time, but for which all known populations are currently considered to be either historical or extirpated (02 NCAC 48F .0401).

Plant statuses above are determined by the Plant Conservation Program, North Carolina Department of Agriculture, revised December 1, 2010. The most current plant-related laws and regulations for North Carolina can be found at www.ncplant.com.

SR = Significantly Rare. Any species not listed by the Plant Conservation Program as Endangered, Threatened, or Candidate, which is rare in North Carolina, generally with 1-100 populations in the state, frequently substantially reduced in numbers by habitat destruction (and sometimes also by direct exploitation or disease). The Significantly Rare status is a NCNHP designation indicating the need for population monitoring and possible conservation action for species not currently listed as Endangered, Threatened, or Special Concern (Buchanan and Finnegan 2010).

Status and rank codes for plants are derived from the Natural Heritage Database (2011) and can be found in the Natural Heritage Program List of the Rare Plant Species of North Carolina, which is published every two years.

U.S. Status: E = Endangered. A plant that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

T = Threatened. A plant that is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

FSC = Federal Species of Concern. A species under consideration for listing, for which there is insufficient information to support listing at this time. “...The Service remains concerned about these species but further biological research and field study are needed to resolve the conservation status of these taxa. Many species of concern will be found not to warrant listing, either because they are not threatened or endangered or because they do not qualify as species under the definition in the [Endangered Species] Act. Others may be found to be in greater danger of extinction than some present candidate taxa. Such species are the pool from which future candidates for listing will be drawn.” (Federal Register, February 28, 1996).

U.S. Status is determined by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. United States Status is designated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service in accordance with the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (U.S. ESA). Plants and plant varieties, (including fungi and lichens), animal species and subspecies, and vertebrate populations are considered for Endangered or Threatened status according to the criteria established under the U.S. ESA. Consult the Asheville or Raleigh Ecological Services Field Offices for more information.

N.C. Rank: S1 = Critically imperiled in North Carolina because of extreme rarity or because of some factor making it especially vulnerable to extirpation from the state. Typically 5 or fewer occurrences in NC.

S2 = Imperiled in North Carolina because of rarity or because of some factor making it very vulnerable to extirpation from the state. Typically 6-20 occurrences in NC.

S3 = Rare or uncommon in North Carolina. Typically 21-100 occurrences in NC.

SH = Of historical occurrence in North Carolina, not having been verified in more than 20 years, and suspected to be still extant.

S_? = Rank uncertain.

Global Rank: G1 = Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity or because of some factor making it especially vulnerable to extinction throughout its range. Typically 5 or fewer occurrences globally.

G2 = Imperiled globally because of rarity or because of some factor making it very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range. Typically 6-20 occurrences globally.

G3 = Either very rare and local throughout its range or found locally (even abundantly at some of its locations) in a restricted range or because of other factors making it vulnerable to extinction throughout its range. Typically 21-100 occurrences globally.

G4 = Apparently secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.

G5 = Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.

GX= Believed to be extinct throughout its range (e.g., passenger pigeon) with virtually no likelihood that it will be rediscovered.

Q = Questionable taxonomic assignment.

T = The rank of a subspecies or variety. For example, G4T1 would apply to a subspecies or variety of a species with an overall rank of G4, but with the subspecies or variety warranting a rank of G1.

G_? = Rank uncertain.

The 63 rare animal species documented from the county include two mammals, five birds, four reptiles, three amphibians, 24 fishes, one freshwater bivalve, ten terrestrial gastropods, one crustacean (a crayfish), four aquatic insects, two dragonflies, and seven butterflies. A preponderance of the rare animal species, 34 in all, have life cycles that are dependent on the aquatic habitats where they occur. The presence of the French Broad River and its major tributaries is thus of profound importance to animal biodiversity in Madison County. Madison County is the most significant in the state for rare terrestrial gastropods, with ten species; this is believed to be due to the presence of rock types and soils with abundant calcium, which land snails require for shell formation. In general, Madison County has few federally-listed species, but many species that are not known elsewhere in the state, or have fewer than five occurrences in North Carolina.

Of the rare species documented from Madison County, only the spotfin chub (Erimonax monachus) is federally-listed, as Threatened. However, of the twelve additional species designated as Federal Species of Concern, most have North Carolina status as Endangered,

Threatened, or Special Concern species. State Endangered species include the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and the stonecat (Noturus flavus). The paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) is state-listed as Endangered but is considered to be historical in North Carolina, and the State Endangered dusky darter (Percina sciera) is now known to be absent from the state due to misidentification of its original specimen. State Threatened species include the Southern Appalachian northern saw-whet owl (Aegolius acadicus), banded sculpin (Cottus carolinae), American brook lamprey (Lampetra appendix), logperch (Percina caprodes), and the sculpted supercoil (Paravitrea ternaria), a terrestrial gastropod. Twenty-three of the remaining species have Special Concern status in North Carolina.

Aquatic species, most of which occur in the Lower French Broad River Aquatic Habitat, represent a large number of the rare animal records for the county. Many species in Madison County occur only within the county or have very few occurrences in the state. Fishes that are extant in North Carolina only from Madison County include: the freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), banded sculpin (Cottus carolinae), Tennessee darter (Etheostoma tennesseense), mooneye (Hiodon tersigus), black buffalo (Ictiobus niger), American brook lamprey (Lampetra appendix), and mountain madtom (Noturus eleutherus). Other rare mollusk species are also known in the state only from Madison County: the aquatic mussel pink heelsplitter (Potamilus alatus) and several terrestrial snails including talus supercoil (Helicodiscus triodes), sculpted supercoil (Paravitrea ternaria), budded threetooth (Triadopsis tennessensis), and hollow dome (Ventridens lasmodon). The Cumberland slider (Trachemys scripta troostii) is a turtle species that also follows this pattern.

Numerous other species documented from the county are known elsewhere in the state by five or fewer occurrences. These include the loggerhead musk turtle (Sternotherus minor), southern zigzag salamander (Plethodon ventralis), river carpsucker (Carpiodes cyprinus), Ohio lamprey (Ichthyomyzon bdellium), smallmouth buffalo (Ictiobus bubulus), stonecat (Noturus flavus), logperch (Percina caprodes), sauger (Sander canadensis), sawtooth disc (Discus bryanti), velvet covert (Inflectarius subpalliatus), high mountain supercoil (Paravitrea andrewsae), glossy supercoil (Paravitrea placentula), sculpted supercoil (Paravitrea ternaria), and Olympia marble (Euchloe olympia).

Table 3. Rare animal species documented from Madison County, North Carolina.

SCIENTIFIC NAME STATUS RANK COMMON NAME N.C. U.S. N.C. GLOBAL MAMMALS Corynorhinus rafinesquii rafinesquii T FSC S2 G3G4TNR Rafinesque’s big-eared bat – mountain subspecies Mustela nivalis1 SR - S2 G5 least weasel BIRDS Aegolius acadicus (population 1) T FSC S2B, S2N G5TNR Southern Appalachian northern saw-whet owl Certhia americana SC - S3B, S5N G5 brown creeper Dendroica cerulea SC FSC S2B G4 cerulean warbler Falco peregrinus E - S1B, S2N G4 peregrine falcon Vermivora chrysoptera SC FSC S3B G4 golden-winged warbler REPTILES Apalone spinifera spinifera SC - S1 G5T5 eastern spiny softshell Crotalus horridus+ SC - S3 G4 timber rattlesnake Sternotherus minor SC - S1 G5 loggerhead musk turtle Trachemys scripta troostii SR - S1 G5T4 Cumberland slider AMPHIBIANS Cryptobranchus alleganiensis SC FSC S3 G3G4 hellbender Necturus maculosus SC - S1 G5 common mudpuppy Plethodon ventralis SC - S1 G4 southern zigzag salamander FISHES Acipenser fulvescens1 SC FSC SX G3G4 lake sturgeon

SCIENTIFIC NAME STATUS RANK COMMON NAME N.C. U.S. N.C. GLOBAL Aplodinotus grunniens SC - S1 G5 freshwater drum Carpiodes carpio SC - S1 G5 river carpsucker Carpiodes cyprinus SR - S2? G5 quillback Cottus carolinae T - S1 G5 banded sculpin Erimonax monachus1 T T S1 G2 spotfin chub Erimystax insignis eristigma SR FSC S2 G4TNR southern blotched chub Etheostoma tennesseense SC - S1 GNR Tennessee darter Etheostoma vulneratum1 SC FSC S1 G3 wounded darter Hiodon tergisus SC - S1 G5 mooneye Ichthyomyzon bdellium SR - S1 G3G4 Ohio lamprey Ictiobus bubalus SR - S1 G5 smallmouth buffalo Ictiobus niger SR - S1 G5 black buffalo Lampetra appendix T - S1 G4 American brook lamprey Moxostoma breviceps SR - S2 G5 smallmouth redhorse Notropis micropteryx SR - S2 G5 highland shiner Notropis volucellus SR - S2 G5 mimic shiner Noturus eleutherus SC - S1 G4 mountain madtom Noturus flavus E - S1 G5 stonecat Percina caprodes T - S1 G5 logperch Percina sciera2 E - SRF G5 dusky darter 43

SCIENTIFIC NAME STATUS RANK COMMON NAME N.C. U.S. N.C. GLOBAL Percina squamata SC FSC S2 G3 olive darter Polyodon spathula1 E FSC SH G4 paddlefish Sander canadensis SR - S2? G5 sauger MOLLUSKS -- FRESHWATER BIVALVES Potamilus alatus SR - S1 G5 pink heelsplitter MOLLUSKS -- TERRESTRIAL GASTROPODS Appalachina chilhoweensis+ SC - S2 G4 queen crater Discus bryanti SC - S2 G3 sawtooth disc Helicodiscus triodus SR - S1? G2 talus coil Inflectarius subpalliatus SC - S2 G2 velvet covert Paravitrea andrewsae SC - S2 G2 high mountain supercoil Paravitrea placentula SC - S2 G3 glossy supercoil Paravitrea ternaria T FSC S1 G1G2 sculpted supercoil Triadopsis tennesseensis SR - S1S3 G4 budded threetooth Ventridens coelaxis SC - S2 G3 bidentate dome Ventridens lasmodon SR - S1S3 G4 hollow dome CRUSTACEANS Cambarus reburrus SR FSC S3 G3 French Broad River crayfish MAYFLIES Drunella lata SR - S3 G5 a mayfly STONEFLIES Agnetina capitata SR - S3 G5 northern stone 44

SCIENTIFIC NAME STATUS RANK COMMON NAME N.C. U.S. N.C. GLOBAL Isoperla lata SR - S3 G5 dark stripetail Pteronarcys comstocki SR - S2 G3 spiny salmonfly DRAGONFLIES Gomphus adelphus+ SR - S1S2 G4 mustached clubtail Neurocordulia yamaskanensis+ SR - S1? G5 stygian shadowdragon BUTTERFLIES Autochton cellus SR - S2 G4 golden-banded skipper Euchloe olympia SR - S1 G4G5 Olympia marble Erora laeta SR - S2S3 GU early hairstreak Erynnis martialis SR - S2 G3 mottled duskywing Euphydryas phaeton SR - S2 G4 Baltimore checkerspot Papilio cresphontes SR - S2S3 G5 giant swallowtail Polygonia progne+ SR - S1 G4G5 gray comma

1 Denotes species known in Madison County from records that are considered historical (i.e., not seen in the last 20- 40 years), but which may still be extant. 2 The dusky darter (Percina sciera) was historically reported from the county, but the specimen has since been determined to be a misidentification. + Denotes obscure or undatable records.

EXPLANATION OF STATUS AND RANK CODES FOR ANIMALS

N.C. Status: E = Endangered. Any native or once-native species of wild animal whose continued existence as a viable component of the State’s fauna is determined by the Wildlife Resources Commission to be in jeopardy or any species of wild animal determined to be an ‘endangered species’ pursuant to the Endangered Species Act.” (Article 25 of Chapter 113 of the General Statutes; 1987).

T = Threatened. Any native or once native species of wild animal which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its 45 range, or one that is designated as a threatened species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act. (Article 25 of Chapter 113 of the General Statutes; 1987).

SC = Special Concern. Any species of wild animal native or once-native to North Carolina which is determined by the Wildlife Resources Commission to require monitoring but which may be taken under regulations adopted under the provisions of this Article. (Article 25 of Chapter 113 of the General Statutes; 1987).

SR = Significantly Rare. Any species which has not been listed by the N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission as an Endangered, Threatened, or Special Concern species, but which exists in the state (or recently occurred in the state) in small numbers and has been determined by the N.C. Natural Heritage Program to need monitoring. (This is a N.C. Natural Heritage Program designation.) Significantly Rare species include “peripheral” species, whereby North Carolina lies at the periphery of the species’ range (such as hermit thrush), as well as species of historical occurrence with some likelihood of re-discovery in the state. Species considered extirpated in the state, with little likelihood of re-discovery, are given no State Status (unless already listed by the N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission as E, T, or SC).

U.S. Status: E = Endangered. An animal that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

T = Threatened. An animal that is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

FSC = Federal Species of Concern. This status replaces the former "Category 2" Candidate status used by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Category 2 animals were those for which there was some evidence of vulnerability, but for which there were not enough data to support listing as Endangered or Threatened. The FSC code has no official status.

N.C. Rank: S1 = Critically imperiled in North Carolina because of extreme rarity or because of some factor making it especially vulnerable to extirpation from the state. Typically 1-5 populations.

S2 = Imperiled in North Carolina because of rarity or because of some factor making it very vulnerable to extirpation from the state. Typically 6-20 populations.

S3 = Rare or uncommon in North Carolina. Typically 21-100 populations.

SH = Of historical occurrence in North Carolina, not having been verified in more than 20 years, and suspected to be still extant.

S_B = Rank of the breeding population in the state (for migratory species only). For example, "S2B" would indicate the breeding population has a state rank of S2, regardless of the rank of the non-breeding population.

S_N = Rank of the non-breeding population in the state. Used for migratory species only.

SRF = Reported falsely. Not known to have been present in the state.

? = Uncertain - Denotes inexact or uncertain numeric rank.

G2 = Imperiled globally because of rarity or because of some factor making it very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range. Typically 6-20 occurrences globally.

G4 = Apparently secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.

G5 = Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.

T = The rank of a subspecies or variety. For example, G4T1 would apply to a subspecies or variety of a species with an overall rank of G4, but with the subspecies or variety warranting a rank of G1.

NR = Not ranked, global rank not yet assessed.

U = Possibly in peril range-wide, but status uncertain; more information is needed.

? = Unranked, or rank uncertain.

An S or G rank involving two numbers indicates uncertainty of rank. For instance, a G2G3 rank indicates that the species appears to warrant either a G2 or a G3 ranking, but that existing data do not allow that determination to be made.

Status and rank codes for animals are derived from the Natural Heritage Database (2011).

DISCUSSION OF SIGNIFICANT NATURAL HERITAGE AREAS

Madison County is has a high number of unique sites. This is due primarily to the presence of the Hot Springs Geologic Window and the sandstones, siltstones, shales, and calcareous rock types that are present there. These sedimentary types are rare in the state and produce rare and unique natural community types and special conditions for numerous rare species. The presence of Pisgah National Forest there and elsewhere in the county contributes to the overall number of significant sites in the county. Gentler topography and heavier land use on many lands in private ownership is a primary reason for poorer conditions for natural areas and rare species in many areas across the central portion of the county. Forests logged or grazed within the past several decades are typical in many parts of central Madison County. Of the 39 sites, 12 are significant at the State level, 17 are of Regional significance, and the remainder are of County significance.

Most of the State significant sites are clustered near Hot Springs due to the presence of the area’s unique geology. The significance of Spring Creek Gorge, Murray Branch Slopes, Paint Rock Road Natural Area, Stokely Hollow and Ridge, Lovers Leap/Stackhouse Slopes, and the Regionally significant Deep Water Bridge Area is directly related to either the presence of the rare shale slope woodland communities, large clusters of rare species that are restricted to circumneutral soils, or both. Several sites of State or Regional significance occur at higher elevations in the Bald Mountains, which follow the state line. The significance of these sites is due to the presence of less common community types such as High Elevation Red Oak Forest or Montane Acidic Cliff and to small clusters of rare species. These sites include Sams Gap/High Rock, Black Pine Ridge, and Whiterock Cliffs, as well as Sugarloaf Knob, which contains the best examples of uncommon Boulderfield Forest in the county. Flint Mountain Boulderfields also contains these communities, as well as important records for rare land snails. These areas in the northern part of the county, including the adjacent Big Creek Macrosite, contain snail species not known elsewhere in the state. Areas in the southern part of the county, where mafic rock such as amphibolite and hornblende gneiss occur, form another set of sites that are significant for unusual community types and clusters of rare species. Sandymush Creek/Turkey Creek Gorge is an example of this, with its extensive population of piratebush (Buckleya distichophylla) and uncommon Montane Mafic Cliffs. Another example occurs at Ivy Bluffs Mafic Forests and Woodlands, where a surprisingly large cluster of rare plant species as well as rare, as-yet unclassified community types are present. Other sites in this part of the county include Montane Mafic Cliff communities at Bailey Bend Slopes and at Ivy River Dam Cliffs. For rare animal species, the Lower French Broad River Aquatic Habitat is the most important site in the county as well as one of Regional significance. Areas in central and southern Madison County, at sites such as Forks of Ivy Salamander Site and Sandymush Creek/Turkey Creek Gorge, are especially important for excellent populations of the rare southern zigzag salamander (Plethodon ventralis).

The Significant Natural Heritage Areas of Madison County are shown in Table 4. These sites fall into three categories, based on criteria developed by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program: standard sites, macrosites, and aquatic habitats. Standard sites are those containing from one to thousands of acres, with reasonably good integrity throughout. In certain cases, standard sites fall into distinct groups with strong geographical connections and ecological

48 relationships. Such clusters of standard sites are arranged within landscape-scale sites designated as Macrosites. In Madison County, these include the Hot Springs Window Macrosite and the Big Creek Macrosite, each of which contains several standard sites. Macrosites are delineated where a large area forms a relatively intact unit of natural land that is geographically and ecologically distinct. Undeveloped lands between standard sites in macrosites are typically of somewhat lower quality, but may contain ecologically important buffers, wildlife corridors, or landscape connections. Finally, Aquatic Habitats are recognized for the presence of rare aquatic species and are usually designated in waters with high water quality.

In Table 4, the sites are arranged geographically into groupings that reflect their location and association with different parts of the county. Standard sites contained within larger macrosites are indented in the table to illustrate the nested relationship. The Big Creek Macrosite contains three standard sites and the Hot Springs Window Macrosite contains all 14 of the sites in the Hot Springs Window section of the county. A detailed description of each of the sites is contained in the Site Descriptions section of this report, and a map of the county showing relative locations of these sites is provided at the beginning of that section.

Table 4. Significant Natural Heritage Areas in Madison County, North Carolina.

Site Significance: A = National B = State C = Regional D = County Rank

Aquatic Sites

Lower French Broad River Aquatic Habitat C Bald Mountains

Big Creek Macrosite C Black Pine Ridge C Whiteoak Flats Branch C Whiterock Cliffs C Big Flat/Rice Gap C Flint Mountain Boulderfields B Sams Gap/High Rock B Spillcorn/Locust Knob D Spillcorn/Richland Mountain D Street Gap Forest D Sugarloaf Knob B Central Madison County Sites

Big Rock Spring C Crooked Creek Meadow Bog C Forks of Ivy Salamander Site C Mars Hill Watershed D Max Patch/Roaring Fork Forest C Spring Creek Mountain C Spring Creek/Turkey Mountain D Walnut Mountains/Sevenmile Ridge D

Hot Springs Window

Hot Springs Window Macrosite B Big Laurel Creek Gorge C Davis Branch Floodplain B Deep Water Bridge Area C Doe Branch Forests D 50

Site Significance: A = National B = State C = Regional D = County Rank

Hot Springs Mountain C Lovers Leap/Stackhouse Slopes B Maidenhair Ravine D Mine Ridge D Mountain Island C Murray Branch Slopes B Paint Rock Road Natural Area B Spring Creek Gorge B Squirrel Branch Oaks D Stokely Hollow and Ridge B Southern Mafic Sites

Bailey Bend Slopes C Ivy Bluffs Mafic Forests and Woodlands B Ivy River Dam Cliffs C Sandymush Creek/Turkey Creek Gorge B

CONSERVATION OPTIONS

Since much of Madison County is in private ownership, protection of significant sites and connections between them will depend on the participation of land owners with assistance from local land trusts, local governments, and other agencies. Various options are available to land owners to promote conservation of their lands. These options can provide a financial incentive to conserve as well as provide assistance in conservation planning and management. In some cases, such options could make the difference between divesting land and retaining it for natural values.

Perhaps the most effective and common type of protection is the conservation easement. The conservation easement is a flexible option for permanently conserving land with natural, scenic, or cultural values. Conservation easements can be sold or donated, they confer state and federal tax benefits to the owner, and they are "in perpetuity" -- being affixed to the property deed. Additional assistance with transaction costs of land protection is often available through government conservation funds. Conservation easements can be very flexible, allowing owners continued use of their land. They are agreements that are entered into with a recognized conservation organization or government. A conservation easement allows the owner to retain title to the land and to retain the negotiated property rights. Negotiation between the owner and the conservation entity determines the extent to which property rights are modified, as well as the amount of financial benefit that the owner receives. Local land trusts are conservation organizations that frequently work with land owners to set up conservation easements. The Southern Appalachian Highlands Conservancy, located in Asheville, is a local land trust qualified to hold conservation easements in Madison County. The Conservation Trust for North Carolina (CTNC), located in Raleigh, can also help design conservation easements as well as refer interested individuals to a qualified land trust. CTNC is known for its interest in lands adjacent to the Blue Ridge Parkway. The North Carolina Chapter of The Nature Conservancy, based in Durham, is a particularly good option for lands that are of high biological significance. Assistance in identifying land trusts in North Carolina can be also obtained by contacting the N.C. Natural Heritage Program by telephone at (919) 707-8107 or by mail at 1601 MSC, Raleigh, NC 27699-1601. Land trusts and The Nature Conservancy can also help land owners negotiate a fee simple sale of property to a conservation organization.

Owners who are interested in simply improving the conservation value of their land can explore various cost-share programs that are available through the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) of the United States Department of Agriculture and the Madison County Soil and Water Conservation District. Programs exist for soil and water protection, reforestation, erosion concerns on agricultural land, enhancement of wildlife habitat, and restoration of riparian areas and streams. For information, contact the Madison County office of the NRCS located at 4388 Highway 25/70, Suite 2, Marshall, NC 28753; telephone (828) 649-3313 x 3.

Another option for landowners that would like assistance in achieving forest management goals is cost-sharing through the North Carolina Forest Stewardship Program, which is sponsored by

52 several state and federal agencies. Examples of the management plans this program encourages include controlled burning, reforestation with natural vegetation, maintenance of vegetative buffer strips along watercourses, and improvement of wildlife habitat, among others. For more information, contact the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service at 258 Carolina Lane, Marshall, NC 28753; telephone (828) 649-2411; or contact the local representative of one of the following partner agencies: North Carolina Division of Forest Resources, Natural Resources Conservation Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, Consolidated Farm Services Agency, Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, or North Carolina Division of Soil and Water Conservation.

One final option for owners who wish to preserve high quality land in a natural state is the North Carolina Registry of Natural Areas Program administered by the N.C. Natural Heritage Program. The program relies on voluntary agreements and provides management prescriptions, some degree of statutory protection from pipelines and transmission lines, and public recognition (if desired). Contact the N.C. Natural Heritage Program, 1601 MSC, Raleigh, NC 27699-1601; telephone (919) 707-8107.

AREAS FOR FURTHER SURVEY

Through the course of the inventory, additional areas were identified that would benefit from subsequent study. Additional specific work to survey for rare animal species is needed. Madison County is one of the most important counties in the state for rare land snails. Many are documented from the northernmost parts of the county, but additional surveys are needed in the areas west of the Big Creek Macrosite to NC Highway 208. Survey is needed at Green Ridge in the Big Creek watershed, which was not reached. Small mammal surveys in natural communities at Paint Rock Road Natural Area and Murray Branch Slopes have been limited in extent, yet many warm crevice habitats are present in the outcrops of the area. The county is a stronghold for the southern zigzag salamander (Plethodon ventralis), with several viable sites of occurrence. Additional survey for salamanders is needed on private lands in particular.

A need exists for further study and mapping of Acidic Shale Slope Woodland communities in Spring Creek Gorge. Additional acreage for this rare type is likely on the west side of Spring Creek, as well as in south-facing folds of topography on the slopes above NC Highway 209. Communities on mafic rock should be another target for future survey. Types associated with mafic rock occur across the southernmost edge of the county, from the Ivy River corridor west to Sandymush Creek, and support substantial populations of rare species. Additional populations of piratebush (Buckleya distichophylla) could easily occur in the Sandymush Creek drainage, and additional Montane Mafic Cliff and glade communities could be present in the French Broad River corridor. Areas in the Walnut Mountains of central Madison County could contain sizeable occurrences of more typical communities, such as Rich Cove Forest and Montane Oak-- Hickory Forest, though fragmentation from previous logging has been extensive in many parts of these mountains.

In the southwestern part of the county, there is a need to identify significant natural areas that also function as connections between Spring Creek Gorge and the Harmon Den region of adjacent Haywood County. Landscape connection through Pisgah National Forest itself is somewhat broken and limited in this part of the county. Surveys of privately-owned land in this area were limited substantially by owner permission for access to large forested tracts. Areas still worthy of survey include Foxtown Mountain and Cedar Knob near the community of Trust as well as any of the many small forested knobs and ridges west of Trust to Meadow Fork Mountain.

Finally, additional survey for rare plant species on the sedimentary formations in the Hot Springs Geologic Window would always be worthwhile given the rich soils of the Hot Springs Window and areas of mafic rock in the southern part of the county.

BIOLOGICAL SURVEYS AND ENDANGERED SPECIES LAWS

Obtaining land owner permission to survey is an integral part of biological inventory. Occasionally, however, permission to survey on private lands is not granted due to a belief that if a rare species is discovered, restrictions and land-use limitations will be imposed. Clearly, when this occurs, the scope of the inventory is reduced and an opportunity to collect scientific information is lost. Land owners who deny permission also fail to benefit from an opportunity to learn about the biological resources of their land and what conservation options and tax incentives might be available to them. Those who grant permission and are found to own significant lands are given results from the biological survey and, if they wish, are put in contact with an appropriate conservation organization, or are made aware of other management or protection options.

In reality, there is very little reason for landowners to have concerns about the presence of rare species on their land. This summary of federal and state endangered species laws relevant to private landowners was prepared by Mark A. Cantrell of the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service in Asheville, and by Kenneth A. Bridle, Ph.D. of the Piedmont Land Conservancy in Greensboro. It is presented below to help dispel concerns that landowners may have about rare species and to provide clarification on potential land-use restrictions.

FEDERAL LAW

1. The Endangered Species Act (ESA) protects only plants and animals that are federally listed as Endangered or Threatened. Since federally listed species are by definition very rare, the likelihood of their occurring on a given tract of private land is generally very small.

2. The ESA does protect federally listed animal species from the potentially harmful actions of private landowners. Because this may lead to restrictions on their use of lands, Congress, the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS), and a variety of partners have worked to develop flexible tools for resolving conflicts. These tools include Section 10 permits, such as habitat conservation plans, safe harbor agreements, and candidate conservation agreements. Federal funds are also available to assist landowners with management and conservation of listed and candidate species on their lands.

3. Engaging in trade in a federally listed species without a permit is illegal for both plants and animals. "Taking" (i.e., harassing, harming, pursuing, hunting, killing, or trapping) or illegally possessing federally listed animals is a violation of the ESA. Removing, digging up, cutting, damaging, or destroying a federally listed plant on public land, or on private land without the owner’s permission, is illegal.

4. Through the habitat conservation planning process, the USFWS may issue a permit so that private landowners can lawfully “take” a federally listed animal species if it is “incidental to and not the purpose of carrying out otherwise lawful activities.” These permits are available as long 55 as the landowner implements an approved conservation plan for the species, and the “taking” does not jeopardize the continued existence of the species. A private landowner is not required to prepare a conservation plan for the “taking” of federally listed plant species as long as the activity does not involve federal funding or permitting.

5. Under the ESA, private developers can obtain permits to legally harm or even kill federally listed species on their property provided that they show that attempts were made to minimize their impact on the species in other ways.

6. The existence of a federally listed plant species on private property legally has no effect on the landowner unless a project requires a federal permit or uses federal funds and will clearly result in the taking of a listed plant species. Landowners, individuals, and agencies are prohibited from taking endangered animals without authorization, whether the action is private or federally funded.

7. When critical habitat is designated for federally listed species, it applies only to federal actions, and not to the non-federal actions of private landowners.

STATE LAW

1. North Carolina endangered species laws apply to species listed by the state as endangered, threatened, or special concern.

2. The plant and animal endangered species laws are modelled after the ESA, in that they prohibit illegal trafficking or poaching of listed species.

3. The state endangered animal species law states that “no rule may be adopted that restricts use or development of private property.”

4. The state endangered plant species law specifically states that “the incidental disturbance of protected plants during agricultural, forestry or development operations is not illegal so long as the plants are not collected for sale or commercial use.”

REFERENCES

Buchanan, M. F., and J.T. Finnegan. 2010. Natural Heritage Program list of the rare plant species of North Carolina. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation and Community Affairs, N.C. Department of Environment and Natural Resources.

Caldwell, K. 2008. Comprehensive review and update of the Appalachian Trail Conservancy volunteer rare plants monitoring program in NC. Report from Kevin Caldwell, Mountains-to- Sea Ecological, Inc. 87 Ivy Bluffs Road, Marshall, NC, 28753 to the Appalachian Trail Conservancy.

Caldwell, K. 2010. Ivy Bluffs plant species list. Unpublished report to N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Natural Resource Planning and Conservation, DENR, Raleigh.

Heiman, K. 1995. Inventory of the Natural Areas of the French Broad Ranger District, Pisgah National Forest. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation, Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Heiman, K., and A. Smith. 1995. Natural areas inventory of Buncombe County, North Carolina. Report to N.C. Natural Heritage Program, DENR and Conservation Trust for North Carolina, Raleigh, NC.

Heiman, K.A., S. Hall, and H. LeGrand, Jr. 1993. Significant Natural Communities and Rare Plant and Animal Habitats of the Appalachian Trail Corridor in North Carolina and Tennessee. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation, DENR, Raleigh, NC.

Kelly, J. 2005. Old growth forest delineations from the Blue Ridge in 2005. Unpublished report to the Southern Appalachian Forest Coalition and the New Leaf Fund. 26 pp.

LeGrand, H.E., Jr., J.T. Finnegan, S.E. McRae, and S.P. Hall. 2010. Natural Heritage Program list of the rare animal species of North Carolina. N.C. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Natural Heritage Program, Raleigh, NC.

North Carolina Division of Water Quality (NCDWQ). December 2010 DRAFT. French Broad River Basinwide Water Quality Plan. N.C. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Water Quality, Raleigh, NC.

North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (NCNHP). Unpublished survey data in Element Occurrence Database. Last accessed November 2011.

North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC). Unpublished survey data in Aquatics Database. Queried 2010 April 06.

Oriel, S. S., 1950, Geology and mineral resources of the Hot Springs window, Madison County, North Carolina: North Carolina Div. Mineral Resources Bull. 60, 70 pp.

Peet, R.K., T.R. Wentworth, M.P. Schafale, & A.S. Weakley. 2007. The Carolina Vegetation Survey Plot Database. North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599.

Rodgers, J. 1953. Geologic map of east Tennessee with explanatory text: Tennessee Division of Geology Bulletin, no. 58, pt. 2, 167 pp.

Sather, J.D. 1982. An Ecosystematic Survey of Selected Areas of the Hot Springs Valley, Madison County, North Carolina. M.S. Thesis, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. 174 pp.

Schafale, M.P. 2010. Classification of the natural communities of North Carolina: Fourth Approximation (unpublished draft). N.C. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Natural Heritage Program, Raleigh, NC.

Schafale, M.P., and A.S. Weakley. 1990. Classification of the natural communities of North Carolina: Third Approximation. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation, Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources.

Smith, A.B. 1993. A survey of mountain wetlands communities. Report to N.C. Natural Heritage Program, DPR, DENR, Raleigh.

Weakley, A.S. 2010. Flora of the southern and mid-Atlantic states: Working Draft of 8 March, 2010. University of North Carolina Herbarium (NCU), North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. 994 pp.

SITE DESCRIPTIONS

This section contains descriptions for 39 Significant Natural Heritage Areas (SNHAs) in Madison County. In this report, the SNHAs are loosely referred to as “sites”. Most of them are typical terrestrial sites that are significant for rare species or exemplary natural community types. However, two are very large landscape-scale sites and one is a significant aquatic habitat. The site descriptions that follow are presented geographically, according to where they are located in the county. They are arranged into the following groups: sites in the Bald Mountains near the North Carolina-Tennessee state line; those in the Hot Springs geologic window; sites across central Madison County; sites associated with mafic rock in the southern portion of the county; and one significant aquatic habitat.

Several different types of sites occur in Madison County. 1) Standard sites can range in size from one to thousands of acres and contain rare species or exemplary natural community types; most of the sites in the county are of this type. 2) Aquatic habitats are waters usually containing good physical/chemical water quality ratings and rare species that are also biological indicators of good water quality. 3) Landscape-scale sites, namely the Big Creek Macrosite and Hot Springs Window Macrosite, are very large areas designated where clusters of standard sites have strong geographical and ecological relationships in a viable natural landscape context. Standard sites located within landscape-scale sites are generally assumed to have better long-term viability and ecological significance. Landscape-scale sites typically contain lands of lower quality that lie between standard sites and, although they may contain more roads, clearings, or logged areas, they are not highly developed. Collectively, all of these types of sites -- standard sites, aquatic habitats, and macrosites -- are officially known as Significant Natural Heritage Areas.

Figure 5 shows the locations of SNHAs in the county. It is followed by descriptions and maps for each of the sites. The names of quadrangle maps all refer to the 1:24,000 scale U.S. Geological Survey topographic map on which the site occurs. Each site is assigned one of four levels of biological significance resulting from comparison of site attributes with those of similar sites. The levels of significance are defined as:

National Significance: Sites that contain examples of natural communities, rare plant or animal populations, or other significant ecological features that are among the highest quality or best of their kind in the nation. No sites in the county are currently considered to merit national significance.

State Significance: Sites that contain examples of natural communities, rare plant or animal populations, or other significant ecological features that are among the highest quality occurrences in North Carolina after nationally significant examples. There may be comparable (or more significant) sites elsewhere in the nation or within the state.

Regional Significance: Sites that contain examples of natural communities or species that are represented elsewhere in the state by better quality examples, but that are among the outstanding examples in their geographic region of the state. The geographic region within which they are considered is based on location and geologic and/or geomorphic similarity.

County Significance: Sites that do not rank of regional significance, but that are significant biological resources at the county level. These may include sites with a good example of a fairly common community type, a species that is rare in the state but widespread in other parts of the nation or in neighboring states, or a site that has been greatly reduced from its original quality but that still has significance.

Names of natural community types correspond to those in Classification of the Natural Communities of North Carolina: Third Approximation (Schafale and Weakley, 1990), except in certain instances where they follow Schafale (2010).

Rare animal species names and statuses are from the Natural Heritage Program List of the Rare Animal Species of North Carolina (LeGrand et al., 2010).

Rare plant species names and statuses are as listed in the Natural Heritage Program List of the Rare Plant Species of North Carolina (Buchanan and Finnegan, 2010). Watch List plant species -- those that are generally uncommon and that may be determined to be rare in the future -- appear in some descriptions; the various Watch List categories are described completely in Buchanan and Finnegan (2010).

* Certain Watch List plant species that are considered threatened by exploitation rather than by natural rarity (i.e. Watch List category W5B) are denoted by * where they are listed in the site descriptions.

Significant Natural Heritage Areas of Madison County, North Carolina

-LEGEND Figure 5

Aquatic Site 1. Lower French Broad River Aquatic Hot Springs Window Habitat 21. Big Laurel Creek Gorge 22. Davis Branch Floodplain Bald Mountains 23. Deep Water Bridge Area 2. Big Creek Macrosite 24. Doe Branch Forests 3. Big Flat/Rice Gap 25. Hot Springs Mountain 4. Black Pine Ridge 26. Hot Springs Window Macrosite 5. Flint Mountain Boulderfields 27. Lovers Leap/Stackhouse Slopes 6. Sams Gap/High Rock 28. Maidenhair Ravine 7. Spillcorn/Locust Knob 29. Mine Ridge 8. Spillcorn/Richland Mountain 30. Mountain Island 9. Street Gap Forest 31. Murray Branch Slopes 10. Sugarloaf Knob 32. Paint Rock Road Natural Area 11. Whiteoak Flats Branch 33. Spring Creek Gorge 12. Whiterock Cliffs 34. Squirrel Branch Oaks 35. Stokely Hollow And Ridge Central Madison County Sites 13. Big Rock Spring Southern Mafic Sites 14. Crooked Creek Meadow Bog 36. Bailey Bend Slopes 15. Forks Of Ivy Salamander Site 37. Ivy Bluffs Mafic Forests and Woodlands 16. Mars Hill Watershed 38. Ivy River Dam Cliffs 17. Max Patch/Roaring Fork Forest 39. Sandymush Creek/Turkey Creek Gorge 18. Spring Creek Mountain 19. Spring Creek/Turkey Mountain 20. Walnut Mountains/Sevenmile Ridge

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LOWER FRENCH BROAD RIVER AQUATIC HABITAT Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: Regional Length: 66 river miles Quadrangles: Paint Rock, Hot Springs, Ownership: North Carolina Public Waters White Rock, Spring Creek, Marshall, Mars Hill, Leicester

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: Lower French Broad River Aquatic Habitat is located almost entirely within Madison County. It contains a diversity of rare aquatic species, including: the Federal Species of Concern and State Endangered paddlefish (Polyodon spathula – no records since early 1980s); the Federal Species of Concern and State Special Concern hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis), olive darter (Percina squamata), and southern blotched chub (Erimystax insignis eristigma); the State Endangered stonecat (Noturus flavus); the State Threatened banded sculpin (Cottus carolinae), American brook lamprey (Lampetra appendix), and logperch (Percina caprodes); the State Special Concern eastern spiny softshell (Apalone spinifera spinifera), common mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus), loggerhead musk turtle (Sternotherus minor), freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), river carpsucker (Carpiodes carpio), mooneye (Hiodon tergisus), and mountain madtom (Noturus eleutherus); the Significantly Rare Cumberland slider (Trachemys scripta troostii), quillback (Carpiodes cyprinus), Ohio lamprey (Ichthyomyzon bdellium), smallmouth buffalo (Ictiobus bubalus), black buffalo (Ictiobus niger), smallmouth redhorse (Moxostoma breviceps), highland shiner (Notropis micropteryx), mimic shiner (Notropis volucellus), pink heelsplitter (Potamilus alatus – shell collected in 2010), sauger (Sander canadensis), northern stone (Agnetina capitata), dark stripetail (Isoperla lata), spiny salmonfly (Pteronarcys comstocki), and a mayfly (Drunella lata).

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The French Broad River originates in Transylvania County, North Carolina, from Courthouse Falls and is formed with the confluence of several ‘forks’ of the river: North Fork, West Fork, and Middle Fork. The French Broad River flows generally north/northwest through Henderson, Buncombe, and Madison counties, where it enters Tennessee. Lower French Broad River Aquatic Habitat begins in northern Buncombe County approximately one mile from the Madison County line and extends downstream to the North Carolina/Tennessee state line. Additionally, there are several tributaries to the French Broad River that are part of the Aquatic Habitat. The Aquatic Habitat includes: Sandymush Creek (app. 5 river miles), Ivy River (app. 12 river miles), Little Ivy River (app. 2 river miles), Big Laurel Creek (app. 6 river miles), Shelton Laurel Creek (app. 3 river miles), Spring Creek (app. 5 river miles), Shut-In Creek (app. 2 river miles), Grass Creek (app. 1 river mile), and the mainstem French Broad River (app. 30 river miles), totaling approximately 66 river miles. Capitola Dam and Redmon (Marshall) Dam are run-of-river dams and span the French Broad River at Marshall and downstream, respectively, but because there are rare species both above and below these dams, the Aquatic Habitat includes the dams. The Aquatic Habitat is contained entirely within the Southern Blue Ridge Ecoregion. The following Significant Natural Heritage

Areas are located along the Lower French Broad River Aquatic Habitat: Big Laurel Creek Gorge, Deep Water Bridge Area, Hot Springs Mountain, Doe Branch Forests, Ivy River Dam Cliffs, Ivy Bluffs Mafic Forests and Woodlands, Lovers Leap/Stackhouse Slopes, Maidenhair Ravine, Mine Ridge, Murray Branch Slopes, Paint Rock Road Natural Area, Sandymush Creek/Turkey Creek Gorge, Spring Creek Gorge, Squirrel Branch Oaks, Stokely Hollow and Ridge. There is some farming in the vicinity of the Aquatic Habitat, although the majority of the land is forested. The towns of Marshall and Hot Springs are located along the Aquatic Habitat in Madison County. .

The French Broad River is part of the French Broad River Basin in North Carolina and the larger Tennessee River Basin. After leaving North Carolina, the French Broad River flows westerly towards Knoxville, Tennessee, where it joins the Holston River and becomes known as the Tennessee River. The Tennessee River then flows through Tennessee, Alabama, and into Kentucky where it joins the Ohio River at Paducah. The Ohio River then flows to the Mississippi River and down to the Gulf of Mexico.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Lower French Broad River Aquatic Habitat is located primarily in Madison County, although a small segment of the French Broad River in Buncombe County is included, in addition to the lower portion of Sandymush Creek on the Buncombe/Madison County line. The Aquatic Habitat includes approximately 30 miles of the mainstem French Broad River in addition to approximately 36 miles of tributaries, which contain a variety of aquatic habitats that support a large diversity of organisms. In addition to the species noted above, the waters of the Lower French Broad River Aquatic Habitat support the following animals, collected during recent monitoring efforts by the NC Division of Water Quality, NC Wildlife Resources Commission, NC Museum of Natural Sciences, and Tennessee Valley Authority. Reptiles: eastern river cooter (Pseudemys concinna concinna) Fishes: rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris), central stoneroller (Campostoma anomalum), white sucker (Catostomus commersonii), mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdii), whitetail shiner (Cyprinella galactura), spotfin shiner (C. spiloptera), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), greenside darter (Etheostoma blennioides), greenfin darter (E. chlorobranchium), fantail darter (E. flabellare), redline darter (E. rufilineatum), Swannanoa darter (E. swannanoa), banded darter (E. zonale), bigeye chub (Hybopsis amblops), northern hogsucker (Hypentelium nigricans), chestnut lamprey (Ichthyomyzon castaneus), mountain brook lamprey (Ichthyomyzon greeleyi), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus), redbreast sunfish (Lepomis auritus), green sunfish (L. cyanellus), bluegill (L. macrochirus), redear sunfish (L. microlophus), warpaint shiner (Luxilus coccogenis), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), spotted bass (M. punctulatus), largemouth bass (M. salmoides), white bass (Morone chrysops), silver redhorse (Moxostoma anisurum), river redhorse (M. carinatum), black redhorse (M. duquesnei), golden redhorse (M. erythrurum), river chub (Nocomis micropogon), golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas), tennessee shiner (Notropis leuciodus), silver shiner (N. photogenis), saffron shiner (N. rubricroceus), mirror shiner (N. spectrunculus), telescope shiner (N. telescopus), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), tangerine darter (Percina aurantiaca), gilt darter (P. evides), bullhead minnow

(Pimephales vigilax), black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus), flathead catfish (Pylodictis olivaris), blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus), longnose dace (R. cataractae), brown trout (Salmo trutta), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), walleye (Sander vitreus), creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus); crayfishes: Appalachian brook crayfish (Cambarus (Cambarus) bartonii); Snails: Physidae and Planorbidae species.

The dusky darter (Percina sciera) was previously reported from the site but the original specimen has since been determined to be a misidentification.

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: The land surrounding Lower French Broad River Aquatic Habitat upstream of the town of Hot Springs is almost entirely in private ownership, with the exception of lands around Sandymush Creek on the Madison/Buncombe County line that are part of the Sandy Mush Game Land. In the area of Hot Springs, lands are largely forested and part of the Pisgah National Forest Appalachian Ranger District. The lower portion of Big Laurel Creek watershed is part of Pisgah National Forest while the upper watershed is in private ownership. The Big Laurel Creek Gorge Registered Natural Heritage Area exists within the National Forest. Spring Creek watershed has both private landholdings and National Forest lands. The upper portions of both Shut-In Creek and Grass Creek are in National Forest while the lower portions of those watersheds are largely in private ownership. The majority of the land surrounding the mainstem French Broad River in the vicinity of Hot Springs is part of Pisgah National Forest, particularly on the east side of the river. Paint Rock Road Registered Natural Heritage Area exists within the National Forest downstream of Hot Springs.

The Ivy Creek watershed is largely designated as High Quality Waters, a supplemental classification because it is a water supply watershed. Additionally, the entire Big Laurel Creek watershed and Spring Creek watershed are supplementally classified as Outstanding Resource Waters. High Quality and Outstanding Resource Waters supplemental classifications afford water quality protection to affected watersheds. Due to the ORW designation for Big Laurel Creek and Spring Creek watersheds and HQW/WSW designation for Ivy Creek watershed, a large portion of Madison County is afforded additional water quality protection. Additionally, Shut-In Creek, Spring Creek, and Big Laurel Creek are classified as Trout waters in portions of the Lower French Broad River Aquatic Habitat. French Broad River is on the 2010 303d list of impaired waters from Craggy Dam in Buncombe County downstream to the North Carolina/Tennessee state line. The river is impaired due to standards violation for turbidity affecting aquatic life.

The French Broad River is of recreational importance due its popularity for rafting and fishing. There are several rafting outfitters operating on various stretches of the French Broad River, particularly in Madison County. Development is minimal along the Lower French Broad River Aquatic Habitat with much of the land in public ownership, creating a very scenic river corridor.

RARE ANIMALS: Vertebrates -- eastern spiny softshell (Apalone spinifera spinifera), hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis), common mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus),

69 loggerhead musk turtle (Sternotherus minor), Cumberland slider (Trachemys scripta troostii), freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), river carpsucker (Carpiodes carpio), quillback (Carpiodes cyprinus), banded sculpin (Cottus carolinae), southern blotched chub (Erimystax insignis eristigma), mooneye (Hiodon tergisus), Ohio lamprey (Ichthyomyzon bdellium), smallmouth buffalo (Ictiobus bubalus), black buffalo (Ictiobus niger), American brook lamprey (Lampetra appendix), smallmouth redhorse (Moxostoma breviceps), highland shiner (Notropis micropteryx), mimic shiner (Notropis volucellus), mountain madtom (Noturus eleutherus), stonecat (Noturus flavus), logperch (Percina caprodes), olive darter (Percina squamata), paddlefish (Polyodon spathula), sauger (Sander canadensis). Invertebrates -- pink heelsplitter (Potamilus alatus), northern stone (Agnetina capitata), dark stripetail (Isoperla lata), spiny salmonfly (Pteronarcys comstocki), a mayfly (Drunella lata). The dusky darter (Percina sciera) was previously reported from the site but the original specimen has since been determined to be a misidentification.

REFERENCES:

North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC). Queried 2010 April 06. Unpublished survey data in Aquatics Database.

BALD MOUNTAINS

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prepred2y2xFgF2xturl2reritge2rogrm2E2QGII Madison County Natural Areas Inventory

BIG CREEK MACROSITE Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: Regional Size: 6,916 acres Quadrangles: Greystone, Flag Pond Ownership: U.S. Forest Service

INCLUDED SIGNIFICANT NATURAL HERITAGE AREAS (with significance): Black Pine Ridge (Regional), Whiteoak Flats Branch (Regional), Whiterock Cliffs (Regional).

SITE DESCRIPTION: The Big Creek Macrosite occurs within the Appalachian Ranger District of Pisgah National Forest and is part of a nearly 16,000-acre section of the national forest that extends west to N.C. Highway 209. The macrosite encompasses a large swath of the northern end of Madison County and is bordered by extensive forested areas in the Cherokee National Forest of Tennessee. It is in the watershed of Shelton Laurel Creek, a major tributary of the French Broad River. From its confluence with Shelton Laurel Creek, Big Creek extends through the macrosite for over 5 miles. Aside from its size and landscape attributes, it is highly significant for a large cluster of rare terrestrial snail species. The Appalachian Trail forms the site’s northern boundary along the crest of the Bald Mountains. Big Creek Macrosite is a multiple-use recreational area with two gravel roads, many hiking trails, and numerous gated logging roads. It is especially popular for hunting, fishing, and hiking.

Elevations within the site range from 2,400 feet along Big Creek to 4,836 feet at Big Rocks along the Appalachian Trail. The topography of the area is a convoluted system of mountain coves, slopes, spur ridges, and crests. Most of the topography is steep to very steep, though some flat topography occurs along Big Creek and near Whiteoak Flats. Three standard Significant Natural Heritage Areas (SNHA) are located within the macrosite: Whiterock Cliffs, Whiteoak Flats Branch, and Black Pine Ridge, which contain exemplary Rich Cove Forest, Montane Oak--Hickory Forest, Chestnut Oak Forest, Canada Hemlock Forest, Low Elevation Rocky Summit, and Heath Bald types. Active timber management in other parts of the macrosite has produced extensive younger second growth forest, to perhaps 50 years old, especially in the lower elevations. Older forests, to perhaps 70-80 years old, are more frequent on steeper topography or at higher elevations. Overall, the site consists of moderate quality, mid- successional forest, with the exception of some of the ridge tops and steeper slopes where late- successional forest stands occur.

Rare species that are present in the macrosite but which are not in the standard sites are the Significantly Rare southern loosestrife (Lysimachia tonsa) and an important cluster of rare terrestrial snail species: the State Threatened sculpted supercoil (Paravitrea ternaria); the Special Concern bidentate dome (Ventridens coelaxis), high mountain supercoil (Paravitrea andrewsae), glossy supercoil (Paravitrea placentula), and sawtooth disc (Discus bryanti); and the Significantly Rare hollow dome (Ventridens lasmodon) and talus coil (Helicodiscus triodus).

The Low Elevation Rocky Summit community at Whiterock Cliffs SNHA has supported breeding peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) for several decades.

Small rock outcrops occur at scattered locations across the macrosite, but are well-developed in the Low Elevation Rocky Summit community within the Whiterock Cliffs SNHA. The rocky summit at Whiterock Cliffs, which has vertical rock 200 feet in height, provides nesting habitat for the State Endangered peregrine falcon.

The site includes abundant habitat for amphibians, particularly salamanders, including the uncommon Jordan’s salamander (Plethodon jordani) and northern slimy salamander (Plethodon glutinosus). Other uncommon animal species include the winter wren (Troglodytes hiemalis) and rose-breasted grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus). An abundance of oak mast and large size produces excellent habitat for black bears (Ursus americanus).

Animal species documented from the site that are considered to be indicators of high ecological integrity include the following: Jordan’s salamander , northern slimy salamander, Blue Ridge two-lined salamander (Eurycea wilderae), wood frog (Rana sylvatica), wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), broad-winged hawk (Buteo platypterus), peregrine falcon, Acadian flycatcher (Empidonax virescens), white-breasted nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis), winter wren, wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), veery (Catharus fuscescens), red-eyed vireo (Vireo olivaceus), blue- headed vireo (Vireo solitarius), black-throated green warbler (Dendroica virens), black-and- white warbler (Mniotilta varia), black-throated blue warbler (Dendroica caerulescens), Canada warbler (Wilsonia canadensis), Louisiana waterthrush (Seiurus motacilla), worm-eating warbler (Helmitheros vermivorus), hooded warbler (Wilsonia citrina), ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus), scarlet tanager (Piranga olivacea), rose-breasted grosbeak, and black bear.

REFERENCES:

Rossell, C.R., Jr. 2010. Site Survey Report: Big Creek Macrosite. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

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prepred2y2xFgF2xturl2reritge2rogrm2E2QGII Madison County Natural Areas Inventory

BLACK PINE RIDGE Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: Regional Size: 136 acres Quadrangle: Greystone Ownership: U.S. Forest Service

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The site contains a very mature example of Rich Cove Forest with elements of the Northern Hardwood Forest type, with clear indications of influence by circumneutral calcareous or mafic rock.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The site is included in the 7,000-acre Big Creek Macrosite, which is part of a larger 16,000-acre patch of contiguous forest in Pisgah National Forest. The site is thus indirectly linked to a much larger forested area in the Cherokee National Forest of eastern Tennessee. Areas bordering on the south consist of forest patches and clearings on private land in the inhabited Shelton Laurel section of the county. Whiteoak Flats Branch SNHA is 1.5 air miles to the west. Whiterock Cliffs SNHA is 2.8 air miles to the northwest. Sugarloaf Knob is 2.0 air miles to the south. Big Flat/Rice Gap SNHA is 3.0 air miles to the south-southeast. Sams Gap/High Rock SNHA is 5.0 air miles to the south-southeast.

SITE DESCRIPTION: The site consists of steep north-facing slopes above Dry Creek, a tributary of Big Creek. At elevations between 2,800-3,600 feet, it is in the transition zone between Rich Cove Forest and Northern Hardwood Forest. It shows little sign of recent disturbance, but a forest road crosses the slopes from below. Portions of the site have been logged in the past but are now mature. Some areas support very mature older growth forest with some characteristics of old growth such as course woody debris, fallen trees, or pit and mound microtopography. A good representation of cavity trees is present. Some trees have diameters in excess of 30 inches in the older patches. The majority of the site supports Rich Cove Forest that is gradational to Northern Hardwood Forest. Small areas of drier oak-dominated forest are present on more exposed ridgetops and upper slopes.

The Rich Cove Forest canopy is dominated by sugar maple (Acer saccharum), with smaller numbers of white ash (Fraxinus americana), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), red oak (Quercus rubra), black cherry (Prunus serotina), and basswood (Tilia americana). Shagbark hickory (Carya ovata), a strong indicator of circumneutral soils, is also present in appreciable numbers. Red maple (Acer rubrum), Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), and Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri) are less frequent. Some canopy trees to more than 30 inches in diameter are present. The understory contains saplings of the canopy, as well as striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), white pine (Pinus strobus), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), and flowering dogwood (Cornus florida). Hop-hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana) is notably frequent in some portions. The shrub layer is sparse to moderately dense, with occasional patches of rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum). Elsewhere, deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), blueberry (Vaccinium sp.), and Allegheny blackberry (Rubus

77 allegheniensis) are occasional. The herb layer is diverse and indicative of the type, although certain elements of Northern Hardwood Forest are also present. It includes wood nettle (Laportea canadensis), Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), Dutchman’s-breeches (Dicentra cucullaria), yellow jewelweed (Impatiens pallida), Canada waterleaf (Hydrophyllum canadense), common white heart-leaved aster (Eurybia divaricata), cove bladder fern (Cystopteris protrusa), common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), Curtis’ aster (Symphyotrichum retroflexum), the uncommon Canada leaf-cup (Polymnia canadensis), blackbead lily (Clintonia umbellulata), Canada horse-balm (Collinsonia canadensis), yellow mandarin (Prosartes lanuginosa), ramps (Allium tricoccum), turk’s-cap lily (Lilium superbum), white snakeroot (Ageratina altissima), Indian cucumber-root (Medeola virginiana), may-apple (Podophyllum peltatum), American lopseed (Phryma leptostachya), eastern spring-beauty (Claytonia virginica), and in wetter areas bee-balm (Monarda didyma) and cinnamon fern (Osmundastrum cinnamomeum) are present. The vine Dutchman’s-pipe (Aristolochia macrophylla) is occasional. Walking fern (Asplenium rhizophyllum), and the uncommon Canada leaf-cup, both indicators of circumneutral conditions, occur near outcrops on the slopes. The uncommon purple cliff-brake (Pellaea atropurpurea) was previously reported from the site but its presence has not been verified.

Small areas of Acidic Cove Forest, with an understory of dense rosebay rhododendron, occur in a matrix with the Rich Cove Forest. Forests dominated by a variety of oaks and hickories, including substantial numbers of shagbark hickory, occur at the margins of the site and along drier ridgetops. The presence of shagbark hickory as well as hop-hornbeam in these areas is indicative of a rich rock type.

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: The site contains pockets of older growth forest in a matrix of mature forest. The forests should mature further without disturbance from logging. The areas on thin soils near the summit bluff are vulnerable to mechanical disturbance. Non- native invasive plant species do not appear to be a threat to the site.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Rich Cove Forest.

RARE PLANTS: None documented.

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Canada leaf-cup (Polymnia canadensis), common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa)*.

RARE ANIMALS: None documented.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None documented.

REFERENCES:

Heiman, K.A. 1995. Inventory of the Natural Areas of the French Broad Ranger District, Pisgah National Forest. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation, DENR, Raleigh.

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Survey Report: Black Pine Ridge. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

Rossell, C.R., Jr. 2010. Site Survey Report: Big Creek Macrosite. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

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prepred2y2xFgF2xturl2reritge2rogrm2E2QGII Madison County Natural Areas Inventory

WHITEOAK FLATS BRANCH Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: County Size: 48 acres Quadrangle: Greystone Ownership: U.S. Forest Service

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The site contains good examples of Rich Cove Forest and Montane Oak--Hickory Forest communities, as well as an example of Canada Hemlock Forest.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Other than a clearing which borders on the northwest site boundary, the site is surrounded by forested land in Pisgah National Forest. It is included in the 7,000-acre Big Creek Macrosite, which is part of a larger 16,000-acre patch of contiguous forest in Pisgah National Forest. This section of Pisgah National Forest is contiguous with a much larger forested area in the Cherokee National Forest of eastern Tennessee. The Whiterock Cliffs SNHA is 1.25 air miles to the northwest. Black Pine Ridge SNHA is 1.5 air miles to the northeast. Sugarloaf Knob SNHA is 2.6 air miles to the southeast.

SITE DESCRIPTION: The site is located in the upper part of the Shelton Laurel Creek watershed. Whiteoak Flats Branch is a perennial tributary of Big Creek, which drains the northernmost tip of Madison County. Whiteoak Flats Branch bisects the site, which lies at elevations between 3,000 and 3,400 feet. The site is located below a small, unusually flat basin on Whiteoak Flats Branch was formerly was included in the site before areas surrounding it were logged. The site has relatively muted topography, consisting of gentle coves, slopes, and a small ridge. It supports examples of Rich Cove Forest and Montane Oak--Hickory Forest, as well as a small patch of Canada Hemlock Forest with good habitat for amphibians.

Rich Cove Forest of moderate maturity is present on lower slopes and in coves in the more sheltered portions of the site. Its canopy consists of sugar maple (Acer saccharum), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), basswood (Tilia americana), and red maple (Acer rubrum). The understory is moderately dense and supports saplings of the canopy as well as sweet birch (Betula lenta), slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), and Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri). The shrub layer is sparse, with infrequent smooth hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens) being most prevalent. Deerberry (Vaccinum stamineum), dryland blueberry (Vaccinium pallidum), and buffalo-nut (Pyrularia pubera) are also present. The herb layer is moderately dense and diverse, supporting typical species such as Canada waterleaf (Hydrophyllum canadense), trillium (Trillium spp.), jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), yellow mandarin (Prosartes lanuginosa), blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), and wood nettle (Laportea canadensis), as well as less common species such as wild ginger (Asarum canadense), fernleaf phacelia (Phacelia bipinnatifida), and others. Wetter areas near the stream support pink turtleheads (Chelone lyonii) and tassel-rue (Trautvetteria carolinensis).

One mesic, relatively flat area on Whiteoak Flats Branch, just below the cleared alluvial flats, supports a small example of Canada Hemlock Forest. It has a canopy dominated by mature Canada hemlock with only occasional cove hardwood tree species. Its heavily shaded understory supports few species. Shrubs are limited to rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), sweet-pepperbush (Clethra acuminata), and dog-hobble (Leucothoe fontanesiana). The sparse herb layer includes partridgeberry (Mitchella repens), Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), indian cucumber-root (Medeola virginiana), pipsissewa (Chimaphila maculata), and downy rattlesnake-plantain (Goodyera pubescens). The relatively flat, wide riparian zone contains numerous small vernal pools, as well as considerable amounts of large and decaying downed woody debris. Animal surveys here identified two uncommon species, Jordan’s salamander (Plethodon jordani) and northern slimy salamander (Plethodon glutinosus), as well as the black-bellied salamander (Desmognathus quadramaculatus), mountain dusky salamander (Desmognathus ochrophaeus), seal salamander (Desmognathus monticola), redback salamander (Plethodon cinereus), and Blue Ridge two-lined salamander (Eurycea wilderae).

Montane Oak--Hickory Forest occurs on the higher ridge in the southern lobe of the site. It has a mature canopy dominated by red oak (Quercus rubra) and chestnut oak (Quercus montana). The moderately dense understory supports those species, as well as substantial red maple (Acer rubrum). Shrubs are moderately dense, with patches of rosebay rhododendron and mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) being predominant. The herb layer is fairly sparse and supports goldenrods (Solidago spp.), common white heart-leaved aster (Eurybia divaricata), false Solomon’s-seal (Maianthemum racemosum), round-leaf yellow violet (Viola rotundifolia), dwarf crested iris (Iris cristata), downy rattlesnake-plantain, rattlesnake-root (Prenanthes sp.), indian cucumber-root, forest bedstraw (Galium circaezans), false Solomon’s-seal, common blue wood aster (Symphyotrichum cordifolium), bird’s-foot violet (Viola pedata), early meadowrue (Thalictrum dioicum), wild geranium (Geranium maculatum), perfoliate bellwort (Uvularia perfoliata), and Appalachian bellflower (Campanula divaricata), as well as Christmas fern and New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis). Blackberry (Rubus spp.) and vines such as Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolius) are occasional.

Very mature, older growth forest was reported in the 1990s from this site, but much of what remains is of moderate maturity. The site boundaries were reduced to remove fields and areas that have been harvested in the last decade or so.

The uncommon waterfan lichen (Peltigera hydrothyria), formerly listed as rare, was documented previously from the site.

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: The site should be allowed to mature further without disturbance. Ground-disturbing activity such as trail/roadbed improvement should be avoided, as it could promote headward erosion of the streambed, with negative effects on the flat area with vernal pools. The hemlock woolly adelgid was not noted in the small Canada Hemlock Forest along Whiteoak Flats Branch. The wildlife clearing in the alluvial flat area that borders the site on the northwest has some non-native species such as multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) and Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), but they do not appear to pose a threat to the site.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Rich Cove Forest, Montane Oak--Hickory Forest, Canada Hemlock Forest.

RARE PLANTS: None documented.

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Waterfan lichen (Peltigera hydrothyria).

RARE ANIMALS: None documented.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: Jordan’s salamander (Plethodon jordani) and northern slimy salamander (Plethodon glutinosus).

REFERENCES:

Heiman, K.A. 1995. Inventory of the Natural Areas of the French Broad Ranger District, Pisgah National Forest. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation, DENR, Raleigh.

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Survey Report: Whiteoak Flats Branch. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

Rossell, C.R., Jr. 2010. Site Survey Report: Big Creek Macrosite. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

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prepred2y2xFgF2xturl2reritge2rogrm2E2QGII Madison County Natural Areas Inventory

WHITEROCK CLIFFS Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: Regional Size: 441 acres Quadrangle: Greystone Ownership: U.S. Forest Service

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The site has supported breeding pairs of the State Endangered peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) consistently since 1988. A suite of middle to high elevation communities are present, including Low Elevation Rocky Summit, Montane Acidic Cliff, Heath Bald, Canada Hemlock Forest, Northern Hardwood Forest, High Elevation Red Oak Forest, and Montane Acidic Cliff. The Canada Hemlock Forest has an old growth component. The site is located within the Big Creek Macrosite and is surrounded by thousands of acres of forested lands in North Carolina and Tennessee.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The site is almost completely surrounded by forested land and is included in the 7,000-acre Big Creek Macrosite, which is part of a larger 16,000-acre patch of contiguous forest in Pisgah National Forest. The site is contiguous with a much larger forested area in the Cherokee National Forest of eastern Tennessee. A cleared area of about 30 acres borders the site on the northwest. Whiteoak Flats Branch SNHA is 1.0 air mile to the east- southeast. Black Pine Ridge SNHA is 2.8 air miles to the east. Sugarloaf Knob SNHA is 3.7 air miles to the southeast.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Whiterock Cliffs is situated in Pisgah National Forest in the Bald Mountain range, along the northern county boundary. It is centered in a large patch of the national forest that extends continuously for 10 miles along the North Carolina-Tennessee state line, in the Shelton Laurel Creek section of the county. The Appalachian Trail follows the upper margin of the site. Elevations in the site range from 2,800 to 4,400 feet. Most of the site consists of very steep, rocky slopes with deeply-cut ravines along drainages. The slopes culminate at steep cliff lines in two locations, with areas of gentler topography above them. Whiterock Cliffs and Baxter Cliffs occur at around 4,000 feet in elevation. Both have an elevational increase of at least 200 feet, with faces that are vertical and quite inaccessible. Whiterock Cliffs has been documented as successful breeding habitat for peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) since the 1980’s. The site is drained by several perennial branches of Hickey Fork. The communities within the site appear to occur on acidic rock, mapped primarily as fine-grained sandstones, with some slate and metamorphosed siltstone.

Northern Hardwood Forest is fairly widespread on open middle and upper slope areas, as well as on the crest above the cliffs. The most exposed areas on the crest show signs of natural disturbance, perhaps from ice and wind storms. The canopy is dominated by a mixture of yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), sweet birch (Betula lenta), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), black cherry (Prunus serotina), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), and Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri), with occasional white ash (Fraxinus americana), red oak (Quercus rubra), and Canada

85 hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). The understory ranges from sparse to fairly dense, depending on canopy condition. It supports saplings of the canopy species, as well as striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), red maple (Acer rubrum), alternate-leaved dogwood (Cornus alternifolia), and mountain holly (Ilex montana). The shrub layer is dense in many areas and dominated by rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum). Elsewhere, smooth hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens), Canada elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), and witch-hobble (Viburnum lantanoides) are scattered. Sweet-pepperbush (Clethra acuminata) is infrequent in open areas along drainages. The herb layer varies from very sparse in rhododendron thickets to moderately dense elsewhere. It supports tall white violet (Viola canadensis), halberd-leaved violet (Viola hastata), blackbead lily (Clintonia umbellulata), false Solomon’s-seal (Maianthemum racemosum), Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), marginal woodfern (Dryopteris marginalis), fancy fern (Dryopteris intermedia), New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), Canada mayflower (Maianthemum canadense), whorled nodding aster (Oclemena acuminata), common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), Curtis’ goldenrod (Solidago curtisii), white snakeroot (Ageratina altissima), common white heart-leaved aster (Eurybia divaricata), shining clubmoss (Huperzia lucidula), and Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum). Minor seep areas with mountain meadowrue (Thalictrum clavatum), umbrella-leaf (Diphylleia cymosa), pink turtleheads (Chelone lyonii), orange jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), yellow jewelweed (Impatiens pallida), wood nettle (Laportea canadensis), and bee-balm (Monarda didyma) occur within the forest in a few headwater areas.

Smaller areas of High Elevation Red Oak Forest occur on upper crests in the area around Huckleberry Gap on exposed crest areas. Its canopy is semi-open to closed and is dominated by mature red oak. Also present are sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), chestnut oak (Quercus montana), red maple, and white oak (Quercus alba). The understory supports red oak, red maple, striped maple, sourwood, Fraser magnolia, cucumber-tree (Magnolia acuminata), and American chestnut (Castanea dentata). The shrub layer is fairly sparse with occasional rosebay rhododendron, flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum), and witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana). The herb layer is sparse, with sessile-leaf bellwort (Uvularia sessilifolia), cow- wheat (Melampyrum lineare), New York fern, hay-scented fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula), bearcorn (Conopholis americana), Canada mayflower, halberd-leaved violet (Viola hastata), whorled nodding aster, lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria majuscula), galax (Galax urceolata), and patches of common greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia) and blackberries (Rubus spp.).

The exposed parts of Whiterock Cliffs and Baxter Cliffs are classified as Low Elevation Rocky Summit, a rare type. These examples are quite open, very dry, and sparsely-vegetated. Woody vegetation consists of shrubs and less frequent small trees. More frequent shrubs include maleberry (Lyonia ligustrina), black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa), mountain sweet-pepperbush (Clethra acuminata), mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), and heaths such as deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), and Catawba rhododendron (Rhododendron catawbiense). Occasional short-statured trees are scattered around the outcrops. They include sassafras (Sassafras albidum), serviceberry (Amelanchier sp.), and witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) and, surprisingly for the elevation, mountain-ash (Sorbus americana). The herbs are patchy and sparse. They include crag-jangle

(Heuchera villosa), bracken fern (Pteridum aquilinum), galax, hay-scented fern and cow-wheat, leafy hawkweed (Hieracium paniculatum), and others. The uncommon beargrass (Xerophyllum asphodeloides) is abundant at Whiterock Cliffs, where it is present near the top of the cliff. Common greenbrier is occasional. Lichens such as rock tripe (Umbilicaria mammulata), toadskin lichen (Lasallia papulosa), and reindeer lichen (Cladina sp.) are present on some bare rock areas. Mosses are less common. Roan rattlesnake-root (Prenanthes roanensis) and Mitchell’s St. John's-wort (Hypericum mitchellianum), both uncommon species, are also present. Fringed climbing buckwheat (Fallopia cilinodis) occurs sporadically in soil near the upper margins. Allegheny blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis) and other blackberries (Rubus spp.) are fairly common in soil on crest areas.

Fair quality Heath Bald communities occur above and below the Whiterock Cliffs. These examples are less diverse than some and may be maintained by periodic fire. At present, the condition of substantial areas has succeeded toward young, thin forest with dense shrubs that will presumably proceed until fire or some other natural disturbance interrupts the succession. These forests are limited to thin soils near the summit outcrops. They support an open canopy of young trees to 12-15 feet tall, including red maple (Acer rubrum), red oak, sassafras, sweet birch, downy serviceberry, and others. Mountain-ash is infrequent. Witch-hazel is also present. A dense, well-formed shrub layer is present. It is dominated by mountain laurel within a mixture of blueberries, black huckleberry, male-berry, black chokeberry, mountain sweet-pepperbush, and Catawba rhododendron. The herbs are sparse and limited to openings in the shrubs, with many species that occur in the Low Elevation Rocky Summit community. They include trailing arbutus (Epigaea repens), bracken fern, leafy hawkweed, galax, marginal woodfern, hay-scented fern, cow-wheat, and beargrass. Patches of common greenbrier and fringed climbing buckwheat form tangles in many areas. Allegheny blackberry is also frequent.

Canada Hemlock Forest occurs in patches through many cove areas, especially where the slopes are sheltered. Some areas in the more remote portions have old-growth attributes such as abundant downed woody debris and standing snags. The most mature areas appear to be relatively small, limited to very rugged, inaccessible areas on lower slopes where hemlocks to 24 inches in diameter are common and tree diameters to more than five feet are present. Even larger downed hemlock trunks are present. The community type occurs elsewhere as mature, but substantially yourner, forest. The dense, closed canopy of the type is dominated by Canada hemlock. Other trees are infrequent, but include a mixture including yellow buckeye, sugar maple, birches (Betula spp.), magnolias (Magnolia spp.), and yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). The shrub layer is dense and dominated by rosebay rhododendron in some areas. Other shrubs include smooth hydrangea and dog-hobble (Leucothoe fontanesiana). The heavily- shaded herb layer is very sparse. Partridgeberry (Mitchella repens), blackbead lily (Clintonia umbellulata), indian cucumber-root (Medeola virginiana), downy rattlesnake-plantain (Goodyera pubescens), Christmas fern, fancy fern (Dryopteris intermedia), tall white violet (Viola canadensis), shining clubmoss, and few others, are present.

Montane Acidic Cliff communities occur in some areas above the Canada Hemlock Forest, on very steep topography below the Low Elevation Rocky Summit communities on Whiterock

Cliffs and Baxter Cliffs. At least three outcrops are known, which may be extensions of the Low Elevation Rocky Summit outcrops above. These cliffs are poorly known due to their relative inaccessibility. However, they are characteristically sparse, consisting of mostly bare rock or rock with lichen cover. Rock tripe covers some surfaces. Other portions support rosebay rhododendron, Appalachian bellflower (Campanula divaricata), Michaux’s saxifrage (Micranthes michauxii), stonecrop (Sedum ternatum), marginal woodfern, and in sunnier areas, crag-jangle and paniculate hawkweed.

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: Fire may be important in portions of the site, such as on very steep slopes, cliff lines, and crest areas along the state line. The Heath Bald communities, exposed portions of Northern Hardwood Forest, and perhaps areas marginal to the Low Elevation Rocky Summits may have a natural fire regime. Although the Heath Bald community is not in the best condition, it is an especially uncommon type in this portion of the mountains. The example at Whiterock Cliffs is not particularly well developed and is probably fire maintained, though no sign of recent fire was noted. It is now successional, with a substantial number of small trees. The natural fire regime at this site should be allowed to operate without interference. The old-growth Canada Hemlock Forest should be protected from disturbance. It is unknown whether large fallen snags in the old-growth area may be natural mortality or mortality induced by the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae). Adelgids are present on some young hemlocks in the forest.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Low Elevation Rocky Summit, Montane Acidic Cliff, Heath Bald, Canada Hemlock Forest, Northern Hardwood Forest, High Elevation Red Oak Forest.

RARE PLANTS: None documented.

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Mitchell’s St. John’s-wort (Hypericum mitchellianum), common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa)*.

RARE ANIMALS: Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus).

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: Common raven (Corvus corax).

REFERENCES:

Heiman, K.A. 1995. Inventory of the Natural Areas of the French Broad Ranger District, Pisgah National Forest. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation, DENR, Raleigh.

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Survey Report: Whiterock Cliffs. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

Rossell, C.R., Jr. 2010. Site Survey Report: Big Creek Macrosite. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh

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prepred2y2xFgF2xturl2reritge2rogrm2E2QGII Madison County Natural Areas Inventory

BIG FLAT/RICE GAP Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: Regional Size: 254 acres Quadrangle: Sams Gap Ownership: U.S. Forest Service

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The site is significant for a good quality, mature example of High Elevation Red Oak Forest, a somewhat uncommon community type. It also contains a good example of Northern Hardwood Forest.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The site is linked in the landscape to Sugarloaf Knob SNHA, about 0.75 air mile to the north and to Sams Gap/High Rock SNHA, about 0.5 air mile to the southeast. Hundreds of acres of private forest land border on the south, in North Carolina, as well as on the north in Tennessee. However, the forests are generally younger and more variable in quality. Because the site is elongate in shape, it is more susceptible to influence from disturbance in the forest lands that border it.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Big Flat and Rice Gap occur along the North Carolina-Tennessee state line about 2-3 air miles west of Interstate 26 at Sams Gap. The area is one of the highest in the county, reaching 4579 feet at Lick Rock, near the north end of the site. The topography of the site is that of a high ridge, with small knobs and gaps along its length. Big Flat is an unusually flat area on the ridge that forms the headwater region for Amos Creek. The Appalachian Trail nearly follows the state line through the site.

Substantial areas along the principal ridge line support High Elevation Red Oak Forest, which extends from just east of Big Flat north to Lick Rock and farther along the ridge line toward Sugarloaf Gap. A transition to Northern Hardwood Forest occurs in a few areas, especially at Big Flat. The semi-open to closed canopy is dominated by large red oaks (Quercus rubra) to 20 inches in diameter. Other canopy species occur in smaller numbers, most of which are associated with the surrounding Northern Hardwood Forest. The open understory supports a mixture of saplings of the adjacent Northern Hardwood Forest such as sugar maple (Acer saccharum), sweet birch (Betula lenta), black cherry (Prunus serotina), Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), and white ash (Fraxinus americana), as well as black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), red oak, pignut hickory (Carya glabra), white oak (Quercus alba), and American chestnut (Castanea dentata). Shrubs are occasional and limited to rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum), and New Jersey tea (Ceanothus americanus). The herb layer is sparse to moderately dense and supports false Solomon’s-seal (Maianthemum racemosum), rattlesnake-root (Prenanthes sp.), bluebead lily (Clintonia umbellulata), common blue wood aster (Symphyotrichum cordifolium), hog-peanut (Apios americana), dense beds of New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), blackberry (Rubus sp.), American lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria majuscula), eastern lousewort (Pedicularia

91 canadensis), whorled loosestrife (Lysimachia quadrifolia), poke milkweed (Asclepias exaltata), bedstraw (Galium sp.), common carrionflower (Smilax herbacea), and others.

Northern Hardwood Forest is prevalent east of Rice Gap, on Big Flat, and as small patches elsewhere. Its closed canopy is dominated by sugar maple, red oak, yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), black cherry, with less frequent black locust, basswood (Tilia americana), and white ash. The canopy is mature, with scattered trees to 20 inches in diameter. The understory is somewhat dense and even-aged, an indication of previous clearing or grazing. It supports a mixture of saplings of the canopy species, as well as yellow poplar, Fraser magnolia, hop-hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), sweet birch, striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), alternate-leaved dogwood (Cornus alternifolia), and cucumber-tree (Magnolia acuminata). Yellow poplar and cucumber-tree are present in increasing numbers on the lower portions of the slopes. The herb layer is moderately dense, with substantial dominance by orange jewelweed (Impatiens capensis) in some areas. Other frequent herbs include Canada horsebalm (Collinsonia canadensis), false Solomon’s-seal, bluebead lily, rattlesnake-root (Prenanthes sp.), halberd-leaved violet (Viola hastata), dwarf larkspur (Delphinium tricorne), mountain angelica (Angelica triquinata), may-apple (Podophyllum peltatum), Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum), wide-leaved spiderwort (Tradescantia subaspera), tall anemone (Anemone virginiana), wood nettle (Laportea canadensis), Curtis’ goldenrod (Solidago curtisii), velvet grass (Holcus lanatus), common blue wood aster, jumpseed (Persicaria virginiana), bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis), common chickweed (Stellaria media), strawberry (Fragaria virginiana), and ferns such as New York fern, Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), and fancy fern (Dryopteris intermedia). The uncommon largeleaf waterleaf (Hydrophyllum macrophyllum), a Watch List species, is present in substantial numbers.

Animal species documented which are indicators of good habitat integrity include the black bear (Ursus americanus), the birds wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus),common raven (Corvus corax), white-breasted nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis), red- breasted nuthatch (Sitta canadensis), blue-gray gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea), wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), veery (Catharus fuscescens), red-eyed vireo (Vireo olivaceus), blue- headed vireo (Vireo solitarius), blackburnian warbler (Dendroica fusca), chestnut-sided warbler (Dendroica pensylvanica), black-and-white warbler (Mniotilta varia), black-throated blue warbler (Dendroica caerulescens), Canada warbler (Wilsonia canadensis), hooded warbler (Wilsonia citrina), ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus), scarlet tanager (Piranga olivacea), and rose- breasted grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus) and the pipe vine swallowtail (Papilio philenor), a butterfly.

Additional animal species present include eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus), eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), coyote (Canis latrans), ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), Coopers hawk (Accipiter cooperii), chimney swift (Chaetura pelagica), ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris), pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus), downy woodpecker (Picoides pubescens), hairy woodpecker (Picoides villosus), eastern wood-pewee (Contopus virens), great crested flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus), least flycatcher (Empidonax minimus), blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata), Carolina chickadee (Parus carolinensis), tufted

92 titmouse (Parus bicolor), winter wren (Troglodytes hiemalis), American robin (Turdus migratorius), cedar waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum), white-eyed vireo (Vireo griseus), blue- headed vireo (Vireo solitarius), black-throated green warbler (Dendroica virens), American redstart (Setophaga ruticilla), American goldfinch (Carduelis tristis), northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), northern junco (Junco hyemalis), eastern towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus), indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea), and field sparrow (Spizella pusilla), red- spotted newt (Notophthalmus viridescens), mountain dusky salamander (Desmognathus ochrophaeus), American toad (Bufo americanus), and tiger swallowtail (Papilio glaucus).

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: The canopy should be allowed to mature further without disturbance. The presence of many species other than red oak in the understory may be an indication that the site is fire-suppressed. This site is believed to have been grazed in past decades. While the integrity of the community is good, its understory structure shows signs of previous clearing or grazing.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: High Elevation Red Oak Forest, Northern Hardwood Forest.

RARE PLANTS: None documented.

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis)*, largeleaf waterleaf (Hydrophyllum macrophyllum).

RARE ANIMALS: None documented.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: Least flycatcher (Empidonax minimus), common raven (Corvus corax), red-breasted nuthatch (Sitta canadensis).

REFERENCES:

Heiman, K.A. 1995. Inventory of the Natural Areas of the French Broad Ranger District, Pisgah National Forest. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation, DENR, Raleigh.

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Survey Report: Big Flat/Rice Gap. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

Rossell, C.R., Jr. 2010. Site Survey Report (Animal): Sams Gap/High Rock (including Big Flat/Rice Gap). N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

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prepred2y2xFgF2xturl2reritge2rogrm2E2QGII Madison County Natural Areas Inventory

FLINT MOUNTAIN BOULDERFIELDS Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: State Size: 72 acres Quadrangle: Flag Pond Ownership: U.S. Forest Service

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The site contains examples of the uncommon Boulderfield Forest community type, as well as Rich Cove Forest. Populations of the Special Concern bidentate dome (Ventridens coelaxis) and Significantly Rare hollow dome (Ventridens lasmodon) are present. The hollow dome is known from only two locations in the state and the bidentate dome is known to be extant in the state only in Madison County.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The site is embedded within a several-thousand-acre block of Pisgah National Forest, but is also adjacent to private land. Cleared lands exist in valley locations within 0.5 air mile of the site, separating the site from the Big Creek Macrosite, located 1.1 air mile to the north and west. The Appalachian Trail crosses through part of the site. Blackpine Ridge SNHA is 1.5 air miles to the west. Sugarloaf Knob SNHA is 2.5 air miles to the south-southwest.

SITE DESCRIPTION: The site is located in the northern tip of the county, in the upper reaches of the Shelton Laurel Creek drainage. It is a part of the Bald Mountains, which form the northern and western boundaries of the county, and it is included in Pisgah National Forest. The site is located between Devils Fork Gap, an access to the Appalachian Trail, and Flint Gap. Flint Mountain Boulderfields occurs at the west end of Flint Mountain, a prominent spur ridge in the Bald Mountains. Most of the mountain lies in Tennessee, but 3,080 to 3,800 feet in elevation. The Appalachian Trail is contained within portions of the site.

Areas in the headwater region of Mill Creek support patches of the uncommon Boulderfield Forest community type, extending at least 300 feet up and down the steep slopes. The deep rocks range from bowling ball-sized to more than 4 feet in diameter. The community is strongly dominated by yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), with few other canopy species present due to the deep boulders. The sparse understory supports only striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), mountain maple (Acer spicatum), and occasional common elderberry (Sambucus canadensis). Mosses are prominent on the tops of the bowling-ball sized boulders, but the herbs are quite sparse. Herb species include wood nettle (Laportea canadensis), jewelweed (Impatiens sp.), fancy fern (Dryopteris intermedia), marginal woodfern (Dryopteris marginalis), whorled wood aster (Oclemena acuminata), crag-jangle (Heuchera villosa), enchanter’s-nightshade (Circaea sp.), and the rare Appalachian skullcap (Scutellaria ovata ssp. rugosa var. 1).

Areas surrounding the Boulderfield Forest communities are not as well studied, but are primarily Northern Hardwood Forest. They have a closed canopy dominated by yellow birch, American beech (Fagus grandifolia), sweet birch (Betula lenta), and black cherry (Prunus serotina). The

95 understory is fairly sparse, with saplings of the canopy, striped maple and mountain holly (Ilex montana). The shrub layer is sparse, primarily smooth hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens) and rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum). The herb layer is fairly diverse, with coverage increasing downslope. Herbs include ferns such as New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), and fancy fern, as well as violets (Viola spp.), false Solomon’s-seal (Maianthemum racemosum), great indian-plantain (Arnoglossum reniforme), wood nettle (Laportea canadensis), common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), Canada waterleaf (Hydrophyllum canadense), common white heart-leaved aster (Eurybia divaricata), Solomon’s- seal (Polygonatum biflorum), orange jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), white snakeroot (Ageratina altissima), common blue wood aster (Symphyotrichum cordifolium), and rattlesnake- root (Prenanthes sp.).

Some lower elevation areas in the south end of the site support Rich Cove Forest dominated by yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), red maple (Acer rubrum), red oak (Quercus rubra), chestnut oak (Quercus montana), yellow buckeye, Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), basswood (Tilia americana), Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri), and other species. The examples range in age from mature second growth to older forest and support many typical species such as common black cohosh, early meadowrue (Thalictrum dioicum), yellow mandarin (Prosartes lanuginosa), Christmas fern, and other typical species.

Two rare native land snails are known from the site. The rare hollow dome (Ventridens lasmodon) has been documented on moss-covered boulders in the Boulderfield Forest on the northwest flank of Flint Mountain. It is known from only two locations in the state, both in Madison County. The rare bidentate dome (Ventridens coelaxis) is known from only 10 extant locations in the state, all of which are in Madison County.

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: The site has high value for its rare snail occurrences. The surrounding forests and especially boulderfield areas should not be logged, which could decrease ground-level moisture required by the land snails. The patches of Boulderfield Forest and areas buffering them should remain undisturbed and be allowed to mature.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Boulderfield Forest, Northern Hardwood Forest.

RARE PLANTS: Appalachian skullcap (Scutellaria ovata ssp. rugosa var. 1).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa)*.

RARE ANIMALS: Bidentate dome (Ventridens coelaxis), hollow dome (Ventridens lasmodon).

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None documented.

REFERENCES:

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Brief: Flint Mountain Boulderfields. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

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prepred2y2xFgF2xturl2reritge2rogrm2E2QGII Madison County Natural Areas Inventory

SAMS GAP/HIGH ROCK Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: State Size: 228 acres Quadrangle: Sams Gap Ownership: U.S. Forest Service and private

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The site is significant for populations of the Federal Species of Concern glade spurge (Euphorbia purpurea) and mountain catchfly (Silene ovata); the Special Concern brown creeper (Certhia americana), and Special Concern/Federal Species of Concern Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulea). These rare plant and animal species are contained within exemplary an exemplary Rich Cove Forest community.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The site previously consisted of two separated portions, which were merged after additional surveys helped determine the intervening forest is mature. The Appalachian Trail follows the crest of the site. The site is linked in the landscape to Big Flat/Rice Gap SNHA, which is about 0.5 air mile to the northeast. Hundreds of acres of forested private land border on the south as well as on the north in Tennessee. However, the adjacent forested land is generally younger and varies widely in quality. One substantial adjacent area on private land has been logged recently. Street Gap Forest SNHA is 2.5 air miles to the east. Sugarloaf Knob SNHA is 3.0 air miles to the northwest.

SITE DESCRIPTION: The site begins about 0.5 mile west of Interstate 26 at Sams Gap, on the North Carolina-Tennessee state line. It extends along the high ridge on the state line for almost one mile. It is part of one of the more elevated areas of the county, occurring at elevations between 3700 and 4440 feet, at High Rock. It is in the watershed for Big Laurel Creek. Most of the site consists of older forest and rare plant species habitat. Mature forest also extends southwest along the Appalachian Trail corridor to a Rich Montane Seep community on Hogback Ridge.

The higher, more exposed portions of the ridge support good quality Rich Cove Forest with a canopy of sugar maple (Acer saccharum), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), sweet birch (Betula lenta), black cherry (Prunus serotina), red oak (Quercus rubra), and less frequent white ash (Fraxinus americana), American chestnut (Castanea dentata), and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). The understory contains those species, as well as striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), mountain holly (Ilex montana), red maple (Acer rubrum), and infrequent shrubs such as smooth hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens), flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum), and others. A moderately dense herb layer includes yellow mandarin (Prosartes lanuginosa), spotted mandarin (Prosartes maculata), white snakeroot (Ageratina altissima), starry campion (Silene stellata), large- flowered white trillium (Trillium grandiflorum), bergamot (Monarda sp.), bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis), blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), wood-nettle (Laportea canadensis), dwarf larkspur (Delphinium tricorne),

99 and ferns such as Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), rattlesnake fern (Botrypus virginianus), marginal wood fern (Dryopteris marginalis), New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis) and hay-scented fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula). The uncommon largeleaf waterleaf (Hydrophyllum macrophyllum) is scattered through a few areas, and a population of the rare mountain catchfly (Silene ovata) occurs at the northern end of the site. This community grades to a very small area of High Elevation Red Oak Forest, dominated by large red oaks, on the summit of High Rock. A large population of the rare glade spurge (Euphorbia purpurea) occurs in one upper cove area. Springs in the headwater area of Peter Cove Creek provide excellent habitat for large numbers of salamanders.

A good Rich Montane Seep community occurs at the west end of the site in the uppermost portion of the Foster Creek drainage. It occurs beneath a Rich Cove Forest canopy and is about 200 feet long and 30 feet wide. It has mushy, organic soils which remain wet, with some areas that remain fairly saturated. It is quite open and nearly devoid of woody plants except Canada elderberry (Sambucus canadensis). Its herb layer is lush and is dominated by jewelweed (Impatiens sp.), with less frequent stiff-cowbane (Oxypolis rigidior), mannagrass (Glyceria sp.), pink turtleheads (Chelone lyonii), foamflower (Tiarella cordifolia), bee-balm (Monarda didyma), wood nettle, umbrella-leaf (Diphylleia cymosa), tall white violet (Viola canadensis), mountain angelica (Angelica triquinata), and branch lettuce (Micranthes micranthidifolia).

Animal species documented which are indicators of good habitat integrity include the black bear (Ursus americanus), the birds wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus), common raven (Corvus corax), white-breasted nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis), red- breasted nuthatch (Sitta canadensis), brown creeper (Certhia americana), blue-gray gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea), wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), veery (Catharus fuscescens), red- eyed vireo (Vireo olivaceus), blue-headed vireo (Vireo solitarius), blackburnian warbler (Dendroica fusca), chestnut-sided warbler (Dendroica pensylvanica), black-and-white warbler (Mniotilta varia), black-throated blue warbler (Dendroica caerulescens), Canada warbler (Wilsonia canadensis), hooded warbler (Wilsonia citrina), ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus), scarlet tanager (Piranga olivacea), and rose-breasted grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus); as well as the Blue Ridge two-lined salamander (Eurycea wilderae) and the pipevine swallowtail (Battus philenor), a butterfly.

Additional animal species present include eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus), eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), coyote (Canis latrans), ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), Coopers hawk (Accipiter cooperii), chimney swift (Chaetura pelagica), ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris), pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus), downy woodpecker (Picoides pubescens), hairy woodpecker (Picoides villosus), eastern wood- pewee (Contopus virens), great crested flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus), least flycatcher (Empidonax minimus), blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata), Carolina chickadee (Parus carolinensis), tufted titmouse (Parus bicolor), winter wren (Troglodytes hiemalis), American robin (Turdus migratorius), cedar waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum), white-eyed vireo (Vireo griseus), blue- headed vireo (Vireo solitarius), black-throated green warbler (Dendroica virens), American redstart (Setophaga ruticilla), American goldfinch (Carduelis tristis), northern cardinal

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(Cardinalis cardinalis), northern junco (Junco hyemalis), eastern towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus), indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea), and field sparrow (Spizella pusilla), red- spotted newt (Notophthalmus viridescens), black-bellied salamander (Desmognathus quadramaculatus), mountain dusky salamander (Desmognathus ochrophaeus), seal salamander (Desmognathus monticola), northern slimy salamander (Plethodon glutinosus), Blue Ridge red salamander (Pseudotriton r. rubber), Blue Ridge two-lined salamander (Eurycea wilderae), American toad (Bufo americanus), and tiger swallowtail (Papilio glaucus).

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: Breeding season bird surveys at this site on several occasions during 2010 failed to detect cerulean warblers after they were first documented in 2008. The large glade spurge population should be monitored. Trail re-routing along the Appalachian Trail should assure that the mountain catchfly population, which is limited to areas near the trail, is not disturbed. This site previously consisted of two separate areas, one of which contained older growth on private land. That area has since been logged and is no longer included. Although the potential for invasion by non-native plant species is estimated to be relatively low at the site, areas near the logged private land should be monitored.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Rich Cove Forest, Rich Montane Seep.

RARE PLANTS: Glade spurge (Euphorbia purpurea), mountain catchfly (Silene ovata).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Largeleaf waterleaf (Hydrophyllum macrophyllum), ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)*, common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa)*, bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis)*, large-flowered white trillium (Trillium grandiflorum)*.

RARE ANIMALS: Brown creeper (Certhia americana), cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulea).

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: Northern slimy salamander (Plethodon glutinosus), least flycatcher (Empidonax minimus), common raven (Corvus corax), red-breasted nuthatch (Sitta canadensis).

REFERENCES:

Heiman, K.A. 1995. Inventory of the Natural Areas of the French Broad Ranger District, Pisgah National Forest. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation, DENR, Raleigh.

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Survey Report: Sams Gap/High Rock. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

Rossell, C. R., Jr. 2010. Site Survey Report (Animals): Sams Gap/High Rock including Big Flat/Rice Gap. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Natural Resource Planning and Conservation, DENR, Raleigh.

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prepred2y2xFgF2xturl2reritge2rogrm2E2QGII Madison County Natural Areas Inventory

SPILLCORN/LOCUST KNOB Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: Regional Size: 379 acres Quadrangle: White Rock Ownership: Private

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The site contains exemplary Montane Oak--Hickory Forest and Rich Cove Forest communities. Its relatively large size and location within 1.0 air mile to the southwest of Pisgah National Forest has significance as a nucleus for conservation in the Walnut Mountains of central Madison County.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Large forested tracts in Pisgah National Forest lie within 1.0 air mile to the northeast. The adjacent landscape is primarily forested, but has substantial clearings and inhabited areas in surrounding valley locations. The site is bordered on the east and west by younger forests. Sugarloaf Knob SNHA is 2.0 air miles to the northeast. Big Flat/Rice Gap SNHA is 2.5 air miles to the northeast. Spillcorn/Richland Mountain SNHA is 1.7 air miles to the southeast. Sams Gap/High Rock SNHA is 3.8 air miles to the east. Whiteoak Flats Branch SNHA is 3.6 air miles to the north. Black Pine Ridge SNHA is 4.5 air miles to the north-northeast.

SITE DESCRIPTION: The site is located on slopes above Spillcorn Creek, a tributary of Big Laurel Creek. Locust Knob is a high knob at the southern end of Hicks Mountain. The whole of Hicks Mountain is a southern ridge extension of prominent Sugarloaf Mountain on the North Carolina-Tennessee state line. The site includes lower to upper slopes and a smaller area of ridge crest ending at Locust Knob, the highest point. Its topography includes open slopes, broad coves, and less frequent steep-sided ravines. Drainages within the site are primarily intermittent. The site contains good examples of Montane Oak--Hickory Forest and fair examples of Rich Cove Forest communities at elevations between 2,600 and 3,526 feet.

The majority of the drier middle and upper slopes and the crest supports Montane Oak--Hickory Forest that intergrades with Rich Cove Forest at its lower margins. The closed canopy is of mid- maturity, with some areas of younger forest, presumably due to past logging. It is dominated by a mixture of red oak (Quercus rubra), white oak (Quercus alba), red maple (Acer rubrum), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), chestnut oak (Quercus montana), pignut hickory (Carya glabra), mockernut hickory (Carya alba), and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). A few large persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) to 30 inches in diameter are present. Less frequent species include black oak (Quercus velutina), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), and white pine (Pinus strobus). The understory is moderately dense, with additional species such as sweet birch (Betula lenta), Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri), striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), sassafras (Sassafras albidum), yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), and abundant red maple. The shrub layer is fairly sparse in many areas, with flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum), deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), buffalo-nut (Pyrularia pubera), and smooth hydrangea

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(Hydrangea arborescens). New Jersey tea (Ceanothus americanus) is occasional. The evergreen heaths rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) and mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) are scattered sparsely throughout. The herb layer is sparse to moderately dense and includes round-leaf yellow violet (Viola rotundifolia), dwarf crested iris (Iris cristata), downy rattlesnake-plantain (Goodyera pubescens), starry campion (Silene stellata), fire-pink (Silene virginica), phlox (Phlox sp.), bird’s-foot violet (Viola pedata), early meadowrue (Thalictrum dioicum), American lovage (Ligusticum canadense), wild geranium (Geranium maculatum), perfoliate bellwort (Uvularia perfoliata), and Appalachian bellflower (Campanula divaricata), as well as Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides) and New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis). Blackberry (Rubus spp.) and vines such as Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolius) are occasional.

A larger portion of the site supports Rich Cove Forest, occupying broad coves and draws across the middle and lower slopes. Some of the larger ravines have shaded rock outcrops. The closed canopy of the forest contains a mixture of sweet birch, yellow poplar, red oak, red maple, and Canada hemlock, and less frequently sugar maple (Acer saccharum), cucumber-tree (Magnolia acuminata), and basswood (Tilia americana). Some areas dominated by yellow poplar, ranging from young-mature to very mature, are included in the example. The understory is sparse to moderately dense, with saplings of the canopy species as well as sweet birch, bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), Fraser magnolia, striped maple, flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), and yellow buckeye. The shrub layer is sparse, with smooth hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens) being prominent. Other shrubs include occasional sweet-shrub (Calycanthus floridus), buffalo- nut, dog-hobble (Leucothoe fontanesiana), maple-leaved viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium), strawberry-bush (Euonymus americanus), and rosebay rhododendron. The herb layer ranges from sparse to moderately dense, varying with the density of the canopy and subcanopy. It supports wild geranium (Geranium maculatum), jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), cutleaf toothwort (Cardamine concatenata), Quaker bittercress (Cardamine pensylvanica), tall white violet (Viola canadensis), sweet white violet (Viola blanda), common blue violet (Viola sororia), long-spurred violet (Viola rostrata), early meadowrue, black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), upland dwarf iris (Iris verna), blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), sharp-lobed hepatica (Anemone acutiloba), downy rattlesnake-plantain, rattlesnake-root (Prenanthes sp.), spikenard (Aralia racemosa), sedges (Carex spp.), ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum), showy orchis (Orchis spectabilis), Canada horse-balm (Collinsonia canadensis), common smooth rockcress (Boechera laevigata), phlox (Phlox sp.), Christmas fern, southern lady fern (Asplenium asplenioides), marginal woodfern (Dryopteris marginalis), New York fern, and maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum). Wetter portions of perennial streambeds support mixtures of orange jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), sedges (Carex spp.), yellow jewelweed (Impatiens pallida), branch lettuce (Micranthes micranthidifolia), wood nettle (Laportea canadensis), bee-balm (Monarda didyma), windflower (Thalictrum thalictroides), and others. The vine Dutchman’s-pipe (Aristolochia macrophylla) occurs in some areas.

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: The area is managed for conservation by a local land trust. The forests should be managed for older growth and monitored for invasive plant species.

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Little active management is currently needed. Some areas that lie on the east of the site have been logged recently and could allow invasive species to become established.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Montane Oak--Hickory Forest, Rich Cove Forest.

RARE PLANTS: None documented.

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)*, common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa)*.

RARE ANIMALS: None documented.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None documented.

REFERENCES:

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Survey Report: Spillcorn/Locust Knob. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

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prepred2y2xFgF2xturl2reritge2rogrm2E2QGII Madison County Natural Areas Inventory

SPILLCORN/RICHLAND MOUNTAIN Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: County Size: 80 acres Quadrangle: White Rock Ownership: Private

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The site contains a fairly good example of Rich Cove Forest, as well as a small area of Montane Oak--Hickory Forest. It has value as part of a larger landscape connection to Pisgah National Forest.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The surrounding landscape is primarily forested with clearings and inhabited areas occupying roughly 25% of the total, mostly in valley locations. The site is bordered by areas of younger forest in several adjacent areas. Richland Mountain, within which the site is situated, is a forested spur ridge about 3.5 miles long with landscape connection to Pisgah National Forest at Big Flat/Rice Gap SNHA. Big Flat/Rice Gap SNHA is 1.25 air miles to the northeast. Spillcorn/Locust Knob SNHA is 1.7 air miles to the west- northwest. Sams Gap/High Rock SNHA is 2.0 air miles to the east-northeast.

SITE DESCRIPTION: The site is located near the locality of Spillcorn, in the Big Laurel Creek section of the county. It includes upper slopes, a ridge crest, and several knobs on the summit of Richland Mountain. Its topography also includes gentle cove heads and intermittent streams. Richland Mountain is a spur ridge that extends southeast from higher terrain on the North Carolina-Tennessee state line. Both sides of Richland Mountain drain into tributaries of Big Laurel Creek. The site contains good examples Rich Cove Forest and Montane Oak-- Hickory Forest communities at elevations between 3,500 and 3,950 feet. Small areas in the forest show indications of unusually rich, circumneutral soils.

The Rich Cove Forest canopy is of mid-maturity and extends to the ridge top in some locations. Its closed canopy is dominated by a mixture of red oak (Quercus rubra), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), red maple (Acer rubrum), black cherry (Prunus serotina), and sweet birch (Betula lenta), with less frequent basswood (Tilia americana), yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), white oak (Quercus alba), cucumber-tree (Magnolia acuminata), and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). Its subcanopy is fairly sparse to moderately dense, apparently varying with previous logging history. It supports saplings of the canopy species, including striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), white pine (Pinus strobus), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), and others. The shrub layer is dominated by smooth hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens). Also present are occasional maple-leaved viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium), sweet-shrub (Calycanthus floridus), buffalo-nut (Pyrularia pubera), rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), and flowering raspberry (Rubus odoratus). The herb layer ranges from sparse to moderately dense, varying with the density of the canopy and subcanopy. It supports black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), wild geranium (Geranium maculatum),

107 jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), dwarf crested iris (Iris cristata), early meadowrue (Thalictrum dioicum), smooth sweet-cicely (Osmorhiza longistylis), false Solomon’s-seal (Maianthemum racemosum), yellow mandarin (Prosartes lanuginosa), tall white violet (Viola canadensis), halberd-leaved violet (Viola hastata), round-leaf yellow violet (Viola rotundifolia), spikenard (Aralia racemosa), Appalachian false goat’s-beard (Astilbe biternata), bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis), blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), showy orchis (Orchis spectabilis), Canada waterleaf (Hydrophyllum canadense), common white heart-leaved aster (Eurybia divaricata), agrimony (Agrimonia sp.), common blue wood aster (Symphyotrichum cordifolium), white snakeroot (Ageratina altissima), wide-leaved spiderwort (Tradescantia subaspera), Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum), meadowrue (Thalictrum sp.), common smooth rockcress (Boechera laevigata), Curtis’ goldenrod (Solidago curtisii), great indian- plantain (Arnoglossum reniforme), and rattlesnake-root (Prenanthes sp.). Ferns such as Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), southern lady fern (Asplenium asplenioides), marginal woodfern (Dryopteris marginalis), and maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum) are also represented. The vine Dutchman’s-pipe (Aristolochia macrophylla) occurs in some areas. Mesic areas at cove heads support mixtures of orange jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), yellow jewelweed (Impatiens pallida), pink turtleheads (Chelone lyonii), wood nettle (Laportea canadensis), and others.

Montane Oak--Hickory Forest occupies a smaller area on the upper slopes and ridgetop. Its canopy is a mixture of red oak, chestnut oak (Quercus montana), white oak, bitternut hickory, with occasional black locust, sweet birch, and yellow poplar. One small area supports scattered shagbark hickory (Carya ovata) and hop-hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana). The subcanopy supports red maple, downy serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea), striped maple, white pine, and saplings and seedlings of the canopy species. The shrub layer is sparse and supports occasional buffalo-nut, maple-leaved viburnum, flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum), dryland blueberry (Vaccinium pallidum), deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), and mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia). The herb layer is fairly sparse and supports typical species such as New York fern, hay-scented fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula), sedges (Carex spp.), rattlesnake-root, indian cucumber-root (Medeola virginiana), forest bedstraw (Galium circaezans), false Solomon’s-seal, common blue wood aster, American lovage (Ligusticum canadense), Bosc’s witch-grass (Dichanthelium boscii), American lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria majuscula), white goldenrod (Solidago bicolor), galax (Galax urceolata), meadow-parsnip (Thaspium sp.), and others. Poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) and Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolius) are the most common vines present.

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: The site has few management needs other than to allow the forests to mature further. The best management for the site would be for adjacent forested areas, many of which have been logged more recently, to mature. Non-native invasive plant species do not appear to be a current threat. Landscape connection to Pisgah National Forest appears to exist to the northeast.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Rich Cove Forest, Montane Oak--Hickory Forest.

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RARE PLANTS: None documented.

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis)*, galax (Galax urceolata)*, common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa)*.

RARE ANIMALS: None documented.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None documented.

REFERENCES:

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Survey Report: Spillcorn/Richland Mountain. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

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prepred2y2xFgF2xturl2reritge2rogrm2E2QGII Madison County Natural Areas Inventory

STREET GAP FOREST Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: County Size: 166 acres Quadrangle: Sams Gap Ownership: U.S. Forest Service

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: A fairly good example of Northern Hardwood Forest, a type that is relatively uncommon in the county, is present. Uncommon watch list plant species are also present.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The site is embedded within an area of Pisgah National Forest that supports younger forests. Areas surrounding on the south and west consist of a patchwork of forests with a moderate degree of human use, with clearings comprising perhaps 40% of the landscape near residences and roads. A large resort community comprised of small, forested lots borders on the east. The landscape connection to the east along the state line is diminished by the presence of the resort development, though forested areas in Tennessee offer some continuity. The Appalachian Trail traverses the site, following the state line. The Interstate 26 corridor is 1.8 air miles to the west. Big Bald Mountain SNHA, in Yancey County, is 1.0 air mile to the northeast. Sams Gap/High Rock SNHA is 2.5 air miles to the west. Big Flat/Rice Gap SNHA is 3.5 air miles to the west. Sugarloaf Knob SNHA is 5.0 air miles to the west- northwest. Mars Hill Watershed SNHA is 1.9 air miles to the southeast.

SITE DESCRIPTION: The site is located in northeastern Madison County, on the Tennessee- North Carolina state line and east of Sams Gap (at Interstate 26). The Appalachian Trail follows the crest of the site. The area lies east of Street Gap, which is itself in fairly poor condition. The site supports a good example of Northern Hardwood Forest, which is uncommon in the county. The example is the Rich Subtype of Northern Hardwood Forest, which has richer soils and herbs of rich coves, as opposed to the more common Typic Subtype.

The Northern Hardwood Forest is of mid-maturity, with pockets of older trees, and a closed canopy of red oak (Quercus rubra), white ash (Fraxinus americana), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), black cherry (Prunus serotina), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), and cucumber-tree (Magnolia acuminata). Sugar maple assumes some dominance in several areas. In small areas that were most recently grazed, yellow poplar is dominant. The understory contains saplings of the canopy species, as well as bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), mountain holly (Ilex montana), sweet birch (Betula lenta), basswood (Tilia americana), and American beech (Fagus grandifolia). Hawthorn (Crataegus sp.) is infrequent, an indication of previous grazing. The herb layer is fairly diverse, with coverage increasing downslope. Herbs include ferns such as Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), and fancy fern (Dryopteris intermedia), as well as basil bergamot (Monarda clinopodia), violets (Viola spp.), agrimony (Agrimonia sp.), false Solomon’s-seal (Maianthemum racemosum), great indian-

111 plantain (Arnoglossum reniforme), hog-peanut (Apios americana), Appalachian false goat’s- beard (Astilbe biternata), spotted mandarin (Prosartes maculata), southern nodding trillium (Trillium rugelii), wood-nettle (Laportea canadensis), common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), Canada waterleaf (Hydrophyllum canadense), common white heart-leaved aster (Eurybia divaricata), Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum), meadowrue (Thalictrum sp.), Curtis’ goldenrod (Solidago curtisii), orange jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), white snakeroot (Ageratina altissima), common blue wood aster (Symphyotrichum cordifolium), and rattlesnake- root (Prenanthes sp.). The cove vine dutchman’s-pipe (Aristolochia macrophylla) is infrequent.

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: The site has been logged in the past, but is now mature. An old dirt roadbed crosses through Street Gap itself. The Appalachian Trail follows the crest of the site and is also used by horseback riders en route to Big Bald Mountain in Yancey County. The site should be managed passively for older growth. Although the Wolf Laurel resort community lies just to the east, it presents no additional management needs. Although grazing has occurred here in the past, and the composition of some stands show evidence of this, the forest is now reasonably mature.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Northern Hardwood Forest

RARE PLANTS: None documented.

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Largeleaf waterleaf (Hydrophyllum macrophyllum), ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)*, common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa)*.

RARE ANIMALS: None documented.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None documented.

REFERENCES:

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Survey Report: Street Gap Forest. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, Raleigh.

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Survey Report: Street Gap. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

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prepred2y2xFgF2xturl2reritge2rogrm2E2QGII Madison County Natural Areas Inventory

SUGARLOAF KNOB Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: State Size: 158 acres Quadrangles: Sams Gap, White Rock Ownership: U.S. Forest Service and Private

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The site is significant for mature, high quality examples of the Rich Cove Forest and rare Boulderfield Forest community types, with substantial acreage classified as old growth. Some of the Rich Cove Forest is the uncommon Boulderfield Subtype. The communities support plant species associated with circumneutral conditions, including the uncommon Goldie’s woodfern (Dryopteris goldiana), glade fern (Diplazium pycnocarpon), walking fern (Asplenium rhizophyllum), and others. Four rare snails are documented from the site, including three Special Concern species: the sawtooth disc (Discus bryanti), velvet covert (Inflectarius subpalliatus), and bidentate dome (Ventridens coelaxis). Another snail species, the State Threatened/Federal Species of Concern sculpted supercoil (Paravitrea ternaria), is also documented from the site.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The site is situated in a landscape with thousands of acres of forest in both public and private ownership that lie between US Interstate 26 and NC Highway 212. Valleys in the landscape are moderately cleared and settled. Black Pine Ridge SNHA is 2.0 air miles to the north. Spillcorn/Locust Knob SNHA is 2.0 air miles to the southwest. Whiteoak Flats Branch SNHA is 2.6 air miles to the northwest. Big Flat/Rice Gap SNHA is 0.6 air mile to the southeast. Sams Gap/High Rock SNHA is 2.75 air miles to the southeast. The Big Creek Macrosite is 2.0 air miles to the north. The site is not included in the Big Creek Macrosite due to a lack of landscape continuity between it and the macrosite, owing to fragmented valley lands. The area to the south in the Calvin Creek watershed is now publicly- owned forest, but much of it is young-mature.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Sugarloaf Knob lies on steep, north-to-northwest-facing slopes in the upper end of the Shelton Laurel section of the county. The slopes have various coves and ravines around intermittent and perennial branches of Shelton Laurel Creek. The site occupies middle and upper slopes of Sugarloaf Mountain and extends east to the summit of Sugarloaf Knob, at elevations between 3000 and just over 5000 feet. Settled lands lie in the valley below, along NC Highway 212. It is embedded in a part of Pisgah National Forest that extends along the north slope of Sugarloaf Mountain for about three miles. The site consists of very mature forests in two areas, which are linked by an area of younger forests. Northern Hardwood Forest and Boulderfield Forest communities are present. Occurrences of four rare terrestrial gastropods -- the sawtooth disc (Discus bryanti), velvet covert (Inflectarius subpalliatus), sculpted supercoil (Paravitrea ternaria), and bidentate dome (Ventridens coelaxis) -- are documented from the lower slopes of the site.

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Rich Cove Forest of excellent quality and maturity occurs on portions of the slopes, where canopy trees have diameters between 2 to 4 feet. Other parts of the community vary more in terms of maturity, but have scattered trees to nearly 3 feet in diameter. The forest canopy is dominated by a mixture of sugar maple (Acer saccharum), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), sweet birch (Betula lenta), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), red oak (Quercus rubra), basswood (Tilia americana), black cherry (Prunus serotina), white ash (Fraxinus americana), yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), and red maple (Acer rubrum). The understory supports the canopy species as well as striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), with infrequent mountain holly (Ilex montana), alternate-leaved dogwood (Cornus alternifolia), slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), and others. Shrubs are fairly sparse, though smooth hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens), Appalachian gooseberry (Ribes rotundifolium), prickly gooseberry (Ribes cynosbati), maple- leaved viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium), flowering raspberry (Rubus odoratus), and rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendrom maximum) are present. The herb layer is dense and diverse, with marginal wood fern (Dryopteris marginalis), fancy fern (Dryopteris intermedia), maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), cove bladder fern (Cystopteris protrusa), and New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), as well as Dutchman’s breeches (Dicentra cucullaria), squirrel corn (Dicentra canadensis), dwarf larkspur (Delphinium tricorne), wild ginger (Asarum canadense), wood nettle (Laportea canadensis), blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), red trillium (Trillium erectum), painted trillium (Trillium undulatum), spotted mandarin (Prosartes maculata), tall white violet (Viola canadensis), eastern waterleaf (Hydrophyllum virginianum), Canada waterleaf (Hydrophyllum canadense), common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), mountain black cohosh (Actaea podocarpa), large-flowered white trillium (Trillium grandiflorum), early meadowrue (Thalictrum dioicum), Carolina spring- beauty (Claytonia caroliniana), and the following Watch List species -- Core’s starwort (Stellaria corei), glade fern (Diplazium pycnocarpon), Goldie’s woodfern (Dryopteris goldiana), ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), and largeleaf waterleaf (Hydrophyllum macrophyllum). Wetter areas along drainages are lush and support wood nettle, yellow jewelweed (Impatiens pallida), orange jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), bee-balm (Monarda didyma), umbrella-leaf (Diphylleia cymosa), large-flowered bellwort (Uvularia grandifolia), mountain meadowrue (Thalictrum clavatum), and the uncommon Blue Ridge bittercress (Cardamine flagellifera). Walking fern (Asplenium rhizophyllum) occurs on some moist rocks.

Some portions of the slopes are very rocky, creating conditions for a specialized Boulderfield Subtype of Northern Hardwood Forest. These areas are strongly dominated by basswood and white ash, with lower numbers of yellow buckeye, red oak, and yellow poplar. They support many of the herbs of the adjacent cove forests, but are more sparse. Prickly gooseberry (Ribes cynosbati), smooth hydrangea, and poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) are prominent on the bouldery substrate.

Boulderfield Forest occupies a smaller portion of the site. It occurs on steep slopes near Sugarloaf Knob, between 3800-5000 feet in elevation. These areas have very large boulders that cover the slopes. Yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) is strongly dominant, an indicator of this type. Large patches of skunk currant (Ribes glandulosum) grow on thin pockets of organic soil on and between the boulders. A substantial part of this community is very mature and may be

116 old growth, with many trees at 30-40 inches in diameter. Herbs are sparse on the boulders, though rockcap fern (Polypodium sp.), whorled nodding aster (Oclemena acuminata), enchanter’s-nightshade (Circaea sp.), mountain meadowrue, and others are present. Woody vines such as poison ivy and Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolius) are present.

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: The Boulderfield Subtype of Rich Cove Forest is uncommon and the Boulderfield Forest is fairly rare. The Boulderfield Forest is one of only a couple of well-developed examples known in the county. The forests should be managed for older growth without disturbance from logging. The rare snails known from the site require that stable, mesic conditions be maintained to remain viable. Monitoring needs for invasive plant species are low at this site.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Rich Cove Forest, Boulderfield Forest.

RARE PLANTS: None documented.

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Core’s starwort (Stellaria corei), Goldie’s woodfern (Dryopteris goldiana), glade fern (Diplazium pycnocarpon), ginseng (Panax quinquefolius*), largeleaf waterleaf (Hydrophyllum macrophyllum), bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis)*, common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa)*, red trillium (Trillium erectum)*, large-flowered white trillium (Trillium grandiflorum)*.

RARE ANIMALS: Sawtooth disc (Discus bryanti), velvet covert (Inflectarius subpalliatus), sculpted supercoil (Paravitrea ternaria), bidentate dome (Ventridens coelaxis).

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None documented.

REFERENCES:

Kelly, J. 2005. Old growth forest delineations from the Blue Ridge in 2005. Unpublished report to the Southern Appalachian Forest Coalition and the New Leaf Fund.

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Survey Report: Sugarloaf Knob. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

Schafale, M.P. 2004. Site Survey Report: Sugarloaf. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

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CENTRAL MADISON COUNTY SITES

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BIG ROCK SPRING Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: Regional Size: 181 acres Quadrangle: Lemon Gap Ownership: U.S. Forest Service

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The primary significance of the site is a large, mature Rich Cove Forest with a few areas indicative of rich, circumneutral soils. It supports several plant species that were formerly listed as rare and other uncommon species.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The site is within a large block of forested land in Pisgah National Forest which extends discontinously from Hot Springs, North Carolina, south to Haywood County. However, some degree of fragmentation exists in private lands to the east, north, and south due to numerous agricultural clearings from inhabitation over the last couple of centuries. A segment of the Appalachian Trail crosses through the site. Spring Creek Gorge SNHA is 2.25 miles to the east. Max Patch/Roaring Fork Forest SNHA is 3.0 air miles to the southwest. Hot Springs Mountain SNHA is 4.0 air miles to the northeast. Stokely Hollow and Ridge is 4.0 air miles to the north.

SITE DESCRIPTION: The site lies on the northeast flank of Bluff Mountain between 2,400 and 3,900 feet in elevation. It is drained by tributaries of the East Fork of Shut-In Creek. A 1.7 mile long segment of the Appalachian Trail follows the crest along the southern site boundary. The site aspect is generally northeast-facing and northwest-facing. Its topography consists of numerous narrow to broad coves and open slopes ranging from moderate to steep. Small ridge lines and small knobs divide the cove areas. A large, extremely steep northeast-facing slope occurs near the upper site margin, which changes to a northwestern aspect on the slope that contains Big Rock Spring, the source for a tributary of West Fork Shut-in Creek. The site supports a mixture of very mature and younger Rich Cove Forest which is moderately large in aggregate. A gradation to small examples of Montane Oak--Hickory Forest types occurs on dry ridges and summits. The community grades to Acidic Cove Forest down slope, notably in the West Fork Shut-in Creek watershed. The site is underlaid by granite.

The Rich Cove Forest is of variable maturity, with patches to perhaps 80 years old mixed with areas that were logged in the last several decades. Some older areas are beginning to exhibit an uneven-aged structure. The forest canopy is dominated in younger stands by yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), in a mixture with other species. Older areas support a mixture of yellow poplar, red oak (Quercus rubra), basswood (Tilia americana), and yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava). Others present include black cherry (Prunus serotina), sweet birch (Betula lenta), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), white oak (Quercus alba), white ash (Fraxinus americana), and cucumber-tree (Magnolia acuminata). The understory varies in density and supports saplings of the canopy species, as well as striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), and others.

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The shrub layer varies from sparse to moderately dense. Smooth hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens) is most frequent, though buffalo-nut (Pyrularia pubera), maple-leaved viburnum (Viburnum acerifolim), rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), and deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum) are also present. The herb layer is moderately dense with typical cove species such as false Solomon’s-seal (Maianthemum racemosum), bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis), Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum), blackbead lily (Clintonia umbellulata), rattlesnake-root (Prenanthes sp.), wood nettle (Laportea canadensis), Canadian black snakeroot (Sanicula canadensis), indian cucumber-root (Medeola virginiana), large-flowered bellwort (Uvularia grandiflora), common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), Carolina phlox (Phlox carolina), yellow jewelweed (Impatiens pallida), jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), wide- leaved spiderwort (Tradescantia subaspera), tall white violet (Viola canadensis), Carolina lily (Lilium michauxii), common white heart-leaved aster (Eurybia divaricata), plantainleaf sedge (Carex plantaginea), Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), and New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis). Species seen infrequently such as spotted mandarin (Prosartes maculata) and Appalachian twayblade (Listera smallii) are present, as are the uncommon glade fern (Diplazium pycnocarpon) and largeleaf waterleaf (Hydrophyllum macrophyllum). Vines such as poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), grape (Vitis spp.), and Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolius) are prominent in some areas. Blackberry (Rubus spp.) occurs in more open areas.

Animal survey at this site indicates it is fair habitat for salamanders, including the uncommon northern slimy salamander (Plethodon glutinosus). Bird survey work was not conducted during the breeding season, but the late summer community included forest interior birds. Animal species documented which are indicators of good habitat integrity include northern slimy salamander, wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), common raven (Corvus corax), white-breasted nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis), and black bear (Ursus americanus). Other animal species documented include the following mammals: eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus), eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), and coyote (Canis latrans); birds: pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus), downy woodpecker (Picoides pubescens), American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), Carolina chickadee (Parus carolinensis), tufted titmouse (Parus bicolor), and eastern towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus); and the mountain dusky salamander (Desmognathus ochrophaeus).

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: The site is part of a larger forested area with a history of logging. The forests within the site have a variable age structure that should be allowed to mature without disturbance. Much of the site lies within the Appalachian Trail corridor management area and is managed for scenic values.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Rich Cove Forest.

RARE PLANTS: None documented.

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WATCH LIST PLANTS: Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)*, glade fern (Diplazium pycnocarpon), largeleaf waterleaf (Hydrophyllum macrophyllum), bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis)*, common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa)*.

RARE ANIMALS: None documented.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: Northern slimy salamander (Plethodon glutinosus).

REFERENCES:

Heiman, K.A. 1995. Inventory of the Natural Areas of the French Broad Ranger District, Pisgah National Forest. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation, DENR, Raleigh.

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Survey Report: Big Rock Spring. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

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prepred2y2xFgF2xturl2reritge2rogrm2E2QGII Madison County Natural Areas Inventory

CROOKED CREEK MEADOW BOG Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: Regional Size: 18 acres Quadrangle: Barnardsville Ownership: Private

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The site contains one of the only Swamp Forest--Bog Complexes in the county, as well as populations of the State Threatened American speedwell (Veronica americana) and the uncommon narrowleaf willowherb (Epilobium leptophyllum), species typically found in high quality bogs and seeps.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The surrounding landscape is relatively fragmented rural land, with numerous clearing areas along drainages and on the adjacent low topography of the area. The US Highway 19E corridor is about 1.25 miles to the west. No other significant sites are known to exist nearby in the landscape. The site is isolated in the landscape and, at a finer scale, it lies in a stream corridor which is mostly cleared, with substantial livestock and agricultural uses.

SITE DESCRIPTION: The site lies in the floodplain of Crooked Creek, a tributary of Ivy Creek. It is situated in a slight depression between the creek and a county road. It is considered to be a “meadow bog”, with an appearance that is more manipulated than that of a classic Southern Appalachian Bog. Its structure and species composition are like that of true bogs, except overall structural and species diversity are lower.

Although the original identity of the community type at the site is not clear, it is classified as a Swamp Forest--Bog Complex. It differs from the type in having no forest component, presumably from forest clearing. Its relatively small size could indicate it was a boggy pocket embedded in Swamp Forest or it may be a small, degraded example of a Southern Appalachian Bog. It is clearly a remnant wetland that has been subjected to past human disturbances, including grazing, clearing, and some degree of draining. However, the site retains some bog structure such as distinctly zoned shrub and herbs. Although not pristine, it retains substantial species diversity including several species usually associated with Southern Appalachian Bogs.

The site has zones of clustered wetland shrubs including tag alder (Alnus serrulata), hardhack (Spiraea tomentosa), and Canada elderberry (Sambucus canadensis). Herb-dominated zones are dominated by lamp rush (Juncus effusus), along with ironweed (Vernonia noveboracensis), marsh fern (Theylypteris palustris), seepage goldenrod (Solidago patula), ridgestem yellow flax (Linum striatum), cardinal flower (Lobelia cardinalis), arrowleaf tearthumb (Persicaria sagittata), brownish beaksedge (Rhynchospora capitellata), woodland bulrush (Scirpus expansus), woolgrass bulrush (Scirpus cyperinus), roundleaf sundew (Drosera rotundifolia var. rotundifolia), false nutsedge (Cyperus strigosus), blunt spikerush (Eleocharis obtusa), cinnamon fern (Osmundastrum cinnamomeum), boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum), purple-stem aster

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(Symphyotrichum puniceum var. puniceum), and sedges including fox sedge (Carex vulpinoidea), shallow sedge (Carex lurida), and Howe’s sedge (Carex howei), among many other species. Sphagnum mosses (Sphagnum spp.) form mats in some areas.

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: The species diversity of the wetland is fairly high and is reminiscent of a Southern Appalachian Bog, with numerous rushes, bulrushes, sedges, roundleaf sundew, purple-stem aster, American speedwell, narrowleaf willowherb, and hardhack. A small drainage ditch lies at one end of the wetland. The hydrology of the wetland was probably at least partially compromised by drainage through the ditch. It appears that the bog has been grazed in the past. The structure and composition of the bog should be monitored periodically to detect changes over time. Because American speedwell has a State Threatened status, it is important that the population also be monitored. Given the size of the bog and its isolation in a manipulated landscape, it should be considered vulnerable to effects from outside influences. Non-native invasive species including multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) and Chinese silver grass (Miscanthus sinensis) are present.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Swamp Forest--Bog Complex (Typic Subtype).

RARE PLANTS: American speedwell (Veronica americana).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Narrowleaf willowherb (Epilobium leptophyllum).

RARE ANIMALS: None documented.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None documented.

REFERENCES:

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Brief: Crooked Creek Meadow Bog. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

Smith, A. B. 1993. A Survey of Mountain Wetlands Communities. Report to the N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation, DENR, Raleigh.

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prepred2y2xFgF2xturl2reritge2rogrm2E2QGII Madison County Natural Areas Inventory

FORKS OF IVY SALAMANDER SITE Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: Regional Size: 26 acres Quadrangle: Mars Hill Ownership: Private

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: This site is significant for a robust population of the Special Concern southern zigzag salamander (Plethodon ventralis), known in North Carolina from the French Broad River Valley and one location in the Pigeon River Valley. The site is the farthest east and farthest from the French Broad River, of any known locations for the salamander in North Carolina. It is unusual in having none of the physical attributes, such as caves, rock crevices, or other physical features required for refuge by the species during dormancy. For these reasons, it is also significant as a reference site.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The landscape is moderately fragmented due to long-term human use. The site is 7.25 air miles northeast of the next nearest known location for the southern zigzag salamander, at Sandymush Creek/Turkey Creek Gorge SNHA. The site has no connection to other significant sites.

SITE DESCRIPTION: The site is located in southeastern Madison County, about 1.25 air miles west of Interstate 26 at Forks of Ivy, where Little Ivy Creek joins Ivy Creek (Ivy River). The town of Mars Hill lies about 1.75 air miles to the north-northeast. The site lies at elevations between 2,000 and 2,200 feet. The topography is one of relatively gentle slopes and rises with small broad coves along intermittent drainages of Gabriel Creek, a tributary of the Ivy River. Occasional steeper-sided yet shallow ravines are present. Compared to other areas in the county, the landscape of this part of the county is relatively fragmented due to the combination of long- term human habitation and gentle topography. The site is in a residential subdivision consisting of large, multi-acre lots with patches of young to young-mature forests, interspersed with clearings and small lawns. The forested areas are very typical Rich Cove Forest with an understory of hardwoods and less extensive Acidic Cove Forest with a dense evergreen shrub layer. The site is of particular interest because it does not have bedrock, crevices in outcrops, or any sort of route to the depths the salamanders need for winter dormancy. Yet the Zigzag Salamander population is believed to be robust and viable (Dr. Jim Petranka, 30 October 2009, pers. comm.).

In the forested areas, yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipfera) is the most frequent canopy species. It occurs in a mixture with red maple (Acer rubrum), basswood (Tilia americana), red oak (Quercus rubra), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), chestnut oak (Quercus montana), and others. Tree diameters are not large, averaging 12 inches with occasional larger trees, primarily yellow poplar, to 24 inches in diameter. Other forest patches are less mature. Many areas have an understory of hardwoods, but a dense evergreen

129 shrub layer dominated by rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) occurs in a few drainages and sheltered slopes.

Southern zigzag salamander is known to be extant at only four other locations in the state. The species has been found at this site repeatedly and the population is believed to be large, numbering in the hundreds to 1,000 individuals. Although the species is secretive and can only be found above ground during spring and fall, the population may be the largest, most viable currently known in the state. Because the site has no rock crevices or other potential pathways to depths underground, it is believed the salamanders at this site may reach necessary depths for dormancy via tree root channels (Dr. Jim Petranka, 30 October 2009, pers.comm).

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: No active management is needed. The area is residential, with primarily forested lots of several acres each in size. Some monitoring attention is given each year for continued presence of the population by herpetologist Dr. Jim Petranka of University of North Carolina-Asheville. Given the absence of apparent physical channels to depths underground, it is important that tree cover and ground surfaces remain unaltered, so that existing tree root channels remain intact.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: None documented.

RARE PLANTS: None documented.

WATCH LIST PLANTS: None documented.

RARE ANIMALS: Southern zigzag salamander (Plethodon ventralis).

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None documented.

REFERENCES:

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Brief: Forks of Ivy Salamander Site. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

Petranka, J. 30 October 2009. Personal communication about southern zigzag salamanders at Forks of Ivy Salamander Site.

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prepred2y2xFgF2xturl2reritge2rogrm2E2QGII Madison County Natural Areas Inventory

MARS HILL WATERSHED Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: County Size: 123 acres Quadrangle: Bald Creek Ownership: Town of Mars Hill

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The primary significance of the site is a for an area of the Rich Montane Seep and a medium sized patch of mature Northern Hardwood Forest (Typic Subtype), which is uncommon in the county. The uncommon yellow-bellied sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius) is also present. The site is fairly well isolated from disturbances other than logging.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The site occurs in a landscape that is primarily forested, but that has been cleared in many valley locations. It is part of a larger block of forests on the high divide between Madison and Yancey counties. A large resort community is 0.4 air mile to the north and 0.25 mile to the east. Street Gap Forest SNHA is 1.9 air miles to the north. Hensley Branch Headwaters SNHA and Elk Shoal Creek Headwaters SNHA are 2.4 and 3.4 air miles to the east, respectively, in Yancey County. The Interstate 26 corridor is about 3.0 air miles to the west. Sams Gap/High Rock SNHA is 4.0 air miles to the west-northwest.

SITE DESCRIPTION: The site is located in a broad, bifurcate cove at 3,200-4,600 feet in elevation, at the high divide on the county line. The Wolf Laurel Resort community lies along the northern boundary of the watershed. The geology of the site is granitic gneiss, an acidic rock type which is reflected in the flora. A small but mature example of Northern Hardwood Forest (Typic Subtype) occupies the primary cove bottom and nearby lower slopes. Other slopes support Rich Montane Seep communities.

The Northern Hardwood Forest canopy is dominated by large yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), to 24 inches in diameter. Other canopy species include yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), white ash (Fraxinus americana), red maple (Acer rubrum), sweet birch (Betula lenta), and American beech (Fagus grandifolia). The understory is sparse, with only occasional tall saplings of the canopy species, as well as striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), alternate- leaved dogwood (Cornus alternifolia), and black cherry (Prunus serotina). The shrub layer is dense in many areas and dominated by rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum). Other species such as sweet-pepperbush (Clethra acuminata), Canada elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), and smooth hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens), occur sporadically in openings. The herb layer is sparse due to competition from the dense evergreen shrub layer. It supports tall white violet (Viola canadensis var. canadensis), halberd-leaved violet (Viola hastata), wild white violet (Viola macloskeyi var. pallens), jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), false Solomon’s- seal (Maianthemum racemosum), Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), marginal woodfern (Dryopteris marginalis), fancy fern (Dryopteris intermedia), New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), white-hellebore (Veratrum viride), red trillium (Trillium erectum), big-leaved aster (Eurybia macrophylla), white-heart-leaved aster (Eurybia divaricata), spotted

133 mandarin (Prosartes maculata), common blue wood aster (Symphyotrichum cordifolium), Canada mayflower (Maianthemum canadense), blackbead lily (Clintonia umbellulata), and the uncommon ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), Core’s starwort (Stellaria corei), and lesser rattlesnake orchid (Goodyera repens).

A portion of the eastern slopes of the watershed, in areas where timber was extracted, contains several drainages with well-developed Rich Montane Seep communities. These forested seeps occur in moist soils and seepy areas along several intermittent drainages on a few feet wide extending downward into the the cove to the dense shrub layer of the Northern Hardwood Forest below. The community is dominated by herbs, with occasional shrubs. It supports branch lettuce (Micranthes micranthidifolia), Canada waterleaf (Hydrophyllum canadense), mountain angelica (Angelica triquinata), bee-balm (Monarda didyma), umbrella-leaf (Diphyllea cymosa), jack-in-the-pulpit, orange jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), yellow jewelweed (Impatiens pallida), white hellebore, and sedges (Carex spp.). Some short sections of the seeps are shrub- dominated, with smooth hydrangea, common elderberry, and sweet-pepperbush being most common.

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: The majority of the Mars Hill watershed was logged by helicopter in 2006, extracting most of the merchantable timber and leaving trees 6-10 inches in diameter in most areas. The watershed is under a conservation easement which permits logging. Because no invasive plant species were noted in the site, the forests may escape non- native invasion during the recovery period. The forest surrounding the Rich Montane Seep area was also logged, but original plant composition appears to have been retained. Future logging in the watershed should be done more selectively and seed trees of various species should be retained.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Northern Hardwood Forest, Rich Montane Seep.

RARE PLANTS: None documented.

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)*, lesser rattlesnake orchid (Goodyera repens), Core’s starwort (Stellaria corei), red trillium (Trillium erectum)*.

RARE ANIMALS: None documented.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: Yellow-bellied sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius appalachiensis), winter wren (Troglodytes hiemalis), Jordan’s salamander (Plethodon jordani).

REFERENCES:

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Survey Report: Mars Hill Watershed. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

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MAX PATCH/ROARING FORK FOREST Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: Regional Size: 253 acres Quadrangle: Lemon Gap Ownership: U.S. Forest Service

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The moderately large site is significant for good examples of the relatively common Rich Cove Forest, Acidic Cove Forest, and Montane Oak--Hickory Forest community types, as well as the best of only three known populations of the Significantly Rare heartleaf hedge-nettle (Stachys cordata) in the state. The rare brown creeper (Certhia americana) is also present.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The site is within an approximately 1000-acre block of forested lands within Pisgah National Forest. Rural, primarily-forested private lands with scattered clearings, farms, and dwellings occupy areas to the east in Spring Creek Valley. The site has excellent connection to thousands of acres of forested land in the Cherokee National Forest of Tennessee, located within 0.3 air mile to the west. It also has excellent landscape connection to the Harmon Den Wildlife Management Area of Pisgah National Forest, 1.0 air mile to the south. Big Rock Spring SNHA is 3.0 air miles to the northeast. Cold Spring Bog SNHA and Fall Branch Forests SNHA, in adjacent Haywood County, are both about 3.0 air miles to the south-southwest. Spring Creek/Turkey Mountain SNHA is 5.25 air miles to the east-southeast.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Max Patch/Roaring Fork Forest is located in western Madison County about 0.5 mile northeast of Max Patch, a popular recreation destination. It is a fairly isolated section of the county, with access only from Max Patch Road. Roaring Fork, which bisects the site, is a perennial tributary in the Spring Creek drainage. More than 2 miles of the Appalachian Trail are contained within the boundaries of the site. The topography of the site is that of a large, north-facing cove with broad, open slopes and moderately steep slopes. Elevations range from 3,400 feet to 4,240 feet on the north slope of Max Patch Mountain. The site is underlain by granitic rock.

Rich Cove Forest is prevalent on lower slopes and in cove bottoms over much of the site. Its composition and quality vary from mature to very mature. The canopy is a fairly diverse mixture of yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), red maple (Acer rubrum), black cherry (Prunus serotina), red oak (Quercus rubra), basswood (Tilia americana), and yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava). White oak (Quercus alba) and white ash (Fraxinus americana) also occur in a few locations. A couple of stands of large Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) occur in the upper reaches of the cove bottom. The understory supports saplings of those species, as well as silverbell (Halesia tetraptera), striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri), cucumber-tree (Magnolia acuminata), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), mountain holly (Ilex montana), and

137 others. The shrub layer is sparse, with smooth hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens) being most common. Other shrubs include maple-leaved viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium), rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), and buffalo-nut (Pyrularia pubera). The herb layer is generally dense, with fairly high diversity. The herb layer includes species such as indian cucumber-root (Medeola virginiana), wood nettle (Laportea canadensis), orange jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), Curtis’ goldenrod (Solidago curtisii), yellow mandarin (Prosartes lanuginosa), jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), wide-leaved spiderwort (Tradescantia subaspera), tall white violet (Viola canadensis), blackbead lily (Clintonia umbellulata), rattlesnake-root (Prenanthes sp.), common groundnut (Apios americana), Carolina lily (Lilium michauxii), common white heart-leaved aster (Eurybia divaricata), common blue wood aster (Symphyotrichum cordifolium), false Solomon’s-seal (Maianthemum racemosum), fernleaf phacelia (Phacelia bipinnatifida), wideleaf bedstraw (Galium latifolium), starry campion (Silene stellata), large-flowered white trillium (Trillium grandiflorum), meadow-parsnip (Thaspium sp.), stonecrop (Sedum ternatum), and bear-corn (Conopholis americana), as well as ferns such as Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), hay- scented fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula), and broad beech fern (Phegopteris hexagonoptera). Less frequent are the uncommon largeleaf waterleaf (Hydrophyllum macrophyllum), Appalachian phacelia (Phacelia dubia), and ginseng (Panax quinquefolius). Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolius), blackberry (Rubus sp.), and common greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia) are occasional.

Smaller patches of Acidic Cove Forest are interspersed with the Rich Cove Forest, occurring on more sheltered slopes and along the cove bottom. They are dominated by Canada hemlock, Fraser magnolia, sweet birch (Betula lenta), yellow poplar, and others. The understory is dominated by thickets of rosebay rhododendron, with occasional highland dog-hobble (Leucothoe fontanesiana) near drainages. The herb layer is typically sparse, with plants in openings. Herbs include jack-in-the-pulpit, galax (Galax urceolata), partridgeberry (Mitchella repens), downy rattlesnake-plantain (Goodyera pubescens), round-leaved violet (Viola rotundifolia), common black cohosh, false Solomon’s-seal, New York fern, common white heart-leaved aster, and others.

Montane Oak--Hickory Forest occupies more exposed higher slopes within the site. It supports a canopy of chestnut oak (Quercus montana), red oak, red maple, sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), and pignut hickory (Carya glabra). The sparse to moderate understory consists of saplings of the canopy species, with red maple being most common. Also present are striped maple, cucumber-tree, Fraser magnolia, and white oak. The shrub layer is patchy, with rosebay rhododendron, buffalo-nut, and mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) being most prevalent. Flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum) is also present as are sprouts of American chestnut (Castanea dentata). Herbs include false Solomon’s-seal (Maianthemum racemosum), witch- grass (Dichanthelium sp.), white snakeroot (Ageratina altissima), Curtis’ goldenrod, Solomon’s- seal (Polygonatum biflorum), common white heart-leaved aster, and others. The rare heartleaf hedge-nettle (Stachys cordata) occurs in two locations that are transitional between this type and Rich Cove Forest, both on the west side of Roaring Fork in the vicinity of Miller Gap.

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Animal surveys revealed good habitat characteristics for various species. Animal species documented that are believed to indicate good ecosystem integrity include the following: pipevine swallowtail (Battus philenor), Jordan’s salamander (Plethodon jordani), northern dusky salamander (Desmognathus fuscus), wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), broad-winged hawk (Buteo platypterus), yellow-bellied sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius), Acadian flycatcher (Empidonax virescens), white-breasted nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis), red-breasted nuthatch (Sitta canadensis), winter wren (Troglodytes hiemalis), wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), veery (Catharus fuscescens), red-eyed vireo (Vireo olivaceus), blue-headed vireo (Vireo solitarius), black-throated green warbler (Dendroica virens), black-and-white warbler (Mniotilta varia), black-throated blue warbler (Dendroica caerulescens), Canada warbler (Wilsonia canadensis), hooded warbler (Wilsonia citrina), ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus), scarlet tanager (Piranga olivacea), and black bear (Ursus americanus).

Additional animal species documented include the following mammals: eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus), red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus); birds: chimney swift (Chaetura pelagica), ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris), pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus), downy woodpecker (Picoides pubescens), hairy woodpecker (Picoides villosus), blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata), Carolina chickadee (Parus carolinensis), tufted titmouse (Parus bicolor), Carolina wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus), gray catbird (Dumetella carolinensis), American robin (Turdus migratorius), northern junco (Junco hyemalis), and eastern towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus); reptiles and amphibians: eastern garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis), black-bellied salamander (Desmognathus quadramaculatus), mountain dusky salamander (Desmognathus ochrophaeus), and seal salamander (Desmognathus monticola).

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: The forests need no active management and should be allowed to mature toward older growth without disturbance. The rare mountain catchfly (Silene ovata) was reported near the site, near a roadside at Miller Gap, and although it has not been recorded subsequently it could be extant within the site. The yellow-bellied sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius), an uncommon species that was formerly on the rare list, is known from the site. A section of the Appalachian Trail winds through the site.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Rich Cove Forest, Acidic Cove Forest, Montane Oak--Hickory Forest.

RARE PLANTS: Heartleaf hedge-nettle (Stachys cordata).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)*, largeleaf waterleaf (Hydrophyllum macrophyllum), galax (Galax urceolata)*, large-flowered white trillium (Trillium grandiflorum)*.

RARE ANIMALS: Brown creeper (Certhia americana).

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WATCH LIST ANIMALS: Yellow-bellied sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius), red-breasted nuthatch (Sitta canadensis), winter wren (Troglodytes hiemalis), Jordan’s salamander (Plethodon jordani).

REFERENCES:

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Survey Report: Max Patch/Roaring Fork Forest. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

Rossell, C.R., Jr. 2008. Site Survey Report (Fauna): Max Patch--Roaring Fork Natural Area. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

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prepred2y2xFgF2xturl2reritge2rogrm2E2QGII Madison County Natural Areas Inventory

SPRING CREEK MOUNTAIN Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: Regional Size: 297 acres Quadrangle: Spring Creek Ownership: Private

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The site contains a good example of a Rich Cove Forest community that is more nutrient rich than usual, with some portions that are very mature. Acidic Cove Forest is also present. The site also supports a population of the State Threatened sweet white trillium (Trillium simile), several uncommon plant species, and a few strong indicators of rich, circumneutral soils such as glade fern (Diplazium pycnocarpon).

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The site is located just south of thousands of acres of unfragmented land in Pisgah National Forest. The adjacent landscape to the east, south, and west is in private ownership and is relatively fragmented by clearings for agricultural uses and from logging. A few roadbeds exist in the site and younger forests and clearings occur on its margins. It is located at the edge of the Hot Springs Window Macrosite. The southern end of Spring Creek Gorge SNHA is about 1.0 air mile to the northwest. Maidenhair Ravine SNHA is about 2.0 air miles to the northeast.

SITE DESCRIPTION: The site is in the section of the county known as Big Pine. It includes the summit of Rector Butt, a 3,600-foot peak at the northern end of Spring Creek Mountain. The area north of the summit peaks and ridges contains a wide area of coves and intervening divides which have a northern aspect. The majority of the site consists of moderate to steep slopes with ravines draining into Rector Branch, a tributary of the French Broad River. Some areas are very rocky, with occasional larger boulders. Most of the site occurs on granodioritic gneiss, a rock type with some hornblende content, which produces rich soils. The northernmost part of the site is mapped as sandstone.

Rich Cove Forest occurs over a majority of the site on open, lower to middle slopes and broad coves. The tall, closed canopy is dominated by yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), red oak (Quercus rubra), sweet birch (Betula lenta), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), red maple (Acer rubrum), and cucumber-tree (Magnolia acuminata). Yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), basswood (Tilia americana), and white ash (Fraxinus americana) are less frequent. The most mature areas have trees averaging perhaps 15 inches in diameter and some trees to 3 feet in diameter. The understory is fairly sparse in the more mature areas, with saplings of the canopy species as well as striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum) and flowering dogwood (Cornus florida). The shrub layer is fairly sparse in many areas. Smooth hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens) and rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) are dominant. The herb layer is very dense, with good diversity and several species indicating rich, circumneutral soils. Ferns are well represented, with fancy fern (Dryopteris intermedia), Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), cove bladder fern (Cystopteris protrusa), marginal woodfern (Dryopteris

143 marginalis), as well as uncommon species such as glade fern (Diplazium pycnocarpon) and Goldie’s woodfern (Dryopteris goldiana). Also abundant are common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), fernleaf phacelia (Phacelia bipinnatifida), bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis), red trillium (Trillium erectum), large-flowered trillium (Trillium grandiflorum), Dutchman’s-breeches (Dicentra cucullaria), yellow mandarin (Prosartes lanuginosa), false Solomon’s-seal (Maianthemum racemosum), Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum), Canada mayflower (Maianthemum canadense), stonecrop (Sedum ternatum), common chickweed (Stellaria media), wild ginger (Asarum canadense), jack-in-the- pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), the uncommon spotted mandarin (Prosartes maculata) and ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), as well as the rare sweet white trillium (Trillium simile). Walking fern (Asplenium rhizophyllum) occurs on boulders in a couple of places, and as such serves as an indicator that circumneutral rock types are present. Wet areas along drainages support species such as branch lettuce (Micranthes micranthidifolia), pink turtleheads (Chelone lyonii), Canada waterleaf (Hydrophyllum canadense), and the uncommon Blue Ridge bittercress (Cardamine flagellifera). Shaded boulders and small outcrops in the forest support marginal woodfern, cove bladderwort, ebony spleenwort (Asplenium platyneuron), crag-jangle (Heuchera villosa), and stonecrop. The vine Dutchman’s-pipe (Aristolochia macrophyllum) occurs in some areas, as does Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolius) and poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans).

The Rich Cove Forest grades to Acidic Cove Forest of lesser extent on more sheltered slopes and in narrow ravines. The Acidic Cove Forest has a similar canopy composition but is more heavily dominated by yellow poplar and sweet birch, with smaller numbers of yellow buckeye and basswood. Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri) are occasional. Its understory is less well developed due to a denser shrub layer of rosebay rhododendron. The sparse, less diverse herb layer supports jack-in-the-pulpit, large-flowered trillium, Christmas fern, marginal woodfern, downy rattlesnake-plantain (Goodyera pubescens), false Solomon’s-seal, partridgeberry (Mitchella repens), and others.

Also in the mosaic are smaller examples of Montane Oak-- Hickory Forest, which occur at the upper margins of the Rich Cove Forest on drier, more open upper slopes and upper portions of ridgetops. It has a canopy of red oak, chestnut oak (Quercus montana), scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea), yellow poplar, white pine (Pinus strobus), and others over an understory containing sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), flowering dogwood, and black gum (Nyssa sylvatica). Shrubs are variable, with rosebay rhododendron, flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum), mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), and dryland blueberry (Vaccinium pallidum). Many of these areas show more sign of grazing and human activity.

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: The site has multiple owners and as such could be difficult to manage. All forests within the site should be allowed to succeed to older growth. The slope areas with rich soils could be vulnerable to invasion by non-native plant species. Species composition should be monitored to detect increases non-native species.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Acidic Cove Forest, Rich Cove Forest.

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RARE PLANTS: Sweet white trillium (Trillium simile).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)*, Goldie’s woodfern (Dryopteris goldiana), glade fern (Diplazium pycnocarpon), common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa)*, red trillium (Trillium erectum)*, large-flowered white trillium (Trillium grandiflorum)*, bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis)*.

RARE ANIMALS: None documented.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None documented.

REFERENCES:

Heiman, K. 1992. Site Survey Report: Spring Creek Mountain. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation, DENR, Raleigh.

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SPRING CREEK/TURKEY MOUNTAIN Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: County Size: 154 acres Quadrangle: Spring Creek Ownership: U.S. Forest Service and private

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The site is significant for good examples of Chestnut Oak Forest and Rich Cove Forest communities, with a few uncommon plant species.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The surrounding landscape is rural but has a fairly high degree of fragmentation due to long-term occupation of the valley. Some degree of fragmentation exists on all sides of the site. Many former clearings have returned to forest, but new clearings are created by logging. Houses at low density occur through the adjacent lands. Thousands of acres of contiguous forest lie within 1.75 air miles to the north, in Pisgah National Forest. Spring Creek Mountain SNHA is 3.0 air miles to the northeast. Spring Creek Gorge SNHA is 2.5 air miles to the northwest. Max Patch/Roaring Fork Forest SNHA is 5.0 air miles to the west. Big Rock Spring SNHA is 4.5 air miles to the north-northwest.

SITE DESCRIPTION: The site is located in western Madison County, near the community of Spring Creek. Turkey Mountain is a mile-long, west-trending spur of Spring Creek Mountain. Located on the east side of the valley, the site occurs partly on an outlier parcel of Pisgah National Forest. It occurs at moderate elevations of 2,550-3,160 feet. Much of the site consists of steep, north-facing slopes ascending to a relatively flat crest. Warmer, south-facing slopes and coves are present on the south side of Turkey Mountain. The site supports good examples of two relatively common community types, Rich Cove Forest and Chestnut Oak Forest.

The Chestnut Oak Forest is extensive across the crest and north slopes. It has a closed canopy dominated by chestnut oak (Quercus montana), with substantial numbers of scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea), white oak (Quercus alba), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), white pine (Pinus strobus), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), mockernut hickory (Carya alba), pignut hickory (Carya glabra), and occasional shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata). The understory supports many of those species, as well as red maple (Acer rubrum), striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), downy serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea), Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), sassafras (Sassafras albidum), white ash (Fraxinus americana), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), hop- hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), and occasional sprouts of American chestnut (Castanea dentata). The variable, but generally dense, shrub layer contains thickets of mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) and rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) and elsewhere deciduous shrubs such as deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), dryland blueberry (Vaccinium pallidum), flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum), and maple-leaved viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium). Highland dog-hobble (Leucothoe fontanesiana) occurs in a few mesic draws. The herb layer is sparse to moderately dense, with typical species such as big-leaved aster (Eurybia macrophylla), rattlesnake-root (Prenanthes sp.), meadowrue (Thalictrum sp.), Curtis’ goldenrod (Solidago

147 curtisii), yellow wild indigo (Baptisia tinctoria), galax (Galax urceolata), and the uncommon lesser rattlesnake orchid (Goodyera repens) and large whorled pogonia (Isotria verticillata). Vines such as poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) and Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolius) are fairly frequent. Greenbriers (Smilax spp.) and blackberries (Rubus spp.) are scattered through some of the more open areas. Small areas in ridgetop saddles grade toward Montane Oak--Hickory Forest and areas on the middle slopes grade to a more mesic Chestnut Oak Forest.

A transition to Rich Cove Forest occurs in deep coves on the south slopes of the mountain. The cove forest in these areas is of moderate maturity and has good species composition. The canopy is dominated by yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) in a mixture of yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), Canada hemlock, basswood (Tilia americana), and red oak (Quercus rubra). The understory is sparse to moderately dense with additional species such as striped maple, cucumber-tree (Magnolia acuminata), and occasional slippery elm (Ulmus rubra). The shrub layer is sparse, with smooth hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens) and sweet-shrub (Calycanthus floridus) as the primary shrubs. The herb layer is lush, many typical species of rich coves such as common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), foamflower (Tiarella cordifolia), jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), Canadian black snakeroot (Sanicula canadensis), spikenard (Aralia racemosa), Canada waterleaf (Hydrophyllum canadense), Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), southern lady fern (Athryrium asplenioides), orange jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), violets (Viola spp.), sharp-lobed hepatica (Anemone acutiloba), tall white violet (Viola canadensis), ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), and many others. The vine Dutchman’s-pipe (Aristolochia macrophylla) is sporadic throughout.

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: The site contains mature forests that should be allowed to mature to older growth without disturbance. No active management is needed at the site.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Chestnut Oak Forest, Rich Cove Forest.

RARE PLANTS: None documented.

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)*, lesser rattlesnake orchid (Goodyera repens), large whorled pogonia (Isotria verticillata), galax (Galax urceolata)*, common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa)*.

RARE ANIMALS: None documented.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None documented.

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REFERENCES:

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Survey Report: Spring Creek/Turkey Mountain. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

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prepred2y2xFgF2xturl2reritge2rogrm2E2QGII Madison County Natural Areas Inventory

WALNUT MOUNTAINS/SEVENMILE RIDGE Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: County Size: 71 acres Quadrangle: Marshall Ownership: Private

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The site contains a fairly good example of Montane Oak-- Hickory Forest (Typic Subtype) with small areas of the less common Montane Oak--Hickory Forest (Rich Subtype).

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The site lies in a large block of forested lands in private ownership. It has fairly good connection to the center of the Walnut Mountains. The surrounding landscape is moderately fragmented by roads, homes, and clearings in the surrounding valleys. The site has no clear connection to other significant sites. Spillcorn/Richland Mountain SNHA is 4.7 air miles to the north. Spillcorn/Locust Knob SNHA is 5.4 air miles to the north-northwest.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Sevenmile Ridge is a southern extension of the Walnut Mountains of central Madison County, about 6 air miles west of Mars Hill, North Carolina. The site is located on a portion of Sevenmile Ridge, about 3 miles north of NC Highway 213 and about 1 mile west of the community of Grapevine. The ridge is on the divide between the Walnut Creek and Bull Creek drainages. The topography is fairly typical of a mountain ridge, with a gentle crest, open slopes, and the upper portions of coves. The ridge is oriented north to south, producing slopes facing east and west. It is located at moderate elevations, between 2,800 and 3,280 feet and has a geology of biotite granitic gneiss, which yields typical mountain soils.

The Montane Oak--Hickory Forest canopy is dominated by chestnut oak (Quercus montana), pignut hickory (Carya glabra), mockernut hickory (Carya alba), red oak (Quercus rubra), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), red maple (Acer rubrum), and white oak (Quercus alba). Mature yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) is also fairly common in the canopy, indicating past logging. The moderately dense understory supports saplings of the canopy species as well as bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), downy serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea), Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), and flowering dogwood (Cornus florida). The shrub layer is sparse to moderately dense with few heaths. Dominant species include flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum) and maple-leaved viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium), with occasional buffalo-nut (Pyrularia pubera), deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), strawberry-bush (Euonymus americanus), and smooth hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens). The herb layer is sparse to moderately dense, with species typical of the type including common blue wood aster (Symphyotrichum cordifolium), common white heart-leaved aster (Eurybia divaricata), goldenrod (Solidago sp.), Curtis’ goldenrod (Solidago curtisii), dwarf crested iris (Iris cristata), indian cucumber-root (Medeola virginiana), downy

151 rattlesnake-plantain (Goodyera pubescens), wild geranium (Geranium maculatum), early meadowrue (Thalictrum dioicum), the uncommon ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), hay-scented fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula), American lovage (Ligusticum canadense), phlox (Phlox sp.), perfoliate bellwort (Uvularia perfoliata), greater coreopsis (Coreopsis major), white goldenrod (Solidago bicolor), fire-pink (Silene virginica), white snakeroot (Ageratina altissima), pipsissewa (Chimaphila maculata), meadow-parsnip (Thaspium sp.), round-leaf yellow violet (Viola rotundifolia), false Solomon’s-seal (Maianthemum racemosum), a sunflower (Helianthus sp.), jumpseed (Persicaria virginiana), may-apple (Podophyllum peltatum), and others. Common greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia), poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), grape (Vitis sp.), and Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolius) are locally abundant.

One area on the ridge differs in supporting additional species indicative of higher nutrient status, possibly a rich subtype of the community. Its canopy is similar, but trees such as slippery elm (Ulmus rubra) and hop-hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana) occur in the understory. Additional herbs are present which are more typical of rich coves, including American lopseed (Phryma leptostachya var. leptostachya), common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), Canada horse-balm (Collinsonia canadensis), Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum), wide-leaved spiderwort (Tradescantia subaspera), and blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides).

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: The site needs no active management other than to allow the forest to mature without disturbance. Invasive non-native plant species are not established. Adjacent areas on the slopes vary in terms of maturity, but the site has good potential for expansion of its boundaries. This portion of the county has few other known significant sites due to an active history of logging. Some adjacent areas on the west and north have been logged in the past decade or so.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Montane Oak--Hickory Forest.

RARE PLANTS: None documented.

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)*, common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa)*.

RARE ANIMALS: None documented.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None documented.

REFERENCES:

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Survey Report: Walnut Mountains/Sevenmile Ridge. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

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HOT SPRINGS WINDOW

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prepred2y2xFgF2xturl2reritge2rogrm2E2QGII Madison County Natural Areas Inventory

HOT SPRINGS WINDOW MACROSITE Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: State Size: 22,092 acres Quadrangles: Paint Rock, Hot Springs, Ownership: U.S. Forest Service and private Spring Creek, and Marshall

INCLUDED SIGNIFICANT NATURAL HERITAGE AREAS (with significance rating): Big Laurel Creek Gorge (Regional), Davis Branch Floodplain (State), Deep Water Bridge Area (Regional), Doe Branch Forests (County), Hot Springs Mountain (Regional), Lovers Leap/Stackhouse Slopes (State), Lower French Broad River Aquatic Habitat (Regional), Maidenhair Ravine (County), Mine Ridge (County), Mountain Island (Regional), Murray Branch Slopes (State), Paint Rock Road Natural Area (State), Spring Creek Gorge (State), Squirrel Branch Oaks (County), Stokely Hollow and Ridge (State).

SITE DESCRIPTION: The Hot Springs Window Macrosite lies in northwestern Madison County. It contains a large cluster of significant sites, all of which are associated with sedimentary rock types that are rare in the state. Numerous rare plant and animal species are present. A total of 14 standard terrestrial sites and one aquatic site are contained in the macrosite. Of the 14 standard sites within the macrosite, six are State significant, four are Regionally significant, and four are County significant. The macrosite contains 11 natural community types, including the only examples of Calcareous Shale Slope Woodland in the state, and most of the examples of Acidic Shale Slope Woodland. A total of 57 rare species are documented from the site. Of the rare plant species present, two are nonvascular species and five species are known only from historical records. Of the rare animal species present, 21 are fishes, three are reptiles, two are amphibians, one is a crayfish, and one is a butterfly. The majority of the rare animal species require aquatic habitats, with a total of 26 species. Five of the rare animal species are known only from historical records. Individual descriptions of the significant standard sites within the macrosite follow.

The site is defined by its geology, occurring in a portion of the Blue Ridge -- the Hot Springs Geologic Window -- where erosional processes have exposed sedimentary rock types that are rare in the mountain region. The geology of the macrosite consists of such rocks, including sandstones, shales, slate, siltstones and mudstones, dolomite, and limestone. The geology is largely responsible for the presence of most of the rare plant species and rare community types found in the macrosite.

About 15 miles of the French Broad River lie within the macrosite, from near the community of Walnut in the south to northwest of the town of Hot Springs, where it reaches the Tennessee state line. Elevations range from about 1,200 feet where the French Broad River enters Tennessee to 3,360 feet along the crest of the Bald Mountains. The macrosite extends for about 4.5 air miles up the Spring Creek Valley to include Spring Creek Gorge and for over 2 air miles up Big Laurel

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Creek to include Big Laurel Creek Gorge. A section of the Bald Mountain Range is included in the macrosite. The macrosite occurs at relatively low elevations, producing many warm, dry habitats. It includes extensive cove and slope forests, as well as areas of woodlands, cliff communities, and alluvial areas.

Most of the macrosite is on public land contained within the Appalachian Ranger District of Pisgah National Forest. Privately-owned lands are present in the French Broad River corridor northwest of Hot Springs and in the southern end of the macrosite. Much of the landscape of the macrosite is unfragmented. Many areas outside the significant standard sites it contains support generally younger forests which serve to buffer the macrosite as a whole. The landscape has a high degree of fragmentation on lands in private ownership near the town of Hot Springs. Most of the site is managed by the U.S. Forest Service. Fire is believed to be important to some extent for maintenance of certain community types and rare species populations. Some prescribed burning has been done by the U.S. Forest Service in and near the Paint Rock Road Natural Area and Murray Branch Slopes sites, but ongoing development of a burning program is needed.

The extant rare plant species of the macrosite include piratebush (Buckleya distichophylla), climbing fumitory (Adlumia fungosa), branching draba (Draba ramosissima), pink thoroughwort (Fleischmannia incarnata), spreading rockcress (Arabis patens), glade bluecurls (Trichostema brachiatum), Pursh’s wild-petunia (Ruellia purshiana), prairie ragwort (Packera paupercula var. appalachiana), three-flowered melic (Melica nitens), wall-rue spleenwort (Asplenium ruta- muraria), lobed spleenwort (Asplenium pinnatifidum), heartleaf hedge-nettle (Stachys cordata), Carolina saxifrage (Micranthes caroliniana), bristle-leaf sedge (Carex eburnea), bleeding heart (Dicentra eximia), slender corydalis (Corydalis micrantha ssp. micrantha), Alabama lip-fern (Cheilanthes alabamensis), Kelsey’s locust (Robinia hispida var. kelseyi), glade spurge (Euphorbia purpurea), purpleleaf willowherb (Epilobium ciliatum), prairie-tea croton (Croton monanthogynus), aromatic aster (Symphyotrichum oblongifolium), and meehania (Meehania cordata). Mountain camellia (Stewartia ovata), downy alumroot (Heuchera pubescens), American bittersweet (Celastrus scandens), striped garlic (Allium cuthbertii), and goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) are known only from historical records.

The extant rare animal species of the macrosite include the reptiles loggerhead musk turtle (Sternotherus minor), eastern spiny softshell (Apalone spinifera spinifera), and Cumberland slider (Trachemys scripta troostii); the amphibians hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) and southern zigzag salamander (Plethodon ventralis); the French Broad River crayfish (Cambarus reburrus); the golden banded-skipper (Autochton cellus) and mottled duskywing (Erynnis martialis); and the fishes freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), mooneye (Hiodon tergisus), American brook lamprey (Lampetra appendix), sauger (Sander canadensis), river carpsucker (Carpiodes carpio), quillback (Carpiodes cyprinus), olive darter (Percina squamata), logperch (Percina caprodes), southern blotched chub (Erimystax insignis eristigma), highland shiner (Notropis micropteryx), mimic shiner (Notropis volucellus), Ohio lamprey (Ichthyomyzon bdellium), banded sculpin (Cottus carolinae), smallmouth redhorse (Moxostoma breviceps), smallmouth buffalo (Ictiobus bubalus), black buffalo (Ictiobus niger), and mountain madtom (Noturus eleutherus). The least weasel (Mustela nivalis), freshwater sturgeon (Acipenser

156 fulvescens), spotfin chub (Erimystax monachus), wounded darter (Etheostoma vulneratum), and paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) are known only from historical records.

The natural communities recorded from the macrosite include Rich Cove Forest, Acidic Cove Forest, Chestnut Oak Forest, Montane Oak--Hickory Forest, Basic Oak--Hickory Forest, Pine-- Oak/Heath, Montane Acidic Cliff, Montane Calcareous Cliff, Montane Alluvial Forest, and Rocky Bar and Shore. Acidic Shale Slope Woodland, Calcareous Shale Slope Woodland, Montane Calcareous Cliff, Montane Alluvial Forest, and Basic Oak--Hickory Forest are rare types. The Basic Oak--Hickory Forest occurrences in the macrosite have unusual composition and may be an undescribed community type.

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BIG LAUREL CREEK GORGE Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: Regional Size: 614 acres Quadrangle: Hot Springs Ownership: U.S. Forest Service

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The site is significant for good quality examples of Montane Oak- - Hickory Forest, Rich Cove Forest, and a rare Montane Alluvial Forest community. The State Threatened/Federal Species of Concern piratebush (Buckleya distichophylla), Special Concern climbing fumitory (Adlumia fungosa), Significantly Rare/Federal Species of Concern Carolina saxifrage (Micranthes caroliniana), and Significantly Rare bleeding heart (Dicentra eximia) are present.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The site lies at the eastern edge of a block of Pisgah National Forest that consists of thousands of acres of forested land. The US Highway 25/70 corridor is 0.4 air mile to the east and 0.1 air mile to the north. The site lies within the Hot Springs Window Macrosite. It adjoins Lovers Leap/Stackhouse Slopes on the south. The Lower French Broad River Aquatic Habitat SNHA bisects the site. Doe Branch Forests SNHA is 1.75 air miles to the south. Hot Springs Mountain SNHA is 2.5 air miles to the southwest. Stokely Hollow and Ridge SNHA is 3.9 air miles to the west. Murray Branch Slopes is 5.0 air miles to the northwest.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Big Laurel Creek Gorge occurs in a 2-mile long gorge near the confluence of Big Laurel Creek with the French Broad River. Big Laurel Creek bisects the site, which lies at elevations between 1,680 and 2,680 feet. Much of the site has very steep slopes with larger coves at several unnamed tributaries of Big Laurel Creek. Most of the slopes are open, with relatively few intervening ridgetops. The majority of the site is occupied by Rich Cove Forest and Montane Oak--Hickory Forest community types. A narrow alluvial zone along Big Laurel Creek supports Montane Alluvial Forest. Much of the gorge occurs on sandstone or quartzite with localized slate, shale, and metasiltstone.

Rich Cove Forest is widespread across the site, occupying many areas on lower slopes and into the site interior along drainages and on protected slopes. Some gradation to Acidic Cove Forest occurs on parts of the lower slopes. The Rich Cove Forest canopy is a fairly typical mixture of yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), red oak (Quercus rubra), red maple (Acer rubrum), sweet birch (Betula lenta), Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), cucumber-tree (Magnolia acuminata), and less frequent white ash (Fraxinus americana), basswood (Tilia americana), and others. Slippery elm (Ulmus rubra) and American elm (Ulmus americana) are occasional and somewhat atypical of the type. The understory consists of saplings of the canopy species, as well as silverbell (Halesia tetraptera), hop-hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), box-elder (Acer negundo), and others. Areas transitional to alluvial forest support species of that type. The shrub layer is generally

159 sparse, with occasional sweet-shrub (Calycanthus floridus), smooth hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens), dog-hobble (Leucothoe fontanesiana), buffalo-nut (Pyrularia pubera), strawberry- bush (Euonymus americanus), maple-leaved viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium), and rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum). The uncommon nestronia (Nestronia umbellula) is also present. The herb layer is dense and dominated by a diverse mixture of species, with some species that occur on rich, basic soils. Frequent species include fernleaf phacelia (Phacelia bipinnatifida), American alumroot (Heuchera americana), red trillium (Trillium erectum), wild geranium (Geranium maculatum), jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), early meadowrue (Thalictrum dioicum), common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), sharp-lobed hepatica (Anemone acutiloba), showy orchis (Galearis spectabilis), dwarf crested iris (Iris cristata), miterwort (Mitella diphylla), spikenard (Aralia racemosa), wood nettle (Laportea canadensis), false Solomon’s-seal (Maianthemum racemosum), honewort (Cryptotaenia canadensis), wood- sorrel (Oxalis sp.), Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum), phlox (Phlox sp.), and ferns such as Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), marginal woodfern (Dryopteris marginalis), maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), and southern lady fern (Athyrium asplenioides). Small areas with indications of richer soils support wild ginger (Asarum canadense), rock harlequin (Capnoides sempervirens), and doll’s-eyes (Actaea pachypoda). Streambeds support mixtures of branch-lettuce (Micranthes micranthidifolia), orange jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), yellow jewelweed (Impatiens pallida), bee-balm (Monarda didyma), windflower (Thalictrum thalictroides), and others. Dutchman’s-pipe (Aristolochia macrophylla) occurs in some areas. Vines including poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), common greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia), grape (Vitis sp.), and Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolius) are prominent in some areas. Cross-vine (Bignonia capreolata) is also present.

Small examples of cliff communities occur at scattered locations, primarily on lower slopes above the alluvial zone. The rare Carolina saxifrage (Micranthes caroliniana) occurs on some of these outcrops along with stonecrop (Sedum ternatum), rock harlequin (Capnoides sempervirens), and typical species such as Christmas fern, marginal woodfern, rockcap fern (Polypodium virginianum), Appalachian bellflower (Campanula divaricata), and others.

Montane Oak--Hickory Forest is widespread on middle and upper slopes and drier ridges. It is moderately mature and has a closed canopy dominated by mixtures of red oak, chestnut oak (Quercus montana), pignut hickory (Carya glabra), mockernut hickory (Carya alba), red maple (Acer rubrum), and yellow poplar, with less frequent black oak (Quercus velutina), cucumber- tree (Magnolia acuminata), white oak (Quercus alba), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). Shagbark hickory (Carya ovata) is infrequent, but indicates that some areas with circumneutral soils are present. The understory is moderately dense, with additional species such as sassafras (Sassafras albidum), silverbell (Halesia tetraptera), and sweet birch. Thickets of mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) or rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) occur in some areas, but otherwise shrubs are generally sparse and include flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum), dryland blueberry (Vaccinium pallidum), deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), and buffalo-nut (Pyrularia pubera). The herb layer is fairly sparse, with species including perfoliate bellwort (Uvularia perfoliata), round-leaf yellow violet (Viola rotundifolia), early meadowrue, starry campion (Silene stellata), fire-pink (Silene

160 virginica), phlox (Phlox sp.), dwarf crested iris (Iris cristata), American lovage (Ligusticum canadense), wild geranium (Geranium maculatum), eastern spring-beauty (Claytonia virginica), Appalachian bellflower (Campanula divaricata), Christmas fern, and others. Blackberry (Rubus spp.) and vines such as common greenbrier are also fairly frequent.

The Montane Alluvial Forest community is limited to a very narrow zone along portions of the river floodplain, frequently only 10 to 20 feet wide. However, the community does extend along substantial portions of the river edge. One larger area about 100 feet wide occurs on the west side of the creek. The rare type contains a canopy of river birch (Betula nigra), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), red maple, yellow poplar, white ash, Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), and species from surrounding cove forests. The subcanopy is patchy and variable. American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana) is dense in some areas. Elsewhere, species include box-elder (Acer negundo), black walnut (Juglans nigra), and Canada hemlock. The shrub layer is patchy and not well developed. Frequent shrub species include dog-hobble (Leucothoe fontanesiana) and rosebay rhododendron, with less frequent spicebush (Lindera benzoin) and tag alder (Alnus serrulata). The non-native Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense) is present. The herb layer supports jack-in-the-pulpit, violets (Viola spp.), thoroughwort (Eupatorium sp.), dwarf crested iris, orange jewelweed, pink turtleheads (Chelone lyonii), wild geranium, green-headed coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata), early meadowrue, Christmas fern, and other typical species including many of adjacent cove areas.

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: The site is popular for recreation, but disturbance from hikers is limited to a trail on the east side of the river and is negligible. The forests are reaching mid-maturity and should be allowed to succeed to older growth. The portions of the site with greater history of disturbance (the northernmost and southernmost ends) are more heavily invaded by non-native plants such as Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense), Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), Japanese grass (Microstegium vimineum), mimosa (Albizia julibrissin), garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), and oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus).

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Rich Cove Forest, Montane Oak--Hickory Forest, Montane Alluvial Forest.

RARE PLANTS: Climbing fumitory (Adlumia fungosa), piratebush (Buckleya distichophylla), Carolina saxifrage (Micranthes caroliniana), bleeding heart (Dicentra eximia).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Mountain hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), long-flower alumroot (Heuchera longiflora), riverbank wild rye (Elymus riparius), common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa)*, red trillium (Trillium erectum)*.

RARE ANIMALS: None documented.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None documented.

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REFERENCES:

Heiman, K.A. 1995. Inventory of the Natural Areas of the French Broad Ranger District, Pisgah National Forest. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation, DENR, Raleigh.

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Survey Report: Big Laurel Creek Gorge. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

Rossell, C.R., Jr. 2008. Site Survey Report: Big Laurel Creek Gorge. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

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prepred2y2xFgF2xturl2reritge2rogrm2E2QGII Madison County Natural Areas Inventory

DAVIS BRANCH FLOODPLAIN Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: State Size: 31 acres Quadrangle: Paint Rock, Hot Springs Ownership: U.S. Forest Service

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The site contains an example of the rare Montane Alluvial Forest community. It has features usually not seen in this type, such as floodplain sloughs and wide dimensions, not restricted to stream bank edges. The site is part of the Hot Springs Window Macrosite.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The site is situated on the floodplain of the French Broad River about 4 river miles downstream from the town of Hot Springs. It is subject to high levels of physical disturbance from river flooding as well as edge effects, including high influence from non-native plant species. Cleared and developed areas exist along the upstream floodplain to within 0.25 mile of the site. Cleared fields border the site on the north. A railroad follows the floodplain edge on the opposite side of the river. An unpaved county road follows the edge of the site on the north. Murray Branch Slopes SNHA is 0.7 air mile to the east. Paint Rock Road Natural Area is 0.9 air mile to the northwest. Mine Ridge is 0.7 air mile to the south-southeast. Stokely Hollow and Ridge is 2.0 air miles to the southeast.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Davis Branch Floodplain consists of a wide alluvial flat on the northeast side of the French Broad River, about 3.5 miles downriver from Hot Springs. The alluvial area occurs at a large meander in the river. The site contains an example of the rare Montane Alluvial Forest, which is especially unusual because it contains several slough features in areas farthest from the river. The site lies at the edge of Pisgah National Forest. The shore along this section of river is primarily forested except for clearings along the county road that borders the edge of the river.

Mature Montane Alluvial Forest occurs as a narrow strip along the edge of the French Broad River. An old clearing or agricultural field occupies an area in the center of the alluvial flat area. The slough area occurs nearest the county road and consists of several well-formed linear depressions which are probably remnant floodplain sloughs. The presence of the sloughs indicates that the area may once have been a river island until the course of the river changed.

Much of the Montane Alluvial Forest is of young to mid-maturity though some portions have larger trees to 24 inches in diameter. Some portions appear to have undergone disruption from floods in recent years, with some larger trees being dislodged. The area containing sloughs is quite wide and is a feature seen infrequently on rivers in the mountain region.

The forest has a fairly closed canopy dominated by a mixture of both flood-tolerant and flood- intolerant species. It supports substantial slippery elm (Ulmus rubra) and green ash (Fraxinus

165 pensylvanica) in a mixture with river birch (Betula nigra), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), and black walnut (Juglans nigra). Black walnut is a local dominant in one area. The understory appears moderately dense with saplings of the canopy species as well as abundant American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana). Silver maple (Acer saccharinum) is also present. The shrub layer is not well-developed, but spicebush (Lindera benzoin) is common. Black willow (Salix nigra), tag alder (Alnus serrulata), and strawberry-bush (Euonymus americanus) are also present. The herb layer is a mixture of native and non-native species, with many ruderal weeds of floodplains and disturbed areas. Species include golden ragwort (Packera aurea), violet (Viola sp.), common wingstem (Verbesina alternifolia), witchgrass (Dichanthelium sp.), giant chickweed (Stellaria pubera), Japanese grass (Microstegium vimineum), and others.

The more northern part of the bottomland supports young forest with thickets of black willow (Salix nigra), river birch, yellow poplar, and others forming an open canopy. The wet area with sloughs is a part of this area. The deepest channels support these species as well as substantial green ash and river birch. Shrubs are sparse, but black willow and southern swamp dogwood (Cornus stricta) occur intermittently. The herb layer is dense, with dominance by orange jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), Japanese grass, green arrow-arum (Peltandra virginica), and northeastern mannagrass (Glyceria melicaria). Other species of river floodplains are present.

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: The alluvial forest is one of the better examples known from the county even though flooding in the past few years may have uprooted some larger trees. The site is prone to disturbance from flooding and should be expected to retain numerous non-native and weedy species.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Montane Alluvial Forest.

RARE PLANTS: None documented.

WATCH LIST PLANTS: None documented.

RARE ANIMALS: None documented.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None documented.

REFERENCES:

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Brief: Davis Branch Floodplain. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

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DEEP WATER BRIDGE AREA Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: Regional Size: 45 acres Quadrangle: Hot Springs Ownership: U.S. Forest Service and private

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The site is significant for a good example of the rare Acidic Shale Slope Woodland community type, which includes talus slopes. The site also supports the State Threatened/Federal Species of Concern slender corydalis (Corydalis micrantha ssp. micrantha), the Special Concern climbing fumitory (Adlumia fungosa), and Significantly Rare bleeding heart (Dicentra eximia). Several uncommon plant species are also present, as well as regionally rare species such as splitbeard bluestem (Andropogon ternarius).

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The site is situated among several large blocks of Pisgah National Forest that surround Hot Springs, North Carolina. The town of Hot Springs borders on the northwest. Lands in private ownership which are more fragmented occur within a mile or so to the east. The site is a part of the Hot Springs Window Macrosite. Hot Springs Mountain SNHA is 0.1 air mile to the north. Mountain Island SNHA is 0.2 air mile to the northeast. Stokely Hollow and Ridge is 0.9 air mile to the northwest. Squirrel Branch Oaks SNHA is 1.4 air miles to the southwest. Spring Creek Gorge SNHA is 1.9 air miles to the southwest. Doe Branch Forests SNHA is 2.2 air mile to the southeast.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Deep Water Bridge Area is located on the southwest side of the French Broad River, about 0.4 to 1.4 miles south of Hot Springs and is located directly across the river from Lovers Leap/Stackhouse Slopes SNHA. A railroad trestle and railroad border lie between the site and banks of the French Broad River along the northwestern half of the site. The topography consists of steep, rocky northeast-facing slopes with occasional small ravines and along a few intermittent streams, small coves. Some of the rocky “faces” are a result of blasting rock to create the railroad bed near the river. Good examples of the rare Acidic Shale Slope Woodland community type are present, with several rare plant species. Although the northeastern aspect produces markedly cooler conditions than the slopes across the river on Lovers Leap Ridge, they are remarkably dry in many areas. Talus slopes also occur across some parts of the slopes, while thin soils over bedrock occur elsewhere. The site occurs at low elevations, ranging from 1,400 to 1,800 feet. The site is underlain by sandstones with interbedded siltstone, shale, and conglomerate with clear indications that circumneutral, calcareous materials are present.

The Acidic Shale Slope Woodland community is rare and is known from only a few locations in the state, all on sedimentary rock. With interspersed thin forests included, it occupies substantial parts of the steeper slopes in the site. It has a woodland character, due to shallow soils. It does not conform to the current community classification (Schafale and Weakley 1990) but has characteristics of the Calcareous Shale Slope Woodland in a forthcoming classification (Schafale

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2010). Substantial cliffs are embedded within it in a couple of locations. The Acidic Shale Slope Woodland canopy is semi-open and dominated by Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana) and chestnut oak (Quercus montana), with less numerous red oak (Quercus rubra), red maple (Acer rubrum), silverbell (Halesia tetraptera), and bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis). Eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) and Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) are present but infrequent. The sparse subcanopy supports occasional saplings of staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina), white pine (Pinus strobus), striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), American elm (Ulmus americana), and eastern red cedar. The shrub layer is poorly developed, with occasional rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), dryland blueberry (Vaccinium pallidum), deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), and the uncommon hairy mock-orange (Philadelphus hirsutus). The herb layer is also sparse, with scattered common rockcap fern (Polypodium virginianum), broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus), poverty oat-grass (Danthonia spicata), splitbeard bluestem (Andropogon ternarius), resurrection fern (Pleopeltis polypodioides), alumroot (Heuchera sp.), licorice goldenrod (Solidago odora), stiff-leaved aster (Ionactis linariifolius), and greater coreopsis (Coreopsis major). A variety of lichens, including rock tripe (Umbilicaria mammulata), reindeer lichens (Cladina spp.), and common toadskin lichen (Lasallia papulosa) are important on bare rock. Greenbriers (Smilax spp.), grape (Vitis spp.), and poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) are also present.

Some areas have well-developed talus slopes with cobbles to 2 feet in diameter. They occur in patches each a couple of hundred feet long and extending perhaps 200 feet up the slopes. Soils are nearly nonexistent in these areas and cover is very sparse. Mosses cover some rocks and -- where vascular plants occur – they consist of small Virginia pines, white pines, rosebay rhododendron, and resurrection fern. Above the talus areas on the slopes is a thin woodland of chestnut oak, with Virginia pine, red maple, white pine, and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). Others such as black gum (Nyssa sylvatica) and downy serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea) occur in the understory. Sparse shrubs such as dryland blueberry, mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), and downy serviceberry are present. The sparse herbs include galax (Galax urceolata), trailing arbutus (Epigaea repens), resurrection fern, and common greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia). Areas above grade to second growth oak--hickory forest that has been logged in the past few decades.

A fairly good example of the rare Montane Calcareous Cliff community occurs above the railroad right-of-way, embedded in the shale slope woodland” community. It is nearly vertical and perhaps 200 feet long and 60 feet tall. Expanses of bare rock are frequent and the vegetation is sparse. Andreaea moss (Andreaea sp.) is distributed over some rock faces. The cliff is nearly devoid of woody vegetation other than a few Virginia pines and one or two eastern red cedars at its top. Herbs are fairly frequent on the lower portions of the cliff, but are more scattered elsewhere. The rare bleading heart (Dicentra eximia) is fairly common, along with Solomon’s- seal (Polygonatum biflorum), alumroot (Heuchera sp.), Appalachian bellflower (Campanula divaricata), goldenrod (Solidago sp.), blackberry (Rubus sp.), marginal wood fern (Dryopteris marginalis), and substantial numbers of the rare slender corydalis (Corydalis micrantha ssp. micrantha).

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A small example of Rich Cove Forest is present on the lower slopes in the eastern part of the site, in a cove at a drainage. A few small seepage areas also occur at vertical drops in the streambed. The rare climbing fumitory (Adlumia fungosa) occurs in this forest, as well as the uncommon yellowwood (Cladrastis kentukea). The canopy is mature and supports a mixture of red oak, red maple, basswood (Tilia americana), and occasional shagbark hickory (Carya ovata) and yellowwood. American beech (Fagus grandifolia), Canada hemlock, and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) are also present. The subcanopy is sparse with occasional flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), striped maple, silverbell, and saplings of the canopy species. Shrubs include smooth hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens) and occasional rosebay rhododendron, strawberry- bush (Euonymus americana), and spicebush (Lindera benzoin). The herb layer is well-developed and supports the rare climbing fumitory, the uncommon Canada leaf-cup (Polymnia canadensis), black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), common white heart-leaved aster (Eurybia divaricata), fernleaf phacelia (Phacelia bipinnatifida), early meadowrue (Thalictrum dioicum), cove bladder fern (Cystopteris protrusa), common rockcap fern (Polypodium virginianum), maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), and marginal wood fern. Walking fern (Asplenium rhizophyllum) occurs on moist rocks. The uncommon waterfan lichen (Peltigera hydrothyria) was previously reported from a small cascade in this area. Seepy areas at a couple of cascades support jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), climbing fumitory, royal fern (Osmunda regalis), and clearweed (Pilea pumila).

Animal species documented from the site which are indicators of high habitat integrity include pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus), blue-headed vireo (Vireo solitarius), black-and-white warbler (Mniotilta varia), black-throated green warbler (Dendroica virens), worm-eating warbler (Helmitheros vermivorus), and ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus).

Animal species documented other than those listed previously include the following mammals and birds: northern raccoon (Procyon lotor), coyote (Canis latrans), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), downy woodpecker (Picoides pubescens), blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata), Carolina chickadee (Parus carolinensis), tufted titmouse (Parus bicolor), Carolina wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus), pine warbler (Dendroica pinus), hooded warbler (Wilsonia citrina), and Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia).

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: Aside from disturbed areas in the railroad right-of- way, the site shows little sign of recent human disturbance. Although the slopes are dry, the natural fire frequency for this site is probably not high. The alluvial flats just outside the site boundary on the east and west ends of the site are excluded due to historical disturbance in the form of roadbeds and homesteads. The slopes above the site are younger, having been logged in past decades. However, the Acidic Shale Slope Woodland community may never have been logged, even though it has small tree diameters. The forests should be monitored for spread of the invasive garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), which is present on the floodplain near the east end of the site. Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) is also present in the alluvial area.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Acidic Shale Slope Woodland, Rich Cove Forest, Montane Calcareous Cliff.

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RARE PLANTS: Climbing fumitory (Adlumia fungosa), bleeding heart (Dicentra eximia), slender corydalis (Corydalis micrantha ssp. micrantha), spreading rockcress (Arabis patens).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Hairy mock-orange (Philadelphus hirsutus), Canada leaf-cup (Polymnia canadensis), yellowwood (Cladrastis kentukea), waterfan lichen (Peltigera hydrothyria), galax (Galax urceolata)*, common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa)*.

RARE ANIMALS: None documented.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None documented.

REFERENCES:

Heiman, K.A. 1995. Inventory of the Natural Areas of the French Broad Ranger District, Pisgah National Forest. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation, DENR, Raleigh.

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Survey Report: Deep Water Bridge Area. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

Rossell, C.R., Jr. 2010. Site Survey Report (Fauna): Deep Water Bridge. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

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DOE BRANCH FORESTS Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: County Size: 75 acres Quadrangle: Spring Creek Ownership: Private and U.S. Forest Service

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The primary significance of the site is the rare Montane Alluvial Forest community. Rich Cove Forest and Montane Acidic Cliff communities are believed to remain intact at the site. A few uncommon plant species are documented from the site.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The site is in an area of forested private land about 0.75 mile east of thousands of acres of forested land in Pisgah National Forest. Logging on adjacent lands, especially to the north, has led to a landscape with reduced integrity. Maidenhair Ravine SNHA is about 1.0 air mile to the south-southeast. Spring Creek Mountain SNHA is 2.5 air miles to the southwest. Hot Springs Mountain SNHA is 2.3 air miles to the northwest. Spring Creek Gorge SNHA is 3.3 air miles to the west. The site is within the Hot Springs Window Macrosite and borders the Lower French Broad Aquatic Habitat SNHA.

SITE DESCRIPTION: The site is situated on the west side of the French Broad River between the community of Barnard and the town of Hot Springs. The site consists of a narrow, sheltered cove that is bisected by Doe Branch as well as north-facing slopes and a large alluvial flat at the confluence of the branch with the French Broad River. The site was not visited in the inventory due to lack of permission for access. The condition of the alluvial zone was assessed at a distance. The site was previously described as primarily supporting Rich Cove Forest, with a couple of uncommon plant species. A Montane Acidic Cliff community was also reported from slopes near the alluvial flat, but no information on its size or condition is available. The primary significance of the site is for its wide alluvial zone with Montane Alluvial Forest, which appears to remain extant.

The Montane Alluvial Forest canopy is composed of a mixture of river birch (Betula nigra), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), green ash (Fraxinus pensylvanica), and yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). The understory is dominated by American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana) and shrubs such as black willow (Salix nigra), silky dogwood (Cornus amomum), tag alder (Alnus serrulata), and yellowroot (Xanthorhiza simplicissima). The alluvial area is described as very sandy, with many herbs that are ruderal or non-native. These include lambs- quarters (Chenopodium album), the non-native Japanese grass (Microstegium vimineum) and Peruvian daisy (Galinsoga quadriradiata), and smooth amaranth (Amaranthus hybridus). The native species groundnut (Apios americana), wide-leaved spiderwort (Tradescantia subaspera), Nuttall’s hedge-nettle (Stachys nuttallii), river oats (Chasmanthium latifolium), field dodder (Cuscuta campestris), and field horsetail (Equisetum arvense) were also documented.

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The Rich Cove Forest along Doe Branch was described as having a canopy dominated by American beech (Fagus grandifolia), red oak (Quercus rubra), yellow poplar, and white oak (Quercus alba). The subcanopy species included shrubs such as buffalo-nut (Pyrularia pubera), sweet-shrub (Calycanthus floridus), and spicebush (Lindera benzoin). Herbs documented include southern lady fern (Athyrium asplenioides), maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), marginal woodfern (Dryopteris marginalis), broad beech fern (Phegopteris hexagonoptera), crinkleroot toothwort (Cardamine diphylla), trillium (Trillium sp.), false Solomon’s-seal (Maianthemum racemosum), horse-balm (Collinsonia canadensis), may-apple (Podophyllum peltatum), Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum), Appalachian false goat’s-beard (Astilbe biternata), jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), sharp-lobed hepatica (Anemone acutiloba), round- lobed hepatica (Anemone americana), meadow-parsnip (Thaspium sp.), and the uncommon long-flower alumroot (Heuchera longiflora) and Miami-mist (Phacelia purshii). The uncommon lesser rattlesnake orchid (Goodyera repens), long-flower alumroot (Heuchera longiflora), and bulbous bittercress (Cardamine bulbosa) were also reported from the site, but no locational information was given.

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: Because little is known about current condition of the site, specific management recommendations are not possible. The communities documented from the site should in general be allowed to mature. The Montane Alluvial Forest community appears to be intact as seen from the opposite bank of the French Broad River but is in need of assessment to determine its present condition and degree of invasion from non-native plant species. A large maintained field lies in part of the alluvial flat.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Montane Alluvial Forest.

RARE PLANTS: None documented.

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Lesser rattlesnake orchid (Goodyera repens), long-flower alumroot (Heuchera longiflora), bulbous bittercress (Cardamine bulbosa).

RARE ANIMALS: None documented.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None documented.

REFERENCES:

Heiman, K.A. 1995. Inventory of the Natural Areas of the French Broad Ranger District, Pisgah National Forest. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation, DENR, Raleigh.

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Brief: Doe Branch Forests. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

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HOT SPRINGS MOUNTAIN Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: Regional Size: 152 acres Quadrangles: Spring Creek, Hot Springs Ownership: U.S. Forest Service

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The site contains an example of older-growth Chestnut Oak Forest, surrounded by lands supporting mature forests.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The site is located in a several thousand-acre block of forested land in Pisgah National Forest. The site is nearly linked on the north to Deep Water Bridge Area SNHA, which occupies north-facing slopes above the French Broad River. Squirrel Branch Oaks SNHA, which contains a small old-growth forest, is about 0.5 air mile to the southwest. Spring Creek Gorge is about 0.75 air mile to the southwest. Mountain Island is 0.5 air mile to the northeast. Lovers Leap/Stackhouse Slopes is about 0.75 air mile to the northeast.

SITE DESCRIPTION: The site is located south of the French Broad River, about l.25 air miles southeast of the town of Hot Springs. It lies near the northernmost end of Spring Creek Mountain, which forms the divide between Spring Creek and the French Broad River. The site consists of a flat ridgetop oriented northeast to southwest at about 2,200-2,440 feet in elevation. The ridgetop is rocky in some places and may have shallow soils. The uppermost part of the southern ridgetop supports very mature forest. Another forested ridgetop to the north has mature forest and serves to buffer the old-growth patch.

The older-growth patch of Chestnut Oak Forest occurs as a narrow band on the the ridgeline of Hot Springs Mountain. It was apparently bypassed in logging due to the gnarled character of the chestnut oaks. Its canopy is strongly dominated by chestnut oak (Quercus montana), with occasional white pine (Pinus strobus) and Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana). Many clusters of canopy oaks reach 24-36 inches in diameter. The trees are very gnarled, with twisted limbs and occasional cavities. Some trees have old fire scars. Occasional dead snags that are lodged in the canopy are present. Mature but somewhat younger examples of this community are present on other ridgetops and upper slopes in the site. The understory contains species of the canopy, as well as black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), red maple (Acer rubrum), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), downy serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea), and white oak (Quercus alba). The shrub layer includes deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), dryland blueberry (Vaccinium pallidum), and mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), as well as sprouts of American chestnut (Castanea dentata). Black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata) occurs as infrequent patches. The herb layer is sparse, with low diversity. It includes galax (Galax urceolata), trailing arbutus (Epigaea repens), round-leaf yellow violet (Viola rotundifolia), false Solomon’s-seal (Maianthemum racemosum), white snakeroot (Ageratina altissima), greater coreopsis (Coreopsis major), Appalachian bellflower (Campanula divaricata), rattlesnake-root (Prenanthes sp.), downy rattlesnake-plantain

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(Goodyera pubescens), pipsissewa (Chimaphila maculata), blackberry (Rubus sp.), and a few others.

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: The older-growth area should be protected from logging. The forest will reach old growth status if allowed to mature. The forests in adjacent areas should also be allowed to mature toward old growth without disturbance as they buffer the exposed ridgeline of Hot Springs Mountain from disturbance, such as windthrow and invasion by exotic species. The older growth at this site may be nearly linked to old growth on the slopes to the north in the Deep Water Bridge Area SNHA, which support Acidic Shale Slope Woodland communities with small, short statured trees on dry talus.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Chestnut Oak Forest.

RARE PLANTS: None documented.

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Galax (Galax urceolata)*.

RARE ANIMALS: None documented.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None documented.

REFERENCES:

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Survey Report: Hot Springs Mountain. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

Rossell, C.R., Jr. 2010. Site Survey Report (Fauna): Deep Water Bridge Area. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

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LOVERS LEAP/STACKHOUSE SLOPES Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: State Size: 897 acres Quadrangle: Hot Springs Ownership: U.S. Forest Service

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The primary significance of the site is for its extensive, rare Dry Rocky Slope communities, as well as for rare plant species. The Acidic Shale Slope Woodland community is one of the largest known in the state. Other rare communities include Montane Acidic Cliff and Montane Alluvial Forest. A large population of the State Threatened/Federal Species of Concern piratebush (Buckleya distichophylla) is present, as well as occurrences of the State Threatened aromatic aster (Symphyotrichum oblongifolium), branching draba (Draba ramosissima), and mountain thaspium (Thaspium pinnatifidum). The site also supports one of only two occurrences of the State Endangered prairie-tea (Croton monanthogynus) in the state. The Significantly Rare budded threetooth (Triadopsis tennesseensis), a snail known from only a few occurrences in the state, is present. A cluster of other Significantly Rare plant species is present, as well as numerous Watch List species.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The site is large and is centered among the cluster of unusual, significant sites in the Hot Springs Window. It is an important landscape element and an integral part of the Hot Springs Window Macrosite. Mountain Island SNHA is located opposite the site in the French Broad River. Deep Water Bridge Area is on the opposite shore of the river. Big Laurel Creek Gorge connects with the eastern end of the site near the confluence of Big Laurel Creek with the French Broad River. Hot Springs Mountain SNHA is 0.3 air mile to the south, on the opposite side of the French Broad River. Spring Creek Gorge SNHA is 1.9 air miles to the southwest.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Lovers Leap/Stackhouse Slopes occupies most of Lovers Leap Ridge, from just outside the town of Hot Springs east to the mouth of Big Laurel Creek. A segment of the Appalachian Trail crosses through the site, from Hot Springs to the crest of Lovers Leap Ridge, exiting the site at Pump Gap. The site extends for 3 miles, along the entirety of Lovers Leap Ridge, from just outside of Hot Springs eastward to the mouth of Big Laurel Creek. It extends east beyond Big Laurel Creek to include additional areas near the tiny community of Stackhouse. Although the site includes slopes on both sides of Lovers Leap Ridge, the most significant areas occur on the extensive south-facing slopes that extend to the French Broad River. A railroad is present just above the river floodplain along all but the westernmost mile of the site. Elevations range from 1,320 feet near Hot Springs to 2,400 feet on the crest of Lovers Leap Ridge. Although a majority of the site shows no sign of recent disturbance, the area from Stackhouse westward to Big Laurel Creek is relatively disturbed from previous logging and clearing but is included for rare plant species that occur there. The geology of the site is mapped as primarily sandstones with interbedded siltstone, shale, and conglomerate. Finely-bedded

183 siltstone is known to be present at the western end of the site. The bedrock and soils, as reflected in the vegetation, range in pH and nutrient level from circumneutral to acidic.

The Acidic Shale Slope Woodland community is rare and is known from only a few locations in the state, all on sedimentary rock. With interspersed thin forests included, it occupies substantial parts of the steep south- and west-facing slopes in the site. The communities are best developed on the middle and upper slopes to the crest, but extend to the lower slopes in some areas. The community is characterized by xeric conditions, loose, unstable soils from sedimentary rock fragments, areas of bedrock, and rock outcrops and small cliffs set in a matrix of thin, dry woodland dominated by pines and oaks. The largest cliffs, examples of the Montane Acidic Cliff community, occur at the western end of the site, near Hot Springs. Almost all trees are short-statured and stunted from the dry conditions -- yet they are believed to be much older than they appear.

The Acidic Shale Slope Woodland has a continuous thin canopy in many areas and is nearly absent in rockier areas. The canopy is dominated by Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana), often with co-dominant chestnut oak (Quercus montana). Small numbers of red oak (Quercus rubra), sweet birch (Betula lenta), Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), black oak (Quercus velutina), white pine (Pinus strobus), mockernut hickory (Carya alba), pignut hickory (Carya glabra), shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata), red maple (Acer rubrum), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), and sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum) are present. A few small areas on the summit crest are dominated by shortleaf pine, with a grassy herb layer. The subcanopy is fairly sparse, with occasional species of the canopy and others at low frequency such as striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), the uncommon mountain hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), winged elm (Ulmus alata), slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), and redbud (Cercis canadensis).

The shrub layer varies from sparse to fairly dense, usually in response to substrate and soil depth. The shrubs are an odd collection of basophiles or species typical of nutrient-rich forests, such as sweet-shrub (Calycanthus floridus) and the uncommon hairy mock-orange (Philadelphus hirsutus), along with species of dry, acidic sites such as mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), dryland blueberry (Vaccinium pallidum), black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum), and deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum). The uncommon Carolina buckthorn (Frangula caroliniana) occurs in a couple of locations on the summit ridge, as does Appalachian indigo-bush (Amorpha glabra). The rare piratebush (Buckleya distichophylla) is present at several locations near Big Laurel Creek and Stackhouse. Vines, including poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), cross-vine (Bignonia capreolata), grape (Vitis spp.), and yellow passionflower (Passiflora lutea), are also present. Lichens as well as mosses such as haircap moss (Polytrichum commune) and pincushion moss (Leucobryum album) are important on otherwise areas of bare rock.

The herb layer ranges from absent to moderately sparse, varying greatly with soil development. More abundant species include Appalachian bellflower (Campanula divaricata), common rockcap fern (Polypodium virginianum), hairy lipfern (Cheilanthes lanosa), leafy hawkweed

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(Hieracium paniculatum), broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus), poverty oat-grass (Danthonia spicata), and silky oat-grass (Danthonia sericea). The rare aromatic aster (Symphyotrichum oblongifolium) and downy alumroot (Heuchera pubescens) were reported from the western end of the site (Caldwell 2008, Peet et al., 2007). Other less frequent species are greater coreopsis (Coreopsis major), wide-leaved spiderwort (Tradescantia subaspera), frost aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum), common white heart-leaved aster (Eurybia divaricata), trailing arbutus (Epigaea repens), eastern prickly-pear (Opuntia humifusa var. humifusa), and diffuse- branched bluet (Houstonia tenuifolia). Infrequent species include yellow wild indigo (Baptisia tinctoria), the uncommon smooth peavine (Lathyrus venosus), glade rushfoil (Crotonopsis elliptica), common wingstem (Verbesina occidentalis), common smooth rockcress (Boechera laevigata), toothwort (Cardamine sp.), small-headed sunflower (Helianthus microcephalus), eastern lousewort (Pedicularis canadensis), white-bracted thoroughwort (Eupatorium album), whorled wild yam (Diocorea quaternata), fire-pink (Silene virginica), starry campion (Silene stellata), false boneset (Brickellia eupatorioides), blunt-lobed cliff fern (Woodsia obtusa), marginal wood fern (Dryopteris marginalis), purple-top (Tridens flavus), forest bedstraw (Galium circaezans), eastern longleaf bluet (Houstonia longifolia var. compacta), fragrant rabbit tobacco (Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium), blazing-star (Liatris sp.), common golden-alexanders (Zizia aurea), common bluet (Houstonia caerulea), and in rare shaded, damp spots windflower (Thalictrum thalictroides), and the uncommon largeleaf waterleaf (Hydrophyllum macrophyllum) and Carey’s saxifrage (Micranthes careyana).

On the slopes at the north end of the site, where exposed sedimentary rock attains greater relief, Montane Acidic Cliff communities occur in several locations. The nearly vertical to vertical cliffs range from 30 feet to 70 feet in height and have fractured, eroded faces with few ledges. The communities are extremely dry, with areas separating them consisting of loose, unstable soil of rock fragments. The majority of the cliffs are unvegetated though a few areas support rock tripe (Umbilicaria mammulata). Elsewhere, the vegetation is very sparse. Occasional crevices support saplings of Virginia pine, chestnut oak, pignut hickory (Carya glabra), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), red maple (Acer rubrum), and black gum (Nyssa sylvatica); or shrubs such as sweet-shrub, rosebay rhododendron, and sweet-pepperbush (Clethra acuminata). The rare piratebush occurs near one cliff. Herbs are extremely sparse and include Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica), poverty oat-grass, broomsedge, diffuse-branched bluet, Appalachian bellflower, witch-grasses, leafy hawkweed, yellow passionflower (Passiflora lutea), hoary mountain-mint (Pycnanthemum incanum), marginal wood fern, and the uncommon granite dome bluet (Houstonia longifolia var. glabra). Vines present include grape (Vitis spp.), green-briers (Smilax spp.), poison ivy, and cross-vine.

Communities on the north side of the crest of Lovers Leap contrast with the dry communities on the south slopes. They support mature examples of the common Acidic Cove Forest type. They occur below the Dry Rocky Slope communities on the crest, extending onto the middle slopes. They have a closed canopy dominated by a mixture of American beech (Fagus grandifolia), Canada hemlock, white pine, white oak, red maple, yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), and sweet birch, with occasional sweet gum. Other species in the subcanopy include striped maple, American chestnut (Castanea dentata), and common chinquapin (Castanea pumila). The

185 understory is sparse except where dense rosebay rhododendron is present. Other woody plants include dog-hobble (Leucothoe fontanesiana), maple-leaved viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium), witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), buffalo-nut (Pyrularia pubera), and sweet pepper-bush. The sparse herb layer includes downy rattlesnake-plantain (Goodyera pubescens), galax (Galax urceolata), beds of New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), partridgeberry (Mitchella repens), Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), teaberry (Gaultheria procumbens), spikenard (Aralia racemosa), false Solomon’s-seal, Canada horse-balm (Collinsonia canadensis), Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum), common white heart-leaved aster (Eurybia divaricata), and yellow mandarin (Prosartes lanuginosa).

A small, atypical example of Basic Oak--Hickory Forest occurs in one lower slope area near the French Broad River, pinched between lower margins of the Dry Rocky Slope and the alluvial flats on the river. It may occur elsewhere in the site. Shagbark hickory (Carya ovata) is dominant in the closed-canopied forest. Chestnut oak, red maple, and white pine are also present. The understory supports flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), hop-hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri), red oak, sweet birch (Liquidambar styraciflua), silverbell (Halesia tetraptera), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), and slippery elm. Shrubs include buffalo-nut, sweet-shrub, hairy mock-orange, and strawberry-bush (Euonymus americanus). The herb layer is lush and supports wide-leaved spiderwort, green violet (Hybanthus concolor), limestone goldenrod (Solidago sphacelata), Appalachian bellwort (Uvularia puberula), common golden-alexanders (Zizia aurea), cove bladder fern (Cystopteris protrusa), eastern lousewort (Pedicularia canadensis), and the uncommon Canada leaf-cup (Polymnia canadensis), Pennsylvania pellitory (Parietaria pensylvanica), and Carey’s saxifrage.

The rare Montane Alluvial Forest community type occurs as a thin strip between the railroad track and the edge of the French Broad River. It occurs on alluvial flats at the west end of the site. Larger alluvial flats, to 40 feet wide, occur along other parts of the river but many are disturbed by flooding and the railroad. The closed canopy supports trees to 14-16 inches in diameter and is a mixture of sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), sweetgum, and black willow (Salix nigra). Also present are occasional yellow poplar, green ash (Fraxinus pensylvanica), Virginia pine, white pine, and the uncommon mountain hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) and butternut (Juglans cinerea). The subcanopy supports saplings of the canopy as well as redbud (Cercis canadensis), winged elm, hop-hornbeam, and American elm (Ulmus americana). Shrubs are sparse to moderately dense, with small thickets of rosebay rhododendron and mountain laurel. Other shrubs present include sweet-shrub and deerberry. Vines are prominent in some areas, most frequently grape (Vitis spp.) and green-briers (Smilax spp.). The herb layer is generally dense and dominated by forest bedstraw (Galium circaezans), river oats (Chasmanthium latifolium), Appalachian bellwort, windflower, eastern lousewort, small-headed sunflower (Helianthus microcephalus), southern crownbeard (Verbesina occidentalis), common bluet, green violet, common golden-alexanders, cove bladder fern, and eastern figwort (Scrophularia marilandica).

Other rare plant species in the site include prairie-tea croton (Croton monanthogynus), present along the edge of the railroad right-of-way near the mouth of Big Laurel Creek on dry,

186 circumneutral soils, and mountain thaspium (Thaspium pinnatifidum), in younger, more disturbed areas between Stackhouse and Big Laurel Creek. Several other rare plant species were documented from the site between the 1950’s to 1970’s, but may no longer be extant. These include bleeding heart (Dicentra eximia) from lower slopes near Mountain Island; striped garlic (Allium cuthbertii), from sandy areas along a trail near the river; branching draba (Draba ramosissima) from areas near the railroad grade; and meehania (Meehania cordata), from lower slopes.

Animal species documented from the site which are indicators of high habitat integrity include Diana fritillary (Speyeria diana), yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus), red-eyed vireo (Vireo olivaceus), blue-headed vireo (Vireo solitarius), black-throated green warbler (Dendroica virens), black-and-white warbler (Mniotilta varia), worm-eating warbler (Helmitheros vermivorus), hooded warbler (Wilsonia citrina), and scarlet tanager (Piranga olivacea).

Animal species documented other than those listed previously include the following: mammals -- eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus), beaver (Castor canadensis), northern raccoon (Procyon lotor), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus); birds -- chimney swift (Chaetura pelagica), pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus), great crested flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus), Acadian flycatcher (Empidonax virescens), American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata), Carolina chickadee (Parus carolinensis), tufted titmouse (Parus bicolor), Carolina wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus), blue-gray gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea), American robin (Turdus migratorius), cedar waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum), pine warbler (Dendroica pinus), common grackle (Quiscalus quiscula), northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea); reptiles -- five-lined skink (Eumeces fasciatus), rough green snake (Opheodrys aestivus); butterflies -- Aphrodite fritillary (Speyeria aphrodite), red-spotted purple (Limenitis arthemis astyanax); and arachnids -- lampshade spider (Hypochilus sp.).

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: The natural fire regime at the site is not known, but the dry, open character of the majority of the slope forests would seem to indicate association with natural fire. The forest communities should be allowed to mature toward older growth. Although its location near highways and the French Broad River places the site at some threat of invasion by non-native plant species, few non-natives have become established. The integrity of the site would benefit from occasional monitoring for invasive non-native species of dry sunny sites, such as Chinese silver grass (Miscanthus sinensis). The Appalachian Trail crosses a substantial portion of the site from Hot Springs, along the summit ridge, and north to Pump Gap.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Acidic Shale Slope Woodland, Basic Oak--Hickory Forest, Acidic Cove Forest, Montane Acidic Cliff, Montane Alluvial Forest.

RARE PLANTS: Piratebush (Buckleya distichophyllum), prairie-tea croton (Croton monanthogynus), downy alumroot (Heuchera pubescens), aromatic aster (Symphyotrichum oblongifolium), branching draba (Draba ramosissima), striped garlic (Allium cuthbertii),

187 bleeding heart (Dicentra eximia), meehania (Meehania cordata), and mountain thaspium (Thaspium pinnatifidum).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Carey’s saxifrage (Micranthes careyana), Canada leaf-cup (Polymnia canadensis), smooth peavine (Lathyrus venosus), hairy mock-orange (Philadelphus hirsutus), Carolina buckthorn (Frangula caroliniana), butternut (Juglans cinerea), granite dome bluet (Houstonia longifolia var. glabra), largeleaf waterleaf (Hydrophyllum macrophyllum), mountain hackberry (Celtis occidentalis).

RARE ANIMALS: None documented.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: Diana fritillary (Speyeria diana).

REFERENCES:

Heiman, K.A. 1995. Inventory of the Natural Areas of the French Broad Ranger District, Pisgah National Forest. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation, DENR, Raleigh.

North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (NCNHP). Unpublished survey data in Element Occurrence Database. Last accessed November 2011.

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Survey Report: Lovers Leap/Stackhouse Slopes. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

Peet, R.K., T.R. Wentworth, M.P. Schafale, & A.S. Weakley. 2007. The Carolina Vegetation Survey Plot Database. North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599.

Rossell, C.R., Jr. 2008. Site Survey Report (Fauna): Lovers Leap/Stackhouse Slopes. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

Sather, J.D. 1982. An Ecosystematic Survey of Selected Areas of the Hot Springs Valley, Madison County, North Carolina. M.S. Thesis, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. 174 pp.

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MAIDENHAIR RAVINE Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: County Size: 16 acres Quadrangle: Spring Creek Ownership: Private

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The primary significance of the site is a small population of piratebush (Buckleya distichophylla) in a fairly good example of Rich Cove Forest. The site also supports a few plant species that are unusual in the mountain region, such as bladdernut (Staphylea trifolia) and climbing hydrangea (Decumaria barbara).

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The site has good connection in the landscape to extensive forested lands in Pisgah National Forest. It is contained within the Hot Springs Window Macrosite. However, it is somewhat distant and isolated from the cluster of significant sites downstream in the macrosite. Its position in the French Broad River corridor makes it vulnerable to invasion by non-native plants species without proper management. It is bordered on the east by the Lower French Broad River Aquatic Habitat SNHA. Doe Branch Forests SNHA is 0.9 air mile to the northwest. Spring Creek Mountain SNHA is 2.25 air miles to the southwest. Spring Creek Gorge SNHA is 4.25 air miles to the west.

SITE DESCRIPTION: The site occurs near the community of Barnard near the French Broad River on private land at the edge of Pisgah National Forest. Slopes extend from the site westward onto Slaty Knob. It contains moist, east-facing deeply-cut coves and slopes drained by intermittent tributaries of the French Broad River. The site contains Rich Cove Forest, intergraded with elements of Acidic Cove Forest and Chestnut Oak Forest. A small alluvial forest is present at the French Broad River. The condition of the site is fair due to previous logging and flooding from the river. The forests are of average maturity but occur on rich slope and bottomland soils, on rocks of the Roaring Fork sandstone formation at the edge of the Hot Springs Window. A very small population of the rare piratebush (Buckleya distichophylla) occurs on a very small Montane Acidic Cliff in the forest. The piratebush population is small, probably due to heavy shade produced by Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), white pine (Pinus strobus), red maple (Acer rubrum), and rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) on the small cliff. The cliff is otherwise sparse, with only sharp-lobed hepatica (Anemone acutiloba) and rock tripe (Umbilicaria mammulata). The majority of the site is occupied by Rich Cove Forest, though small areas of Chestnut Oak Forest occur on adjacent crests and a small alluvial forest area is present where the stream empties into the French Broad River.

The Rich Cove Forest is of mid-maturity in many areas, though areas of younger forest occur near site margins. Its canopy is dominated by a mixture of yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), basswood (Tilia americana), red maple (Acer rubrum), and white ash (Fraxinus americana), with smaller numbers of Canada hemlock, chestnut oak (Quercus montana), and white pine (Pinus strobus). The understory supports redbud (Cercis canadensis), American elm

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(Ulmus americana), and species of the canopy. The shrub layer is generally open except where small patches of Acidic Cove Forest, with dense rosebay rhododendron, are present. It is dominated by smooth hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens) and occasional rosebay rhododendron. The herb layer is moderately dense and dominated by maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), golden ragwort (Packera aurea), and eastern spring-beauty (Claytonia virginica), with lower numbers of yellow wood-sorrel (Oxalis stricta), stonecrop (Sedum ternatum), goldenrod (Solidago sp.), sharp-lobed hepatica (Anemone acutiloba), Barksdale trillium (Trillium sulcatum), and the uncommon largeleaf waterleaf (Hydrophyllum macrophyllum). Poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) and the non-native Japanese grass (Microstegium vimineum) are also fairly abundant.

The small floodplain area is disturbed by frequent flooding, but contains forest with river birch (Betula nigra), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), box-elder (Acer negundo), and regionally uncommon species such as bladdernut (Staphylea trifolia) and climbing hydrangea (Decumaria barbara). An unusual nettle, which is presumably the non-native European stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), is present in the floodplain area.

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: The invasive non-native species Japanese grass (Microstegium vimineum) and oriental knotweed (Persicaria orientalis) are established in the cove and alluvial flats. The lower portions of the site are vulnerable to establishment of other non-native plant species. Conditions that support the piratebush population should be maintained. Logging and subsequent release of understory growth could be detrimental to the long-term existence of the piratebush population. The site should be allowed to mature toward older growth without disturbance.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Rich Cove Forest.

RARE PLANTS: Piratebush (Buckleya distichophylla).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Largeleaf waterleaf (Hydrophyllum macrophyllum), Barksdale trillium (Trillium sulctum)*.

RARE ANIMALS: None documented.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None documented.

REFERENCES:

Heiman, K.A. 1995. Inventory of the Natural Areas of the French Broad Ranger District, Pisgah National Forest. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation, DENR, Raleigh.

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MINE RIDGE Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: County Size: 52 acres Quadrangle: Hot Springs, Paint Rock Ownership: Private

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The primary significance of the site is previously-documented occurrences of the Special Concern wall-rue spleenwort (Asplenium ruta-muraria), the State Endangered/Special Concern goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), and the Special Concern southern zigzag salamander (Plethodon ventralis), as well as one of only two examples of the rare Basic Mesic Forest (Montane Calcareous Subtype) known in the state. The rare plant occurrences have not been relocated in recent years. The site is within the Hot Springs Window Macrosite.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Although extensive forested land in Pisgah National Forest lies to the north and south within one mile of the site, the immediate landscape is substantially fragmented. Farms, houses, and clearings surrounding the site are moderately dense. US Highway 25/70 is 0.2 mile to the south. A several-hundred-acre block of forested land in private ownership borders on the northwest. Cleared farmland borders on the east and south. Davis Branch Floodplain SNHA is 0.6 air mile to the north. Murray Branch Slopes SNHA is 1.0 air mile to the north-northeast. Paint Rock Road Natural Area SNHA is 1.75 air miles to the northwest. Stokely Hollow and Ridge SNHA is 1.4 air miles to the east. The Lower French Broad Aquatic Habitat SNHA is 0.5 mile to the north. The site is a part of the Hot Springs Window Macrosite.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Mine Ridge is a moderately elevated knob that lies between US Highway 25/70 and the French Broad River, about 3 air miles west of the town of Hot Springs. Elevations range from 1,400 feet near Shut-in Creek to 1,800 feet on the ridge. An unnamed stream flows through Mine Hollow, joining Shut-in Creek near the eastern site boundary. Mine Ridge lies north of the stream corridor and is oriented east-west. It occurs on the only mapped location for Honaker limestone in the county (Oriel 1950). The interior of the site was not visited during the inventory, due to lack of access. Visits to the site in the early 1980’s indicated a rich site with unusual vegetation and rare plant species. A small impoundment on the stream that drains the valley is now located very near the outcrop area where rare goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) was originally documented by Sather (1982). Areas just north of the stream corridor contain a series of small, mown clearings in association with a driveway and house. Most of the slopes of Mine Ridge, which lies to the north of the clearings and drive, appear to be intact. A previously-documented wall-rue spleenwort (Asplenium ruta-muraria) population was once believed to have been extirpated by land clearing activity, but it is now known that its original location was mapped incorrectly. Although access to the site was not permitted during the inventory, survey of its environs made it possible to determine that the original location for the goldenseal occurrence -- a limestone outcrop in forest on the south side of the drainage -- may

195 remain undisturbed. It is unclear whether the wall-rue spleenwort occurrence remains extant or whether it is within the site boundaries. The north-facing slope on the south side of the stream through Mine Hollow is habitat for the rare southern zigzag salamander (Plethodon ventralis).

The lower slope areas near the stream are relatively moist and support an unusual community classified as the Montane Calcareous Subtype of the Basic Mesic Forest type. The canopy is dominated by black walnut (Juglans nigra), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), white pine (Pinus strobus), and basswood (Tilia americana), with lesser numbers of slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), sugarberry (Celtis laevigata), bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), hop-hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), and others. The subcanopy supports saplings of the canopy as well as red maple (Acer rubrum), redbud (Cercis canadensis), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), sweet birch (Betula lenta), yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), and the uncommon chinquapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii). Shrubs include spicebush (Lindera benzoin) and strawberry-bush (Euonymus americanus). The herb layer is species- diverse, including many uncommon species and basophilic species. These include basophilic species such as green violet (Hybanthus concolor), bulblet fern (Cystopteris bulbifera), walking fern (Asplenium rhizophyllum), and -- if it remains extant -- the rare goldenseal. Other species include black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), sweet-scented bedstraw (Galium triflorum), wood nettle (Laportea canadensis), honewort (Cryptotaenia canadensis), stonecrop (Sedum ternatum), common blue violet (Viola sororia var. sororia), yellow jewelweed (Impatiens pallida), indian- strawberry (Potentilla indica), Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum), and others. The non- native Japanese grass (Microstegium vimineum) is fairly frequent. Also present are Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) and native vines including Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolius), poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), and wild yam (Dioscorea villosa). The rare southern zigzag salamander is documented from a slight north-facing slope near the Mine Hollow drainage.

Areas farther above on Mine Ridge may well support a different, possibly rare community type on limestone. Forest with eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) and the uncommon chinquapin oak, and a mixture of hardwoods including red oak (Quercus rubra), black walnut, and bitternut hickory as well as uncommon herbs such as blackstem spleenwort (Asplenium resiliens) and purple-stem cliff-brake (Pellaea atropurpurea) were reported previously (Sather 1982).

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: The populations of rare plants at this site should be considered extant until such time that they can be resurveyed. If extant, the goldenseal population should be considered especially vulnerable to collection. Drier slope forests of a type different than Basic Mesic Forest may exist on the drier slopes on Mine Ridge.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Basic Mesic Forest (Montane Calcareous Subtype).

RARE PLANTS: Wall-rue spleenwort (Asplenium ruta-muraria), goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis).

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WATCH LIST PLANTS: Blackstem spleenwort (Asplenium resiliens), purple-stem cliff-brake (Pellaea atropurpurea), mountain hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), chinquapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii), hairy mock-orange (Philadelphus hirsutus), common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa)*.

RARE ANIMALS: Southern zigzag salamander (Plethodon ventralis).

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None documented.

REFERENCES:

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Brief: Mine Ridge. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

Sather, J.D. 1982. An Ecosystematic Survey of Selected Areas of the Hot Springs Valley, Madison County, North Carolina. Master’s Thesis, UNC-Chapel Hill.

Oriel, S. S., 1950. Geology and mineral resources of the Hot Springs window, Madison County, North Carolina: North Carolina Div. Mineral Resources Bull. 60, 70 p. map Stokely Hollow and Ridge.

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MOUNTAIN ISLAND Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: Regional Size: 9.5 acres Quadrangle: Hot Springs Ownership: U.S. Forest Service

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The primary significance of the site is for its example of Montane Alluvial Forest as well as other features that are unusual for a mountain river island. The site contains an example of the uncommon Montane Acidic Cliff community, as well as an exemplary Rocky Bar and Shore community. The site also supports a population of Significantly Rare bleeding heart (Dicentra eximia).

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The site lies between the Lovers Leap/Stackhouse Slopes and Deep Water Bridge Area SNHAs. It is most closely related to the alluvial portions of those sites. Its proximity to the large Lovers Leap/Stackhouse Slopes site may not be of special benefit to the site, because it is influenced most by its location in the river corridor.

SITE DESCRIPTION: The site encompasses one of the largest islands in the French Broad River. All of the island, except for its edges and downstream-facing alluvial areas, is composed of a mass of bedrock with a total relief of about 100 feet. It is oriented southeast-northwest at a bend in the river, with its most elevated end facing upriver. Parts of the island are subjected to scouring from floods and part of it is above flood levels. A mixture of alluvial and dry terrestrial habitats is present. The lower portions of the higher, upstream part of the island are subjected to scouring by floods, while lower areas at the downstream end of the island receive less force and have alluvial deposits. The rocky areas above flood level are exposed and very dry, with little soil development. These conditions result in a very patchy mixture of natural communities, each a few acres in size. The upstream area, above the zone that is scoured, supports a Montane Acidic Cliff community, while lower parts of the island support Montane Alluvial Forest. The edges of the island, and especially its narrow, downstream end support an example of the Rocky Bar and Shore community.

The Montane Acidic Cliff community occurs at the east end of the island. It consists of bedrock exposures with a thin, discontinuous tree canopy and some steep to vertical rock faces that are devoid of vegetation. This example is typical in having substantial bare rock, little soil development, and sparse vegetation. However, the presence of the rare bleeding heart (Dicentra eximia) on the cliff indicates that it may be an otherwise barren example of the rare Montane Calcareous Cliff type. The cliff has some vertical areas to 20 feet or more in height. In addition to bleeding heart, non-woody species include spiderwort (Tradescantia sp.), yellow fumewort (Corydalis flavula), and occasional graminoids. Poison ivy sprawls over some portions of the rock. Small tree saplings such as slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), Hercules’ club (Aralia spinosa), and sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), as well as sweet-shrub (Calycanthus floridus) and blackberry (Rubus sp.), are rooted in a few crevices. A few larger trees occur around the dry

199 margins, such as shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) and black gum (Nyssa sylvatica). A thin, woodland covers the remainder of the high portions of the island on a substrate of broken bedrock and boulders. Dominant vegetation includes shortleaf pine, sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), slippery elm, silverbell (Halesia tetraptera), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), and sweet birch (Betula nigra). The composition of the areas where some soil has accumulated is probably fairly dynamic, with new suitable species appearing over time, as opportunity arises.

The lower, downstream alluvial area supports a patch of the uncommon Montane Alluvial Forest, though it is quite small. Few large trees are present. It has a thicket-like low canopy of saplings and small trees such as black willow (Salix nigra), sweetgum, American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), elm (Ulmus sp.), sweet-shrub, blackberry, and others. It merges into an example of the Rocky Bar and Shore community at the margins of the island. The community consists of loose rock from the river bed as well as small amounts of scoured bedrock. The dynamics of flooding preclude the development of forest, but saplings of sweetgum, silverbell, black locust, and other trees are rooted sporadically among the rocks.

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: Because the site lies in a large river corridor and substantial portions are subject to flooding, it is vulnerable to the establishment of non-native invasive plant species. Monitoring for negative changes in community composition is recommended. Monitoring by binoculars is possible to some extent. The only other reasonable access to the island is by boat.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Montane Acidic Cliff, Montane Alluvial Forest, Rocky Bar and Shore.

RARE PLANTS: Bleeding heart (Dicentra eximia).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: None documented.

RARE ANIMALS: None documented.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None documented.

REFERENCES:

Heiman, K.A. 1995. Inventory of the Natural Areas of the French Broad Ranger District, Pisgah National Forest. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation, DENR, Raleigh.

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Brief: Mountain Island. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

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MURRAY BRANCH SLOPES Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: State Size: 164 acres Quadrangle: Hot Springs Ownership: U.S. Forest Service and private

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The site contains the highest quality example of the very rare Calcareous Shale Slope Woodland community in the state, with numerous rare plant species. It contains the only population of the State Endangered three-flowered melic (Melica nitens) known in the state; one of five populations of the State Endangered/Federal Species of Concern glade bluecurls (Trichostema brachiata), one of four populations of the State Threatened prairie ragwort (Packera paupercula var. appalachiana) in the state; one of the best populations in the state of the State Threatened pink thoroughwort (Fleischmannia incarnata), the largest in the mountain region; and perhaps the best population of the Special Concern Pursh’s wild-petunia (Ruellia purshiana) in the state. The State Threatened mountain thaspium (Thaspium pinnatifidum) and Special Concern branching draba (Draba ramosissima) are also present.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The site lies at the edge of Pisgah National Forest and borders the French Broad River. It is surrounded on the north, west, and east by thousands of acres of national forest land. Many parts of the surrounding public land are actively managed for timber. Some land in private ownership borders the site on the east along the river front as well as lands across the river. Its position in the French Broad River corridor makes it easier for species, including non-natives, to disperse and establish in the site. Davis Branch Floodplain is about 0.75 air mile to the west. Paint Rock Road Natural Area is about 2.0 air miles to the west. Mine Ridge is about 1.25 air miles to the south-southwest. Stokely Hollow and Ridge is about 2.0 air miles to the southeast.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Murray Branch Slopes is located on steep, south-facing slopes above the French Broad River about 2.25 miles downriver from Hot Springs. It is drained by Jack Branch and another unnamed tributary of the French Broad River and lies at elevations between 1,280 and 2,400 feet. Part of the site consists of dry woodland-forest and bluffy areas bordering the river. The south-facing portion of the Bald Mountains -- from the Tennessee state line to Murray Branch Slopes and beyond to the east -- is quite conducive to fire, with burns ranging from small to large having occurred in the last decade. Some of the community types in the site may depend on fire for rejuvenation. The interior of the site contains similar vegetation, including the best example of the Calcareous Shale Slope Woodland community in the state. The community is most similar to the Shale Slope Woodland types described in Schafale (2010). Much of the site occurs on a brown shale, though other sedimentary rocks are present. A cliff- like siltstone outcrop occurs in one area. Transitions are frequent from the Calcareous Shale Slope Woodland community to Chestnut Oak Forest. Gradation toward other types, such as Acidic Cove Forest and Pine--Oak/Heath, occurs in some parts of the site. The ground substrate

203 in the Calcareous Shale Slope Woodland community varies between loose, crumbly soil derived of shale and occasional exposed bedrock.

The Calcareous Shale Slope Woodland community is one of the rarest types in western North Carolina. It is reminiscent, structurally and floristically, of glade, woodland, and barren communities of the Ridge and Valley Province of the central Appalachians. It ranges from having no canopy to one that is semi-open, generally at margins of outcrops or where soil occurs in fractured rock. It supports plant species of both acidic and calcareous soils. Expanses of bedrock are present as well as areas with crumbly, shaley soil. The community varies from completely open with bare rock or sparse shrubs, to sparsely to moderately vegetated where soils are deeper. Some herb-dominated areas are grassier while others support islands of herbs. In areas where an open canopy is present, the dominant species are Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana), chestnut oak (Quercus montana), eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), and red maple (Acer rubrum). Others species are present in lower numbers, including white oak (Quercus alba), red oak (Quercus rubra), blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica), scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea), and white ash (Fraxinus americana). The subcanopy layer is fairly sparse, especially on rocky areas. Understory trees include winged elm (Ulmus alata), with other species at lower frequency including redbud (Cercis canadensis), sassafras (Sassafras albidum), one-flower hawthorn (Crataegus uniflora), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), and the uncommon mountain hackberry (Celtis occidentalis). The shrub layer is also variable and patchy. It includes scattered winged sumac (Rhus copallinum), the uncommon hairy mock- orange (Philadelphus hirsutus), Carolina rose (Rosa carolina), mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), and others. Vines such as Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolius) and poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) are prominent. Other vines such as virgin’s-bower (Clematis virginiana), muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia), coralbeads (Cocculus carolina), and cross-vine (Bignonia capreolata) are present. The herb layer is patchy, with high species diversity including numerous rare and uncommon species. Grassy areas support graminoids such as Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica), silky oat- grass (Danthonia sericea), poverty oat-grass (Danthonia spicata), broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus), splitbeard bluestem (Andropogon ternarius), Bosc’s witch grass (Dichanthelium boscii), and river oats (Chasmanthium latifolium). Herb species which are well-represented include silverling (Paronychia agyrocoma), hairy lipfern (Cheilanthes lanosa), woolly lipfern (Cheilanthes tomentosa), stonecrop (Sedum ternatum), rock spikemoss (Selaginella rupestris) as well as leafy hawkweed (Hieracium paniculatum), southern crownbeard (Verbesina occidentalis), wideleaf blue-stars (Amsonia tabernaemontana), and spreading sunflower (Helianthus divaricatus). Less frequent species include Appalachian bellflower (Campanula divaricata), shortstalk copperleaf (Acalypha gracilens), eastern prickly-pear (Opuntia humifusa var. humifusa), ebony spleenwort (Asplenium platyneuron), pinebarren flatsedge (Cyperus retrorsus), erect dayflower (Commelina erecta), American pennyroyal (Hedeoma pulegioides), downy milkpea (Galactia volubilis var. volubilis), velvety lespedeza (Lespedeza stuevei), wand lespedeza (Lespedeza violacea), butterfly pea (Clitoria mariana), resurrection fern (Pleopeltis polypodioides var. michauxiana), tall bellflower (Campanulastrum americanum), smooth spiderwort (Tradescantia ohiensis), stiff-leaved aster (Ionactis linariifolius), wavy-leaved aster (Symphyotrichum undulatum), toothed white-topped aster (Sericocarpus asteroides), fleabane

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(Erigeron strigosus), Appalachian beardtongue (Penstemon canescens), greater coreopsis (Coreopsis major), spotted St. John’s-wort (Hypericum punctatum), everlasting (Gamochaeta sp.), flowering spurge (Euphorbia corollata), clammy ground-cherry (Physalis heterophylla), and others. Also present in the community are numerous uncommon and rare plant species. Rare species include spreading rockcress (Arabis patens), pink thoroughwort (Fleischmannia incarnata), glade bluecurls (Trichostema brachiatum), branching draba (Draba ramosissima), three-flowered melic (Melica nitens), prairie ragwort (Packera paupercula var. appalachiana), and Pursh’s wild-petunia (Ruellia purshiana). Also present are the uncommon Canada whitlow- wort (Paronychia canadensis), eastern longleaf bluet (Houstonia longifolia var. compacta), and the Watch List species smooth peavine (Lathyrus venosus), long-flower alumroot (Heuchera longiflora), and Pennsylvania pellitory (Parietaria pensylvanica). One small area in this community differs in character and composition substantially. It appears to be a tallgrass prairie remnant, with species such as indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), camphorweed (Heterotheca sp.), yellow wild indigo (Baptisia tinctoria), kidneyleaf rosinweed (Silphium compositum), Illinois pinweed (Lechea racemulosa), scaly blazing-star (Liatris squarrosa var. squarrosa), milkvetch (Astragalus sp.), gaywings (Polygala paucifolia), beard-tongue (Penstemon sp.), and greater coreopsis. Bristly locust (Robinia hispida) is also present. Fruticose lichens are also important in parts of the area, with British soldiers (Cladonia cristatella) and pixie cups (Cladonia chlorophaea).

Chestnut Oak Forest occurs on slope and crest locations where soils are deeper. Its composition indicates acidic soils. The canopy of this type is typically semi-open to closed and dominated by chestnut oak and scarlet oak, with Virginia pine, shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata), and occasional black gum (Nyssa sylvatica). White oak and white pine (Pinus strobus) are occasional. The subcanopy is fairly sparse and dominated by a mixture of seedlings and saplings of the canopy, as well as red maple, sourwood, and downy serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea). Less frequent are sassafras, American chestnut (Castanea dentata), and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). The shrub layer is fairly sparse, with small patches of mountain laurel and black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), with scattered blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), and maleberry (Lyonia ligustrina). The herb layer is sparse, with occasional teaberry (Gaultheria procumbens), greater coreopsis, yellow wild indigo, and grass-leaved golden-aster (Pityopsis graminifolia). Tangles of common greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia) are occasional.

The Chestnut Oak Forest grades to very small areas of Pine--Oak/Heath on some drier knobs and ridgetops. The semi-open to open canopy is dominated by Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana), with some pitch pine (Pinus rigida) and shortleaf pine, as well as chestnut oak, scarlet oak, and occasional blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica). A subcanopy is essentially absent, other than occasional saplings of the canopy, downy serviceberry, sassafras, common chinquapin (Castanea pumila), black gum, and red maple. The shrub layer occurs as well-developed patches of mountain laurel and black huckleberry, with occasional indigo-bush (Amorpha sp.), bristly locust, maleberry, and others. The herb layer is patchy, with a mixture of dry-site species including teaberry, galax (Galax urceolata), greater coreopsis, yellow wild indigo, eastern bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), and others.

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The site has excellent animal habitats. The Significantly Rare mottled duskywing (Erynnis martialis) is present. Active dens of the uncommon eastern woodrat (Neotoma floridana haemitoreia) were documented from the site. The rocky parts of the site contain some outcrop areas with large, cavern-like crevices. Warm, semi-open habitats for reptiles and butterflies are present in many areas; quantities of tree snags and downed woody debris range from good to abundant; and cavities are common in relatively small trees. The ecological integrity of the site appears to be high, even given its proximity to the French Broad River corridor. Animal species present which are believed to indicate good ecological integrity include the following mammals: eastern woodrat and black bear (Ursus americanus); birds: wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), white-breasted nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis), red-eyed vireo (Vireo olivaceus), blue-headed vireo (Vireo solitarius), black-throated green warbler (Dendroica virens), black-and-white warbler (Mniotilta varia), worm-eating warbler (Helmitheros vermivorus), hooded warbler (Wilsonia citrina), and scarlet tanager (Piranga olivacea); the northern dusky salamander (Desmognathus fuscus); and the question mark (Polygonia interrogationis), a butterfly.

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: The site should remain protected from logging. The Calcareous Shale Slope Woodland community and surrounding dry forests are probably fire adapted to some degree. Natural wildfire should only be suppressed if necessary and a program for prescribed fire should continue being developed. The site needs additional attention to determine timing and frequency of prescribed fire. However, because of the rare butterfly and perhaps other rare insects, only part of the site should be burned on a single prescription. The smaller area with prairie grasses may need more frequent fire than other parts of the site. In some parts of the site with forest on deeper soils, small stumps exist in forested areas; much of the area was apparently logged to some extent in the last several decades as evidenced by tree stumps in some forested areas on deeper soils. Many areas support stunted, small diameter trees which are probably quite old.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Calcareous Shale Slope Woodland, Chestnut Oak Forest.

RARE PLANTS: Spreading rockcress (Arabis patens), branching draba (Draba ramosissima), glade bluecurls (Trichostema brachiatum), Pursh’s wild-petunia (Ruellia purshiana), pink thoroughwort (Fleischmannia incarnata), prairie ragwort (Packera paupercula var. appalachiana), three-flowered melic (Melica nitens), aromatic aster (Symphyotrichum oblongifolium), mountain thaspium (Thaspium pinnatifidum).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Mountain hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), hairy mock-orange (Philadelphus hirsutus), long-flower alumroot (Heuchera longiflora), Pennsylvania pellitory (Parietaria pensylvanica), smooth peavine (Lathyrus venosus), lyre-leaved rockcress (Arabidopsis lyrata), scentless mock-orange (Philadelphus inodorus), galax (Galax urceolata)*.

RARE ANIMALS: Mottled duskywing (Erynnis martialis), giant swallowtail (Papilio cresphontes).

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WATCH LIST ANIMALS: Eastern woodrat -- Southern Appalachian population (Neotoma floridana haemitoreia).

REFERENCES:

Heiman, K.A. 1995. Inventory of the Natural Areas of the French Broad Ranger District, Pisgah National Forest. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation, DENR, Raleigh.

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Survey Report: Murray Branch Slopes. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

Rossell, C.R., Jr. 2008. Site Survey Report (Fauna): Murray Branch Slopes. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

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prepred2y2xFgF2xturl2reritge2rogrm2E2QGII Madison County Natural Areas Inventory

PAINT ROCK ROAD NATURAL AREA Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: State Size: 113 acres Quadrangle: Paint Rock Ownership: U.S. Forest Service

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The primary significance of the site is the rare Montane Calcareous Cliff community, as well as its rich slope forests classified as Basic Oak--Hickory Forest. An excellent population of the State Threatened/Federal Species of Concern piratebush (Buckleya distichophylla) is present, as well as the State Threatened pink thoroughwort (Fleischmannia incarnata), and the Special Concern branching draba (Draba ramosissima) and climbing fumitory (Adlumia fungosa). The Significantly Rare golden banded-skipper (Autochton cellus) and the Federal Species of Concern eastern woodrat (Neotoma floridana haemitoreia) are also present.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The site is linked to thousands of acres of forested land in Pisgah National Forest and similarly extensive forest in the adjacent Cherokee National Forest of Tennessee. The surrounding lands also have sedimentary geology, which has implications for plant species and natural community types. Fire occurs in the landscape with some periodicity. The cleared and disturbed areas on the opposite side of the French Broad River reduce landscape continuity to the south. Lands south of the river are substantially more fragmented than the public land to the north and east. Murray Branch Slopes SNHA is 1.1 air miles to the southeast. Davis Branch Floodplain SNHA is 0.8 air mile to the southeast. Mine Ridge SNHA is 1.75 air miles to the southeast. The Lower French Broad Aquatic Habitat SNHA borders on the south. The site is part of the Hot Springs Window Macrosite.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Paint Rock Road Natural Area is located about 4.5 miles northwest of Hot Springs at the Tennessee state line, extending for about a mile along the north side of the French Broad River. It consists of a dramatic cliff and bluffs, a small, flat ridgetop and areas of gentler slope and cove topography. The site occurs at low elevations, between 1,280 and 1,920 feet with an aspect that is primarily southwest. It occurs on the Sandsuck Formation in the Hot Springs Geologic Window, an area mapped as primarily slate and metasiltstone with local areas of metamorphosed conglomerate metasandstone, metalimestone, and quartzite. Calcareous- cemented siltstone has been observed in some areas. The rock types produce high soil pH and nutrient levels at the site, with numerous uncommon and rare plant species. The site supports unusual Basic Oak--Hickory Forest and an excellent example of the rare Montane Calcareous Cliff community. A xeric, oak and pine-dominated community occupies the flat ridgetop.

The Montane Calcareous Cliff community extends from the ridgetop across a substantial portion of the steepest southwest-facing slope, ending abruptly at the river floodplain. It is precipitous and reaches 70 feet or more in height. It has extensive areas of sheer bare or vine-covered rock, with thin soil accumulations on small benches, ledges, and crags that occur with various

209 geometries. The tree cover and herb coverage is sparse. Short-statured trees occur primarily near the outcrop margins or in larger soil pockets. Trees include Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana), pitch pine (Pinus rigida), eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), chestnut oak (Quercus montana), and other occasional species. No understory is present. The herbs are very sparse, though vines such as poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia), and Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolius) are prominent in some areas. Herbs include hairy lipfern (Cheilanthes lanosa), leafy hawkweed (Hieracium paniculatum), Philadephia-daisy (Erigeron philadelphicus), cutleaf toothwort (Cardamine concatenata), wide- leaved spiderwort (Tradescantia subaspera), the uncommon lyreleaf rockcress (Arabidopsis lyrata), and others. Some areas are grassier, with little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), sedges (Carex spp.), and witch-grasses (Dichanthelium spp.).

The upper slopes and southwest-to-northeast oriented ridgetop above the cliffs are xeric, with thin soils and occasional rock outcrops. The soil contains many shaly chips and rock fragments. These drier areas support a community best classified as a Pine--Oak/Heath. It is an atypical example, having less abundant evergreen heath and some plant species that are not typical. It has an open, short-statured canopy of mixed Virginia pine, chestnut oak, black oak (Quercus velutina), chestnut oak (Quercus montana), mockernut hickory (Carya alba), scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea), red oak (Quercus rubra), eastern red cedar, white pine (Pinus strobus), and Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). The uncommon chinquapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii) is also present. The sparse subcanopy supports species of the canopy as well as red maple (Acer rubrum), red oak, redbud (Cercis canadensis), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), sand hickory (Carya pallida), downy serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea), and blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica). Infrequent are sassafras (Sassafras albidum) and southern red oak (Quercus falcata). The sparse shrub layer supports dryland blueberry (Vaccinium pallidum), deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), the uncommon hairy mock-orange (Philadelphus hirsutus), and a small population of the rare piratebush (Buckleya distichophylla). The sparse to moderate herb layer contains a mixture of veiny hawkweed (Hieracium venosum), summer bluet (Houstonia purpurea), greater coreopsis (Coreopsis major), galax (Galax urceolata), early goldenrod (Solidago juncea), pipsissewa (Chimaphila maculata), trailing arbutus (Epigaea repens), lespedeza (Lespedeza sp.), butterfly pea (Clitoria mariana), partridgeberry (Mitchella repens), Eastern longleaf bluet (Houstonia longifolia var. compacta), pinweed (Lechea sp.), woolly lipfern (Cheilanthes tomentosa), fragrant rabbit-tobacco (Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium), yellow wood-sorrel (Oxalis stricta), Appalachian bellflower (Campanula divaricata), whorled loosestrife (Lysimachia quadrifolia), Carolina lily (Lilium michauxii), the uncommon Small’s beardtongue (Penstemon smallii), and mountain-mint (Pycnanthemum sp.). Grasses include poverty oat-grass (Danthonia spicata), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), and witch- grasses. Ferns represented include ebony spleenwort (Asplenium platyneuron), resurrection fern (Pleopeltis polypodioides), and common rockcap fern (Polypodium virginianum). Vines include common greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia), cross-vine (Bignonia capreolata), and poison ivy. Reindeer lichens (Cladonia spp.) are common on some bare soil areas. A small population of the rare branching draba (Draba ramosissima) is present. An excellent population of the rare piratebush occurs along the ridgetop area.

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Areas on the lower to middle slopes have gentler topography and more variable moisture levels, ranging from mesic to dry-mesic. Occurring at the base of the cliffs and in areas to the east, these areas support a community classified as Basic Oak--Hickory Forest, a type typically found in the Piedmont, but due to its unusual composition it may represent a rare, undescribed type. Dark, rich soils are present which alternate in some areas with swaths of talus. The forest has a closed canopy dominated by red oak, chinquapin oak, bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), scarlet oak, black oak, mockernut hickory, post oak (Quercus stellata), Virginia pine, white oak (Quercus alba), and Canada hemlock. The subcanopy is moderately dense, with the species of the canopy as well as flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), redbud, white ash (Fraxinus americana), hop-hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), winged elm (Ulmus alata), sassafras, slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), silverbell (Halesia carolina), black cherry (Prunus serotina), American holly (Ilex opaca), and persimmon (Diospyros virginiana). The sparse shrub layer includes maple-leaved viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium), strawberry-bush (Euonymus americanus), New Jersey tea (Ceanothus americanus), pawpaw (Asimina triloba), mountain sweet-pepperbush (Clethra acuminata), the uncommon hairy mock-orange, and bladdernut (Staphylea trifolia). The rare mountain camellia (Stewartia ovata) and uncommon Carolina buckthorn (Frangula caroliniana) have also been reported from the site. The herb layer is generally sparse and includes Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides) and ebony spleenwort (Asplenium platyneuron), perfoliate bellwort (Uvularia perfoliata), Appalachian bellwort (Uvularia puberula), pale indian-plantain (Arnoglossum atriplicifolium), hog-peanut (Amphicarpaea bracteata), sweet-scented bedstraw (Galium triflorum), common wingstem (Verbesina alternifolia), Canada waterleaf (Hydrophyllum canadense), eastern columbine (Aquilegia canadensis), Virginia dayflower (Commelina virginica), Pensylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica), small-headed sunflower (Helianthus microcephalus), common white heart-leaved aster (Eurybia divaricata), basil bergamot (Monarda clinopodia), eastern waterleaf (Hydrophyllum virginianum), eastern figwort (Scrophularia marilandica), mountain golden- alexanders (Zizia trifoliata), fernleaf phacelia (Phacelia bipinnatifida), American alumroot (Heuchera americana), false Solomon’s-seal (Maianthemum racemosum), common smooth rockcress (Boechera laevigata), tick-trefoil (Desmodium sp.), early meadowrue (Thalictrum dioicum), witch-grass (Dichanthelium sp.), and the uncommon largeleaf waterleaf (Hydrophyllum macrophyllum). Vines include cross-vine, trumpet-creeper (Campsis radicans), Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolius), and Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica). Talus-filled areas below the cliff area and in ravines support species such as the uncommon Canada leaf-cup (Polymnia canadensis), clearweed (Pilea pumila), green violet (Hybanthus concolor), eastern waterleaf, jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), and the invasive, non- native Japanese grass (Microstegium vimineum). Vine species such as cross-vine, trumpet- creeper, Japanese honeysuckle, Virginia creeper, hog-peanut, and moonseed (Menispermum canadense) are also present in the talus areas. An excellent population of the State Threatened pink thoroughwort (Fleischmannia incarnata) is also present.

The rare golden banded-skipper (Autochton cellus) and the uncommon eastern woodrat (Neotoma floridana haemitoreia), a Federal Species of Concern, are documented from the site.

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MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: Some of the communities present may be at least partially dependent on periodic fire. The prevalence of red maple in the upper slope and ridgetop areas may be indicative of fire suppression. The non-native Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) and Japanese grass (Microstegium vimineum) should be monitored.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Montane Calcareous Cliff, Basic Oak--Hickory Forest.

RARE PLANTS: Piratebush (Buckleya distichophylla), climbing fumitory (Adlumia fungosa), branching draba (Draba ramosissima), pink thoroughwort (Fleischmannia incarnata), mountain camellia (Stewartia ovata).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Lyre-leaved rockcress (Arabidopsis lyrata), galax (Galax urceolata)*, hairy mock-orange (Philadelphus hirsutus), Small’s beardtongue (Penstemon smallii), Canada leaf-cup (Polymnia canadensis), Carolina buckthorn (Frangula caroliniana), largeleaf waterleaf (Hydrophyllum macrophyllum).

RARE ANIMALS: Golden banded-skipper (Autochton cellus).

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: Eastern woodrat -- Southern Appalachian population (Neotoma floridana haemitoreia).

REFERENCES:

Heiman, K.A. 1995. Inventory of the Natural Areas of the French Broad Ranger District, Pisgah National Forest. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation, DENR, Raleigh.

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Survey Report: Paint Rock Road Natural Area. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

Rossell, C.R., Jr. 2010. Site Survey Report (Fauna): Paint Rock Road Natural Area. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

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prepred2y2xFgF2xturl2reritge2rogrm2E2QGII Madison County Natural Areas Inventory

SPRING CREEK GORGE Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: State Size: 750 acres Quadrangle: Spring Creek Ownership: U.S. Forest Service

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The site is significant for a suite of high quality natural community types, including one of the few Calcareous Shale Slope Woodland communities in the state, as well as the rare Acidic Shale Slope Woodland. Excellent examples of Montane Acidic Cliff, Rich Cove Forest, Acidic Cove Forest, Pine--Oak/Heath, and Chestnut Oak Forest communities are also present. The site supports the Special Concern climbing fumitory (Adlumia fungosa) and the Significantly Rare Alabama lip-fern (Cheilanthes alabamensis), Kelsey’s locust (Robinia hispida var. kelseyi), and purpleleaf willowherb (Epilobium ciliatum). This site may have one of the state’s most robust populations of climbing fumitory. Numerous uncommon plant and animal species are also present.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The site is in a large patch of forested land in Pisgah National Forest. The public lands outside the rugged topography of the gorge have been logged with greater frequency in the past. Rural land in private ownership bordering on the southwest, near NC Highway 209, is more fragmented by roads, agricultural clearings, and logged lands. The gorge is situated a couple of air miles south of several of the significant sites near Hot Springs and should be considered part of that landscape cluster. The site contains the Spring Creek portion of the Lower French Broad Aquatic Habitat SNHA. Squirrel Branch Oaks SNHA lies near the north end of the site and is separated from it by younger forest. Hot Springs Mountain SNHA is 1.2 air miles to the northeast. Spring Creek Mountain SNHA is 1.1 air miles to the southeast. Deep Water Bridge Area SNHA is 1.6 air miles to the northeast. Big Rock Spring SNHA lies about 2.5 miles to the west. The landscape connection between the site and Big Rock Spring SNHA may be viable. The site is an integral part of the Hot Springs Window Macrosite.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Spring Creek Gorge is one of the most rugged, scenic locations in Madison County. It is located about 2 miles south of the town of Hot Springs, primarily on the east side of NC Highway 209. It is about 2.5 miles long and about 0.5 mile wide. The site occurs on sedimentary rock at the edge of the Hot Springs Geologic Window. The geology of the site is mapped as the Sandsuck Formation of the Ocowee Supergroup, which is slate and metasiltstone, with inclusions of metaconglomerate, calcareous-cemented sandstone, metasiltstone, and quartzite. These rock types are capable of producing circumneutral soils in some areas and more typical acidic soils in other areas. Spring Creek makes numerous sharp bends as it winds through the gorge bottom. The southern part of the site includes a 1.3 mile- long segment of Puncheon Camp Branch, a tributary of Spring Creek.

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The gorge has complex topography, with broad coves, deep narrow ravines, open slopes, and sharp spur ridges that produce all slope aspects and a wide variety of environmental conditions. Due to relatively low elevations between 1,480 and 2,640 feet, west-facing and south-facing areas are especially warm and dry. Large expanses of dry forests and woodlands -- including the rare Shale Slope Woodland communities -- are widespread on the middle to upper slopes on the eastern side of the gorge. These areas generally have thin, loose soils and expanses of bedrock or boulders and stunted trees with various old-growth attributes. Moist cove forests are widespread on both sides of the gorge and along the gorge bottom. Sheer cliffs occur at a few locations. The gorge is impressive in its lack of disturbance. Spring Creek contains large boulders, deep pools, and a sand and gravel bottom that provides high-quality habitat for various cold-water fish species. Altered areas within the boundaries are limited to NC Highway 209 itself and the area within the U.S. Forest Service Rocky Bluff Campground, about 30 acres in size.

The Acidic Shale Slope Woodland and Calcareous Shale Slope Woodland communities occur in several areas, primarily on west-facing and south-facing middle to upper slopes east of Spring Creek, but they extend onto lower slopes in some locations, and above Puncheon Camp Branch. Slopes range from moderately to steeply-sloping. These communities vary between and among locations, in terms of their apparent nutrient status and pH: both acidic (low nutrient status) and circumneutral (nutrient-rich) examples, as judged by their species composition, appear to be present. Physically, these communities have a dry to xeric environment and shallow soils which produce semi-open forest or an even sparser woodland structure. The Calcareous Shale Slope Woodland and Acidic Shale Slope Woodland communities have a woodland structure, with a semi-open to open canopy that is fairly short-statured due to dry conditions. Tree diameters are variable, with many which are small. However, these woodlands exhibit old-growth attributes in many areas, such as trunks that are very gnarled and twisted, with scars from previous natural disturbance events such as fire. The soils are thin, loose and gravelly and areas of bedrock are also present. In most areas these types have similar canopy species including abundant Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana), chestnut oak (Quercus montana), and red maple (Acer rubrum), and frequent pignut hickory (Carya glabra) and mockernut hickory (Carya alba). The Calcareous Shale Slope Woodland differs in having occasional stands of eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana). A variety of other species are present, including black oak (Quercus velutina), white oak (Quercus alba), post oak (Quercus stellata), red oak (Quercus rubra), scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea), chestnut oak (Quercus montana), Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), sand hickory (Carya pallida), white ash (Fraxinus americana), shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata), white pine (Pinus strobus), Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri), sweet birch (Betula lenta), and others. Shagbark hickory (Carya ovata) is occasional in the Calcareous Shale Slope Woodland type. The subcanopy supports saplings of the canopy, as well as species such as sassafras (Sassafras albidum), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), downy serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea), hop-hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), American elm (Ulmus americana), and others. The shrub layer varies considerably, from sparse to dense. Shrubs are absent in some areas where soil is shallow or absent. Frequent shrubs in both Shale Slope Woodland types include

216 deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), dryland blueberry (Vaccinium pallidum), and mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia). Less frequent shrubs include rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), St. John’s-wort (Hypericum sp.), smooth sumac (Rhus glabra), Carolina rose (Rosa carolina), and running strawberry-bush (Euonymus obovatus). Additional understory species occur in the Calcareous Shale Slope Woodland, such as the uncommon mountain hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) and hairy mock-orange (Philadelphus hirsutus) as well as sweet-shrub (Calycanthus floridus) and maple-leaved viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium). The densities of hairy mock-orange in the Calcareous Shale Slope Woodlands are amazingly high, over areas of substantial size, in some locations. The herb layer is sparse in almost all areas but has fairly high species diversity, with few species achieving dominance. Frequent herbs include broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus), poverty oat-grass (Danthonia spicata), Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica), forest goldenrod (Solidago arguta), goldenrods (Solidago spp.), Appalachian bellflower (Campanula divaricata), basil bergamot (Monarda clinopodia), lespedeza (Lespedeza sp.), whorled wild yam (Dioscorea quaternata), pineweed (Hypericum gentianoides), downy lobelia (Lobelia puberula), smooth oak-leach (Aureolaria flava), and greater coreopsis (Coreopsis major). Less frequent are little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), bosc’s witch-grass (Dichantheliuim boscii), other witch-grasses (Dichanthelium spp.), diffuse-branched bluet (Houstonia tenuifolia), goat’s-rue (Tephrosia virginiana), American alumroot (Heuchera americana), clasping aster (Symphyotrichum patens), wavy-leaved aster (Symphotrichum undulatum), partridgeberry (Mitchella repens), marginal wood fern (Dryopteris marginalis), Appalachian beardtongue (Penstemon canescens), Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum), ebony spleenwort (Asplenium platyneuron), sessile-leaf eupatorium (Eupatorium sessilifolium), eastern false-boneset (Brickellia eupatorioides var. eupatorioides), whiteleaf greenbrier (Smilax glauca), common white heart-leaved aster (Eurybia divaricata), pokeweed (Phytolacca americana), blunt-lobed cliff fern (Woodsia obtusa), and stonecrop (Sedum ternatum). Others include yellow fumewort (Corydalis flavula), running five- fingers (Potentilla canadensis), common golden-alexanders (Zizia aurea), heartleaf golden- alexanders (Zizia aptera), meadow-parsnip (Thaspium sp.), shortstalk copperleaf (Acalypha gracilens), glade rushfoil (Croton willdenowii), plantain pussytoes (Antennaria plantaginifolia), flowering spurge (Euphorbia corollata), rock spikemoss (Selaginella rupestris), eastern prickly- pear (Opuntia humifusa var. humifusa), and poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans). The rare climbing fumitory (Adlumia fungosa) is well represented in the gorge, in both of the Shale Slope Woodland types. Additional species of rich sites occur in the Calcareous Shale Slope Woodlands, such as limestone goldenrod (Solidago sphacelata), hairy lipfern (Cheilanthes lanosa), eastern columbine (Aquilegia canadensis), the uncommon smooth peavine (Lathyrus venosus) and the rare Alabama lip-fern (Cheilanthes alabamensis).

Examples of the rare Montane Calcareous Cliff community are scattered across the gorge, often on steep slopes near the bottom. They are associated with Calcareous Shale Slope Woodland, Rich Cove Forest, and Acidic Cove Forest communities in the community mosaic. They range from small, on the scale of tens of feet long and perhaps 20 feet tall, to areas more than 200 feet long and 60-70 feet in height. They are underexplored, being nearly inaccessible and generally precipitous. Examples occur throughout, though a couple of especially large examples occur on the east side of the gorge opposite Vann Cliffs. They are open, with no overhanging canopy.

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Small trees, saplings, and shrubs occur primarily at outcrop margins and include redbud (Cercis canadensis), hop-hornbeam, eastern red cedar, white ash, the uncommon mountain hackberry, Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), and others from surrounding forests. The uncommon hairy mock-orange is often present. Herbs are distributed sparsely in patches between expanses of bare outcrop. Species on these cliffs include Pennsylvania sedge, greater coreopsis, crag-jangle (Heuchera villosa), eastern columbine, Appalachian false-goat’s-beard (Astilbe biternata), bladder fern (Cystopteris sp.), the uncommon glade fern (Diplazium pycnocarpon), maidenhair spleenwort (Asplenium trichomanes), stonecrop, saxifrage (Micranthes sp.), mouse-ear (Cerastium sp.), plantainleaf sedge (Carex plantaginea), plantain-leaved pussytoes, galax (Galax urceolata), goldenrod (Solidago sp.), false Solomon’s-seal, alumroot (Heuchera sp.), common white heart-leaved aster, wild ginger (Asarum candense), sharp-lobed hepatica (Anemone acutiloba), the rare climbing fumitory, Solomon’s-seal, Appalachian bellflower, orange jewelweed, fire pink (Silene virginica), wide-leaved spiderwort (Tradescantia subaspera), beardtongue (Penstemon sp.), witch-grasses, hog-peanut (Amphicarpaea bracteata), and vines such as poison ivy and Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolius). Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) is occasional.

Much of the gorge is covered by forest communities. Lower slopes and concave topography support Rich Cove Forest and Acidic Cove Forest, whose drier exposed slopes and ridgetops support Chestnut Oak Forest. Excellent examples are present with no sign of recent disturbance. Due to variations in topography, aspect, and geology across the gorge, these types are tightly integrated and form a complex mosaic. The forested areas generally have good wildlife habitat attributes, including large snags and medium- to large-sized downed woody debris.

Rich Cove Forest is widespread through the gorge bottom and lower slopes, extending upslope in larger coves. It grades frequently to Acidic Cove Forest, as well as to the Acidic Shale Slope Woodland and Calcareous Shale Slope Woodland types. The examples are not virgin, but are mature second growth with good composition. Certain species are present that reflect influence from calcareous rock. The community has a closed canopy dominated by yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), with white ash, basswood (Tilia americana), red maple, yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), red oak, American beech (Fagus grandifolia), black cherry (Prunus serotina), sweet birch (Betula lenta), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), with occasional slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), Canada hemlock, silverbell (Halesia tetraptera), cucumber-tree (Magnolia acuminata), bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), shagbark hickory, and others. One area on Puncheon Camp Branch, east of Coonpatch Branch, supports a few of the uncommon yellowwood (Cladrastis kentukea). Dominance by yellow poplar varies among the examples. These forests generally have a moderately dense subcanopy. In addition to saplings of the canopy species, they support flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), redbud, striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri), Canada hemlock, white pine (Pinus strobus), American elm (Ulmus americana), mountain holly (Ilex montana), and others. Shrubs are generally sparse, with smooth hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens) being frequent. Others include spicebush (Lindera benzoin), maple-leaved viburnum, running strawberry-bush, and rosebay rhododendron. The dense herb layer supports varying mixtures of black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), fernleaf phacelia (Phacelia bipinnatifida), orange jewelweed (Impatiens capensis),

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Jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum), common golden-alexanders (Zizia aurea), false Solomon’s-seal (Maianthemum racemosum), blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), basil bergamot (Monarda clinopodia), bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis), violets (Viola spp.), agrimony (Agrimonia sp.), Appalachian false goat’s-beard, common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), trillium (Trillium spp.), Canada waterleaf (Hydrophyllum canadense), common white heart-leaved aster (Eurybia divaricata), common blue wood aster (Symphyotrichum cordifolium), large twayblade (Liparis lilifolia), clearweed (Pilea pumila), white snakeroot (Ageratina altissima), meadowrue (Thalictrum sp.), Curtis’ goldenrod (Solidago curtisii), limestone goldenrod, great indian-plantain (Arnoglossum reniforme), hog-peanut (Amphicarpaea bracteata), and rattlesnake-root (Prenanthes sp.). The most frequent vine is Dutchman’s-pipe (Aristolochia macrophylla), occurring in more sheltered locations. Dwarf larkspur (Delphinium tricorne) is locally abundant on some slopes. Species indicative of very rich soils, such as walking fern (Asplenium rhizophyllum) and the rare climbing fumitory (Adlumia fungosa), are present in certain locations. Ferns include Christmas fern, marginal wood fern, maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), and occasionally on rock, walking fern.

Acidic Cove Forest is common in the gorge and is a part of the mosaic. It is prevalent on moist, sheltered slopes in coves and steep ravines, especially where they face east or north. It is frequent in parts of the gorge bottom. It has a closed, tall canopy dominated by a mixture of red maple, Canada hemlock, sweet birch, red oak, yellow poplar, chestnut oak, white pine, American beech, Fraser magnolia, and others. The understory is sparse, with dense thickets of rosebay rhododendron and tangles of dog-hobble (Leucothoe fontanesiana). Mountain laurel is occasional. Saplings of the canopy, as well as silverbell, striped maple, cucumber-tree, and others occur in openings. The sparse herbs occur in openings between the shrubs. The rare climbing fumitory occurs in this type. Other herbs include clearweed, wood nettle, heartleaf, downy rattlesnake-plantain, partridgeberry, Canada violet (Viola canadensis), Christmas fern, marginal wood fern, southern lady fern (Athyrium asplenioides), and others.

Pine--Oak/Heath communities are present at scattered locations on sharp ridgetops and very dry slopes. They are best known from the Vann Cliffs area, on the east side of the gorge, and are integrated finely into other dry areas. Transitional between forest and woodland in its structure, it has a semi-open to open canopy dominated by Virginia pine, often with co-dominant chestnut oak, scarlet oak, red maple, white pine, pitch pine (Pinus rigida), shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata), post oak, black oak, hickories (Carya spp.), and sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum). Less frequently, Fraser magnolia, Canada hemlock, sweet birch, and downy serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea) are present. The subcanopy is poorly developed, with occasional saplings of the canopy. The shrub layer is dense and dominated by mountain laurel, elsewhere with deerberry, dryland blueberry, and rosebay rhododendron. The herb layer is patchy and sparse. Substantial areas are bare soil or rock and reindeer lichen (Cladina spp.) are frequent. Herbs include species of dry, acidic sites such as poverty oat-grass (Danthonia spicata), pussytoes (Antennaria sp.), stonecrop, fire pink, diffuse-branched bluet, big-leaved aster (Eurybia macrophylla), Solomon’s-seal, pussytoes, indian pipes (Monotropa uniflora), downy rattlesnake-plantain, pipissewa (Chimaphila maculata), trailing arbutus (Epigaea repens),

219 flowering spurge (Euphorbia corollata), alumroot (Heuchera sp.), broomsedge, and greater coreopsis. The vines poison ivy, common greenbrier, and Virginia creeper are frequent.

Chestnut Oak Forest occurs on dry slopes and ridgetops in the gorge. In some locations, it grades to Acidic Shale Slope Woodland communities. It is also present on slopes east of Spring Creek. Its canopy is dominated by chestnut oak, within a mixture of Virginia pine, red maple, white pine, sourwood, scarlet oak, black oak, and others. The sparse to moderate subcanopy supports saplings of the canopy and flowering dogwood, downy serviceberry, and others. The shrub layer is sparse to dense. Mountain laurel is dominant. Rosebay rhododendron, deerberry, and dryland blueberry are also represented. A sparse herb layer includes greater coreopsis, pussytoes, ebony spleenwort (Asplenium platyneuron), goldenrods (Solidago spp.), thoroughworts (Eupatorium spp.), basil bergamot, galax, smooth oak-leach (Aureolaria flava), Appalachian bellflower, clasping aster (Symphyotrichum patens), goat’s-rue (Tephrosia virginiana), whorled loosestrife (Lysimachia quadrifolia), flowering spurge (Euphorbia corollata), and others. The rare Kelsey’s locust (Robinia hispida var. kelseyi) is known from this type.

The rare purpleleaf willowherb (Epilobium ciliatum) and the uncommon bulblet bladder fern (Cystopteris bulbifera) occur near moist outcrops in one area in the north end of the gorge bottom.

Animal species documented from the site which are indicators of high habitat integrity include wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus), Acadian flycatcher (Empidonax virescens), common raven (Corvus corax), golden-crowned kinglet (Regulus satrapa), blue-gray gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea), red-eyed vireo (Vireo olivaceus), blue-headed vireo (Vireo solitarius), Northern Parula (Parula americana), black-throated green warbler (Dendroica virens), black-and-white warbler (Mniotilta varia), Louisiana waterthrush (Seiurus motacilla), worm-eating warbler (Helmitheros vermivorus), hooded warbler (Wilsonia citrina), ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus), scarlet tanager (Piranga olivacea), rose-breasted grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus), and black bear (Ursus americanus).

Animal species documented other than those listed previously include the following mammals: eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus), beaver (Castor canadensis), northern raccoon (Procyon lotor), coyote (Canis latrans), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus); birds: black vulture (Coragyps atratus), northern flicker (Colaptes auratus), downy woodpecker (Picoides pubescens), hairy woodpecker (Picoides villosus), eastern phoebe (Sayornis phoebe), American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata), Carolina chickadee (Parus carolinensis), tufted titmouse (Parus bicolor), Carolina wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus), blue- gray gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea), cedar waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum), American goldfinch (Carduelis tristis), northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), eastern towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus), and indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea); reptiles and amphibians: eastern garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis), black-bellied salamander (Desmognathus quadramaculatus), mountain dusky salamander (Desmognathus ochrophaeus), and seal salamander (Desmognathus monticola); and butterflies: red admiral (Vanessa atalanta).

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The section of Spring Creek which passes through the site is habitat for the rare sauger (Sander canadensis) and logperch (Percina caprodes).

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: Spring Creek Gorge has excellent wilderness qualities and should be managed for passive recreation, preservation, and further maturation of the natural communities it contains. The quality and significance of the site are such that it should have the strongest protection. The site is surprisingly free of non-native invasive species, so that monitoring for their presence and degree of encroachment would be worthwhile. Japanese grass (Microstegium vimineum) is thriving in certain areas in the gorge bottom. Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) is present there too. Tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima) occurs sporadically on the gorge slopes. Monitoring of rare species is also recommended. Monitoring for the continued presence of uncommon species such as yellowwood (Cladrastis kentukea) is also recommended, since it appears to exist in low numbers.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Rich Cove Forest, Acidic Cove Forest, Montane Acidic Cliff, Acidic Shale Slope Woodland, Calcareous Shale Slope Woodland, Montane Calcareous Cliff, Chestnut Oak Forest, Pine--Oak/Heath.

RARE PLANTS: Alabama lip-fern (Cheilanthes alabamensis), Kelsey’s locust (Robinia hispida var. kelseyi), climbing fumitory (Adlumia fungosa), purpleleaf willowherb (Epilobium ciliatum).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Smooth peavine (Lathyrus venosus), granite dome bluet (Houstonia longifolia var. glabra), southern nodding trillium (Trillium rugelii), bulblet bladder fern (Cystopteris bulbifera), glade fern (Diplazium pycnocarpon), lesser rattlesnake-plantain (Goodyera repens), Small’s beardtongue (Penstemon smallii), Appalachian twayblade (Listera smallii), hairy mock-orange (Philadelphus hirsutus), mountain hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis)*, galax (Galax urceolata)*, common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa)*.

RARE ANIMALS: None documented.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: Eastern woodrat (Southern Appalachian population) (Neotoma floridana haemitoreia), common raven (Corvus corax), golden-crowned kinglet (Regulus satrapa), rose-breasted grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus).

REFERENCES:

Kelly, J. 2005. Old growth forest delineations from the Blue Ridge in 2005. Unpublished report to the Southern Appalachian Forest Coalition and the New Leaf Fund.

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Survey Report: Spring Creek Gorge. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

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Rossell, C.R., Jr. 2008. Site Survey Report (Fauna): Spring Creek Gorge. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

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prepred2y2xFgF2xturl2reritge2rogrm2E2QGII Madison County Natural Areas Inventory

SQUIRREL BRANCH OAKS Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: County Size: 32 acres Quadrangle: Spring Creek Ownership: U.S. Forest Service

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The site is significant for an example of Montane Oak-- Hickory Forest with very mature trees.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The site has a generally good landscape context. It is situated at the edge of a large block of forested land in Pisgah National Forest, with forested private land bordering on the north. Although the areas immediately surrounding the site have not been logged recently, public lands within 0.5 air mile to the east, along the crest of Spring Creek Mountain, have been logged in recent decades. The site is related closely in the landscape with Spring Creek Gorge, which is 0.3 air mile to the southwest. It is a separate site because the quality and condition of the intervening land is not known. The site is within the Hot Springs Window Macrosite.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Squirel Branch Oaks is a small site situated on a small knob in the Spring Creek section of Madison County. It is located on an area near the eastern rim of Spring Creek Gorge, about 1.7 miles south of Hot Springs. Squirrel Branch, a tributary of Spring Creek, borders on the south. The site contains a very mature example of Montane Oak--Hickory Forest with unusual amounts of white oak (Quercus alba), which frequently indicates high soil nutrient status. Although the forest is mature, it is believed to have been grazed at some time in the past. It was acquired by the U.S. Forest Service in the 1990’s.

The Montane Oak--Hickory Forest is very mature, though not old-growth. The most mature area is on the north side of the knob, and it is small, at around 8 acres. The surrounding forest is less mature and serves to buffer the mature patch. Overall species diversity is low, which is often typical of the type. The closed canopy is very mature, with trees to 36 inches in diameter and averaging 20-30 inches in diameter. White oak (Quercus alba) and hickories (Carya spp.) are abundant. A mixture of other species is present, including red oak (Quercus rubra), scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea), and chestnut oak (Quercus montana). Yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) is present, but less frequent. The subcanopy is fairly sparse, presumably due to grazing in the past. It supports red maple (Acer rubrum), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), and young saplings and seedlings of the canopy species. The shrub layer is also sparse, with only mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) and blueberries (Vaccinium spp.). The herb layer sparse, as is often typical for the type, and dominated by partridgeberry (Mitchella repens), galax (Galax urceolata), pipsissewa (Chimaphila maculata), hairy sweet cicely (Osmorhiza claytonia), downy rattlesnake-plantain (Goodyera pubescens), teaberry (Gaultheria procumbens), bear-corn (Conopholis americana), poverty oat grass (Danthonia spicata), trailing arbutus (Epigaea repens), Appalachian bellwort (Uvularia puberula), sedges (Carex spp.), halberd-leaved violet

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(Viola hastata), and others. Vines such as Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolius), poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), grape (Vitis sp.), and greenbrier (Smilax sp.) are occasional.

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: The site is separated from Spring Creek Gorge SNHA by younger forests. The Montane Oak--Hickory Forest community should be allowed to mature toward old growth without disturbance. A sparse understory and some old barbed wire is evidence that the site was grazed in decades past, prior to being added to Pisgah National Forest. Areas bordering on the south are more disturbed. No weedy, opportunistic species are recorded for the site, an indication that grazing perhaps did not compromise the viability of the forest community. The forest is described as producing a large amount of mast for its size. The forest lacks many characteristic montane species and has many species that are typical of oak-hickory forests of the Piedmont.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Montane Oak--Hickory Forest.

RARE PLANTS: None documented.

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Galax (Galax urceolata)*.

RARE ANIMALS: None documented.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None documented.

REFERENCES:

Heiman, K.A. 1995. Inventory of the Natural Areas of the French Broad Ranger District, Pisgah National Forest. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation, DENR, Raleigh.

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Madison County Natural Areas Inventory

STOKELY HOLLOW AND RIDGE Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: State Size: 66 acres Quadrangle: Hot Springs Ownership: Private

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The primary significance of the site is for a large cluster of rare plant species including the State Threatened bristle-leaf sedge (Carex eburnea); the Special Concern wall-rue spleenwort (Asplenium ruta-muraria) and branching draba (Draba ramosissima); and the Significantly Rare heartleaf hedge-nettle (Stachys cordata) and spreading rockcress (Arabis patens). Numerous Watch List plant species are also present.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The site has only a fair landscape context due to degree of disturbance along the French Broad River corridor and the proximity of US Highway 25/70. Its best landscape connection is across forested private land southward to Pisgah National Forest. Mine Ridge SNHA is 1.3 air miles to the west-northwest. Davis Branch Floodplain SNHA is 1.8 air miles to the northwest. Lovers Leap/Stackhouse Slopes SNHA and Deep Water Bridge Area SNHA are within 1.0 air mile to the southeast. Murray Branch Slopes SNHA is 1.5 air miles to the northwest. Paint Rock Road Natural Area SNHA is 3.0 air miles to the northwest. Deep Water Bridge Area SNHA is 1.0 air mile to the southeast. Hot Springs Mountain SNHA is 1.7 air miles to the southeast. The Lower French Broad Aquatic Habitat SNHA borders half of the site. The site is centered in the Hot Springs Window Macrosite.

SITE DESCRIPTION: The site is located along the south side of the French Broad River just downstream from Hot Springs. It is bordered by a railroad along its lower margin. It occupies moderate to steep slopes on rock mapped as shale in the northern half of the site and as dolomite in the southern half of the site. A limestone quarry exists in the southern end of the site. It has suffered heavy past disturbance which includes logging, mining, homesteading, fire, and roadbed construction. It has an extremely diverse flora, including many rare and uncommon plant species. Many non-native and ruderal species are also present. The forested areas are fairly young and disturbed.

The southern end of the site consists of a narrow band of forest no more than a couple of hundred feet in width. Due to the incredible amount of edge, this area has many opportunistic species. Numerous uncommon and rare basophilic species are also present. This area is the location of a sheer outcrop of Shady Dolomite that was mined historically and also blasted for construction of the railroad, as well as numerous small outcrops and intervening ravines. The area remains in overall poor condition from the extensive historic disturbances. The precipitous slopes and bluffs support a bewildering variety of plant species, including the common, weedy, uncommon, and rare. The rare branching draba (Draba ramosissima), spreading rockcress (Arabis patens), wall-rue spleenwort (Asplenium ruta-muraria), heartleaf hedge-nettle (Stachys cordata), lobed

229 spleenwort (Asplenium pinnatifidum), and bristle-leaf sedge (Carex eburnea) occur in this area, each on exposed rock faces. Trees include box-elder (Acer negundo), red maple (Acer rubrum), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), the uncommon chinquapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii), the uncommon yellowwood (Cladrastis kentukea), and others. Understory trees and shrubs include redbud (Cercis canadensis), winged sumac (Rhus copallina), bladdernut (Staphylea trifolia), smooth hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens), common elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), and the uncommon wafer-ash (Ptelea trifoliata), hairy mock-orange (Philadelphus hirsutus), and leatherwood (Dirca palustris). Forbs such as blackberry (Rubus spp.) are also present. Vines are abundant in many areas. Cross-vine (Bignonia capreolata), Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolius), poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), trumpet-creeper (Campsis radicans), Dutchman’s-pipe (Aristolochia macrophylla), virgin’s-bower (Clematis virginiana), and dodder (Cuscuta sp.) occupy substantial areas. Opportunistic herb species are also present, including pokeweed (Phytolacca americana), ox-eye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), lamb’s- quarters (Chenopodium album), chicory (Cicorium intybus), and many others. Non-native invasive species such as garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), and others are present. An odd, rich collection of native species, many of which are uncommon or rare, intermingle with the others: the uncommon purple cliff-brake (Pellaea atropurpurea), bulblet bladder fern (Cystopteris bulbifera), largeleaf waterleaf (Hydrophyllum macrophyllum), Small’s beardtongue (Penstemon smallii), and Pennsylvania pellitory (Parietaria pensylvanica), as well as cove bladder fern (Cystopteris protrusa), wooly lipfern (Cheilanthes tomentosa), eastern waterleaf (Hydrophyllum virginianum), rockcap fern (Polypodium virginianum), walking fern (Asplenium rhizophyllum), maidenhair spleenwort (Asplenium trichomanes), basil bergamot (Monarda clinopodia), yellow fumewort (Corydalis flavula), Miami-mist (Phacelia purshii), Appalachian bellflower (Campanula divaricata), American alumroot (Heuchera americana), and many others.

Mesic areas in the cove around Sugartree Branch support a poor quality Rich Cove Forest community dominated by sugar maple, yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), black locust, bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), white ash (Fraxinus americana), yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), chinquapin oak, and red oak (Quercus rubra); and herbs such as basil bergamot, crinkleroot toothwort (Cardamine diphylla), blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), enchanter’s-nightshade (Circaea lutetiana), Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), Canada horsebalm (Collinsonia canadensis), spotted mandarin (Prosartes maculata), white snakeroot (Ageratina altissima), the uncommon Canada leaf-cup (Polymnia canadensis), bear’s-foot (Smallanthus uvedalius), hairy meadow-parsnip (Thaspium barbinode), cove bladder fern, maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), and many others. Shaded outcrops support crag-jangle (Heuchera villosa), walking fern, and Appalachian bellflower.

The northern part of the site includes slopes north of the mining area as well as Stokely Hollow. It is underlain by shale, which produces drier site conditions, but Rich Cove Forest of similar composition and condition to that of the dolomite area is present. The rare spreading rockcress is present on the shale outcrops. Uncommon species in this area include chinquapin oak, hairy

230 mock-orange, bulblet bladder fern, and Canada leaf-cup. The rare downy alumroot (Heuchera pubescens) and American bittersweet (Celastrus scandens) were reported historically from this area but have not been found since the 1970’s.

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: The site has undergone tremendous disturbance from previous human activity. Its condition and integrity are poor, yet it remains significant as one of the most diverse collections of rare and uncommon species in the mountain region of the state. Previous mining operations along the base of the forested bluff have been extensive in the south end of the site, nearest Hot Springs. Logging was thorough in the last century, leaving the forests young. Roadbeds, old clearings, dwellings, and fire are among the types of disturbances that have taken place. The site is reduced to a narrow strip of forest surrounded by a railroad and a major highway on either side. Drastic edge effects from these disturbances have opened the site to large numbers of opportunistic species as well as non-native species.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: None documented.

RARE PLANTS: Spreading rockcress (Arabis patens), wall-rue spleenwort (Asplenium ruta- muraria), lobed spleenwort (Asplenium pinnatifidum), branching draba (Draba ramosissima), heartleaf hedge-nettle (Stachys cordata), bristle-leaf sedge (Carex eburnea), downy alumroot (Heuchera pubescens), American bittersweet (Celastrus scandens).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Chinquapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii), yellowwood (Cladrastis kentukea), Pennsylvania pellitory (Parietaria pensylvanica), largeleaf waterleaf (Hydrophyllum macrophyllum), Small’s beardtongue (Penstemon smallii), bulblet bladder fern (Cystopteris bulbifera), purple cliff-brake (Pellaea atropurpurea), wafer-ash (Ptelea trifoliata), hairy mock- orange (Philadelphus hirsutus), ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)*, common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa)*, leatherwood (Dirca palustris), Canada leaf-cup (Polymnia canadensis).

RARE ANIMALS: None documented.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None documented.

REFERENCES:

Boufford, D.E., L.A. Schram, D.E. Wickland and E.W. Wood. 1974. Natural Areas Study of the Southern Blue Ridge Province. Report for Highlands Biological Station, Inc., Highlands, N.C.

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Brief: Stokely Hollow and Ridge. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

Oriel, S. S., 1950. Geology and mineral resources of the Hot Springs window, Madison County, North Carolina: North Carolina Div. Mineral Resources Bull. 60, 70 pp.

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BAILEY BEND SLOPES Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: Regional Size: 37 acres Quadrangle: Leicester Ownership: private

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The primary significance of the site is the presence of good examples of the rare Montane Mafic Cliff community type as well as the Special Concern branching draba (Draba ramosissima) and the Significantly Rare moss pink (Phlox subulata). The State Threatened/Federal Species of Concern slender corydalis (Corydalis micrantha ssp. micrantha) is documented historically from the site and may be extant. Moss pink (Phlox subulata) is known from only eight extant populations in the state.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The landscape in this portion of the county is a mixture of forested areas and low density residential uses. It is moderately to highly fragmented. Many of the forested areas have been cleared, cut, or otherwise disturbed by human disturbance in past decades. Areas on steep topography have suffered less direct disturbance. The area has experienced increasing residential development in the last decade. Bailey Bend Slopes is linked in the landscape to other natural areas through narrow forested corridors along highways and county roads, primarily where steep topography is present. Sandymush Creek/Turkey Creek Gorge SNHA lies just across the French Broad River, within a few tenths of a mile. Ivy Bluffs Mafic Forests and Woodlands SNHA is 2.25 air miles to the northeast. Ivy River Dam Cliffs SNHA is 3.5 air miles to the northeast. The southern end of Lower French Broad River Aquatic Habitat is 2.4 air miles to the northeast. In adjacent Buncombe County, several SNHAs lie to the southeast: Alexander Cliffs and Slopes SNHA is 0.5 air mile; Panther Cliffs SNHA is 1.4 air miles; Flat Creek Serpentine Dike is 3.0 air miles; and Reems Creek Gorge is 4.6 air miles.

SITE DESCRIPTION: The site is located in southern Madison County at a sharp bend in the French Broad River. It occurs on steep to vertical slopes at the western end of a small knob. N.C. Highway 251 separates the site from the bottomlands along the French Broad River. The area is mapped as migmatitic horneblende-biotite gneiss, a mafic rock type that contains minerals that numerous rare plant species require. The site consists of a steep rocky cliff and bluff system that extends from 1,780 to 2,000 feet in elevation. In several locations, it contains large cliff complexes which rise at least 100 feet. The lower margin of the area begins at NC Highway 251 and proceeds upward across cliffs, dry forests, or forested ravines to crest areas with forests and woodlands. Some lower portions of the outcrops may have been disturbed during construction of the highway, but the majority of the outcrops appear undisturbed. The largest outcrop areas are examples of the rare Montane Mafic Cliff community type. The position of the site in the French Broad River corridor has exposed it to a wide variety of non-native and ruderal plant species. The rare moss pink (Phlox subulata) and the uncommon Canada leaf-cup (Polymnia canadensis) are present. Indicators of mafic rock include thickets of eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), hop-hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), unusual numbers of redbud (Cercis canadensis),

235 and presence of bladdernut (Staphylea trifolia) and slippery elm (Ulmus rubra). The site is also an historical location for the rare slender corydalis (Corydalis micrantha ssp. micrantha), which is known to be extant at only a few locations in the state.

The Montane Mafic Cliff communities are very steep and nearly inaccessible and so remain underexplored. The cliff and slope complex as a whole is large and quite complex, with vertical to overhanging outcrops and complex geometry throughout. Many portions of the cliff areas are bare or lichen-covered rock with sparse, patchy vegetation elsewhere. Tree saplings and shrubs are infrequent, except at outcrop margins though forests and woodlands occur at the top of the cliffs. Rock tripe (Umbilicaria mammulata) and other lichens are common on some overhangs that are otherwise devoid of vegetation. Deeper soils occur on some parts of the upper portions of the cliffs. Some areas at the upper margins support a semi-open woodland structure dominated by eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) – an indicator of nutrient-rich, circumneutral rock. Some small shelves and benches on the cliffs are grassy, with Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica) in dense patches and scattered broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus) in small clumps. Oat-grass (Danthonia sp.) is also present. Sparse herbs elsewhere on the cliffs include a mixture of native and ruderal species. One rocky niche was found to support small numbers of the rare branching draba (Draba ramosissima). Other species include fire-pink (Silene virginica), common smooth rockcress (Boechera laevigata), oat-grass (Danthonia sp.), rabbit tobacco (Pseudognaphalium sp.), stonecrop (Sedum ternatum), uncommon Carey’s saxifrage (Micranthes careyana), marginal woodfern (Dryopteris marginalis), resurrection fern (Pleopeltis polypodioides), Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), dwarf crested iris (Iris cristata), false foxglove (Agalinus sp.), common wild yam (Dioscorea villosa), big-leaved aster (Eurybia macrophylla), witchgrasses (Dichanthelium spp.), greater coreopsis (Coreopsis major), Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum), Appalachian ragwort (Packera anonyma), daisy fleabane (Erigeron sp.), and common chickweed (Stellaria media). Poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) is dominant in substantial portions of the lower cliffs. Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolius) and virgin’s-bower (Clematis virginiana) are also present. Ruderal, opportunistic species include ox-eye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare), Deptford pink (Dianthus armeria), woolly mullein (Verbascum thapsus), yarrow (Achillea millefolium), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), and others. Small seepages and moist areas support ground-ivy (Glechoma hederacea), hairy buttercup (Ranunculus hispidus), golden ragwort (Packera aurea), and the uncommon Carey’s saxifrage. Small clumps of giant cane (Arundinaria gigantea) occur in a couple places near the road edge. Areas near the cliff base where soils are deeper support abundant ruderal species as well as non-native plants such as Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), Japanese grass (Microstegium vimineum), multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), and Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense).

In the steep, dry slope areas where there are no cliffs, dry hardwood forests of indeterminate type are present. These areas vary widely in condition, with many areas dominated by Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana) with a mixture of hardwoods and conifers. Although Virginia pine is most abundant, certain areas support groupings of eastern red cedar, indicating circumneutral conditions. Hardwoods include white oak, post oak (Quercus stellata), southern red oak (Quercus falcata), and white ash (Fraxinus americana). Groupings of white oak occur in a few

236 places, a likely indication of rich soils. Understory components include redbud, hop-hornbeam, red maple (Acer rubrum), witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), and slippery elm (Ulmus rubra). Due to limited access to survey, little else is known of the vegetation of these areas.

Some areas along drainage ravines or where cliff lines truncate are sheltered and mesic. These areas, especially where a northern aspect is present, support patches of Canada Hemlock Forest with a dense canopy of Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), with occasional white pine (Pinus strobus), Virginia pine, and hardwoods. The open understory supports thickets of rosebay rhododendron and dog-hobble (Leucothoe fontanesiana). Redbud (Cercis canadensis) and silverbell (Halesia tetraptera) occur in the understory. These communities are not well known but areas near the road corridor contain pipsissewa (Chimaphila maculata), downy rattlesnake- plantain (Goodyera pubescens), marginal wood-fern (Dryopteris marginalis), Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), sharp-lobed hepatica (Anemone acutiloba), and partridgeberry (Mitchella repens).

The uncommon Canada leaf-cup (Polymnia canadensis) occurs in one location near the road edge, where it is vulnerable to disturbance.

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: Being vertical to near vertical throughout and occurring above a road right-of-way, the cliffs present difficulties to management of any kind. The site is in need of additional survey, especially for slender corydalis (Corydalis micrantha ssp. micrantha), but survey of the cliff faces is difficult at best. The areas at the top of the cliffs were not surveyed due to a lack of landowner permission. The majority of the survey work at this site was done by binoculars from the edge of the narrow public road corridor. The lower parts of the cliffs are vulnerable to highway maintenance activities which could include rock stabilization work or herbicide-spraying. The area is vulnerable to establishment and increase of non-native species if they find suitable habitat and obtain a foothold. Numerous non-native, invasive species are present but appear to be limited to areas near the highway.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Montane Mafic Cliff.

RARE PLANTS: Moss pink (Phlox subulata), slender corydalis (Corydalis micrantha ssp. micrantha), branching draba (Draba ramosissima).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Canada leaf-cup (Polymnia canadensis).

RARE ANIMALS: None documented.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None documented.

REFERENCES:

North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (NCNHP). Unpublished survey data in Element Occurrence Database. Last accessed November 2011.

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Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Brief: Bailey Bend Slopes. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

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prepred2y2xFgF2xturl2reritge2rogrm2E2QGII Madison County Natural Areas Inventory

IVY BLUFFS MAFIC FORESTS AND WOODLANDS Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: State Size: 53 acres Quadrangle: Marshall Ownership: Private

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The site is significant for populations of ten rare plant species and numerous uncommon plant species, as well as for rare and unusual community types. It supports one of only two populations of the State Threatened twinleaf (Jeffersonia diphylla) in the state. Special Concern species include Missouri rockcress (Boechera missouriensis), climbing fumitory (Adlumia fungosa), branching draba (Draba ramosissima), and American barberry (Berberis canadensis). Significantly Rare plant species include meehania (Meehania cordata), downy alumroot (Heuchera pubescens), moss pink (Phlox subulata), and Virginia stickseed (Hackelia virginiana). A large cluster of Watch List plant species are also present. Examples of the rare Montane Mafic Cliff community type are present, as well as Rich Cove Forest, Canada Hemlock Forest, Montane Oak--Hickory Forest, and an unusual community classified as Low Elevation Basic Glade. The Ivy River section of Lower French Broad River Aquatic Habitat borders the site.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The site is situated in a landscape of relatively low relief at the northern end of the Asheville Basin. The area has been substantially altered and fragmented by human activity, but still retains blocks of natural vegetation. A majority of uplands in the area have been cleared in the past for pasture or have been logged in the last half century or so. Current uses in areas adjacent to the site include low density residential and commercial farmland use. The site is linked in the landscape to other significant sites through forested corridors, but all are interrupted by a highway or county road. The nearest significant sites to Ivy Bluffs Mafic Forests and Woodlands are Bailey Bend Slopes, 2.5 air miles to the southwest; Ivy River Dam Cliffs, 1.0 air mile to the east; and Sandymush Creek/Turkey Creek Gorge, 2.7 air miles to the southwest. The section of the Lower French Broad Aquatic Habitat that includes Ivy River borders the lower site boundary.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Ivy Bluffs Mafic Forests and Woodlands is situated on a series of low slopes that lie along the lowermost segment of the Ivy River (Ivy Creek), near its confluence with the French Broad River. “Bluffy” outcrops occur on portions of the upper and middle slopes. The site is located between 1.0 and 1.5 miles west of the U.S. Highway 25/70 crossing of the Ivy River, ending about 0.1 mile short of the French Broad River. A county road follows the river and crosses through the western end of the site. Most of the site is on north- and northeast- facing slopes on the south side of the river. A smaller area of south-facing slopes on the north side of the river is also included. The area lies at the end of two low, flat ridgetops that are cleared. The slopes are short but relatively steep, rugged, and dotted with small outcrops. The largest cove area occurs around a perennial tributary of the Ivy River. Numerous folds and rocky ravines occur elsewhere, producing moist habitats. Other slopes are drier and some are

241 rocky and blufflike. A small, somewhat disturbed section of bottomland is included in the site. The site geology is mapped as migmatitic biotite-hornblende gneiss, a mafic rock type. The natural communities at the site exist in a finely-intertwined mosaic, with clear indications of influence from mafic rock.

Rich Cove Forest occupies north-facing lower and middle slope areas within the site. Boulders and small shaded outcrops are scattered across the slopes. The canopy is of mid-maturity and is dominated by sugar maple (Acer saccharum), yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), red oak (Quercus rubra), and basswood (Tilia americana). Other species in the canopy and subcanopy include Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), American elm (Ulmus americana), redbud (Cercis canadensis), black cherry (Prunus serotina), white pine (Pinus strobus), and others, as well as saplings of the canopy.

The uncommon butternut (Juglans cinerea) is present, as well as Kentucky coffeetree (Gymnocladus dioicus), though it may be an introduction because no native populations are known elsewhere in the state. The shrub layer is fairly sparse, with maple-leaved viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium), smooth hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens), buffalo-nut (Pyrularia pubera), spicebush (Lindera benzoin), and sweet-shrub (Calycanthus floridus). The rare American barberry (Berberis canadensis) is also present.

The herb layer is dense, with high species diversity and numerous rare and uncommon species as well as those indicative of very rich soils. Rare plant species include twinleaf (Jeffersonia diphylla), meehania (Meehania cordata), and climbing fumitory (Adlumia fungosa). Uncommon species include ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), Core’s starwort (Stellaria corei), Southern nodding trillium (Trillium rugelii), large whorled pogonia (Isotria verticillata), orange-fruit horse-gentian (Triosteum aurantiacum var. aurantiacum), Appalachian joe-pye-weed (Eutrochium steelei), and glade fern (Diplazium pycnocarpon). Other herbs include Appalachian phacelia (Phacelia dubia), fernleaf phacelia (Phacelia bipinnatifida), doll’s-eyes (Actaea pachypoda), common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), eastern goat’s-beard (Aruncus dioicus), spikenard (Aralia racemosa), wild ginger (Asarum canadense), common blue wood aster (Symphyotrichum cordifolium), blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), cutleaf toothwort (Cardamine concatenata), crinkleroot toothwort (Cardamine diphylla), Dutchman’s-breeches (Dicentra cucullaria), wood nettle (Laportea canadensis), honewort (Cryptotaenia canadensis), sweet white violet (Viola blanda), creamy violet (Viola striata), hairy yellow forest violet (Viola pubescens), zigzag goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis), limestone goldenrod (Solidago sphacelata), Southern lady fern (Athyrium asplenioides), maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), cove bladder fern (Cystopteris protrusa), silvery spleenwort (Deparia acrostichoides), fancy fern (Dryopteris intermedia), marginal woodfern (Dryopteris marginalis), jewelweed (Impatiens spp.), sharp-lobed hepatica (Anemone acutiloba), wood anemone (Anemone quinquefolia), smooth sweet cicely (Osmorhiza longistylis), windflower (Thalictrum thalictroides), Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum), Appalachian false goat’s-beard (Astilbe biternata), green-headed coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata), common smooth rockcress (Boechera laevigata), wild chervil (Chaerophyllum procumbens), false Solomon’s-seal (Maianthemum racemosum), yellow mandarin (Prosartes

242 lanuginosa), enchanter’s-nightshade (Circaea lutetiana), Carolina spring-beauty (Claytonia caroliniana), eastern spring-beauty (Claytonia virginica), Canada waterleaf (Hydrophyllum canadense), wild comfrey (Cynoglossum virginianum), eastern waterleaf (Hydrophyllum virginianum), foamflower (Tiarella cordifolia), wild geranium (Geranium maculatum), and others. Walking fern (Asplenium rhizophyllum) occurs on moist rock faces. Many of the herbs of this type extend upslope into the drier community types, a classic indication of very rich nutrient status.

Examples of the rare Montane Mafic Cliff occur above the Rich Cove Forest on middle to upper slopes. Two larger cliffs, to 30 feet or more in height, are present with smaller examples scattered across the slopes. One cliff has rich talus at its base which supports walking fern. The cliffs consist of bare rock with pockets of thin soils and support herbs such as resurrection fern (Pleopeltis polypodioides), maidenhair spleenwort (Asplenium trichomanes), crag-jangle (Heuchera villosa), mountain spleenwort (Asplenium montanum), sedges (Carex spp.), various vines, the rare downy alumroot (Heuchera pubescens), and large numbers of the uncommon Carey’s saxifrage (Micranthes careyana). Dry areas between outcrops support species such as cow-wheat (Melampyrum lineare), halberd-leaf violet (Viola hastata), and the rare Virginia stickseed (Hackelia virginiana) and white bear sedge (Carex albursina).

Canada Hemlock Forest occurs between pockets of rich deciduous forest on steep slopes and in ravines. The community also occurs on top of small outcrops on the slopes. It is moderately mature and dominated by Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and white pine, with smaller numbers of white oak (Quercus alba), chestnut oak (Quercus montana), cucumber-tree (Magnolia acuminata), and others. The understory is poorly developed, with species of surrounding communities. The shrub layer supports dense thickets of rosebay rhododendron. The herb layer is sparse, with typical species such as partridgeberry (Mitchella repens), downy rattlesnake-plantain (Goodyera pubescens), and indian cucumber-root (Medeola virginiana); but it is unusual in also having many herbs of rich coves, the most common of which are common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), wild ginger (Asarum canadense), round-leaf yellow violet (Viola rotundifolia), as well as others.

The uppermost north-facing slopes support a discontinuous band of drier forest that is above the Canada Hemlock Forest. It is a Basic Subtype of Montane Oak--Hickory Forest, occurring on high pH soils derived from mafic rock. Occasional rock outcrops occur in the forest. Its canopy is closed to semi-open around outcrops and dominated by species such as white oak, chestnut oak, scattered white pine, Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), post oak (Quercus stellata), and others. The understory and shrub layers are not well known. Herbs include rarities such as Virginia stickseed and hairy alumroot (Heuchera pubescens).

Areas on the north side of the river and road support a dry roadbank cut with rare plant species and an unusual and little-known community type on the slopes above. The banks just above the county road that crosses through the site support the rare moss pink (Phlox subulata), branching draba (Draba ramosissima), and Missouri rockcress (Boechera missouriensis). These areas may be the result of disturbance associated with historic road construction or they may be natural.

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The south-facing slopes above the roadbank area support an extensive open, dry forest interspersed with small outcrops. While it has had only minimal survey, it appears to fit best with the Low Elevation Basic Glade recognized in Schafale (2011). It has a fairly short-statured canopy that is not tightly closed and which is dominated by hickories (Carya spp.), including bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), white oak, black oak, and other species. The understory is not well developed, but the rare American barberry (Berberis canadensis) and the uncommon hairy mock-orange (Philadelphus hirsutus) are present. The herb layer supports species such as the rare Missouri rockcress (Boechera missouriensis), moss pink (Phlox subulata), and branching draba (Draba ramosissima), as well as the uncommon largeleaf waterleaf (Hydrophyllum macrophyllum). The Missouri rockcress occurrence at this site is especially notable as one of only 12 known in the state, all of which are disjunct from the main range of the species, and because it is the only known from western North Carolina.

The rare Common Mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) occurs along this stretch of the Ivy River within the Lower French Broad River Aquatic Habitat.

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: The uplands bordering the slopes are cleared or contain small patches of forest associated with farming and home sites. Non-native plant species present include multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), Japanese grass (Microstegium vimineum), Chinese silver grass (Miscanthus sinensis), garlic- mustard (Alliaria petiolata), and cinnamon vine (Dioscorea polystachya). Even though numerous invasive species are present, the integrity of the rare species populations and community types is good. The rare species, in particular the twinleaf (Jeffersonia diphylla) population which is one of only a couple in the state, should be monitored. The significance of Kentucky coffee-tree (Gymnocladus dioicus) at this site is obscured somewhat because it could represent an introduction, particularly as there are no known native populations in the state.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Rich Cove Forest, Montane Mafic Cliff, Canada Hemlock Forest, Montane Oak--Hickory Forest, Low Elevation Basic Glade.

RARE PLANTS: Twinleaf (Jeffersonia diphylla), meehania (Meehania cordata), climbing fumitory (Adlumia fungosa), downy alumroot (Heuchera pubescens), moss pink (Phlox subulata), Missouri rockcress (Boechera missouriensis), branching draba (Draba ramosissima), Virginia stickseed (Hackelia virginiana), American barberry (Berberis canadensis).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)*, white bear sedge (Carex albursina), Core’s starwort (Stellaria corei), Carey’s saxifrage (Micranthes careyana), southern nodding trillium (Trillium rugelii), orange-fruit horse-gentian (Triosteum aurantiacum var. aurantiacum), glade fern (Diplazium pycnocarpon), largeleaf large whorled pogonia (Isotria verticillata), bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis)*, mountain hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), hairy mock-orange (Philadelphus hirsutus), butternut (Juglans cinerea), common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa)*.

RARE ANIMALS: Golden-banded skipper (Autochton cellus).

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WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None documented.

REFERENCES:

Caldwell, K. 2010. Ivy Bluffs plant species list. Unpublished report to N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Natural Resource Planning and Conservation, DENR, Raleigh.

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prepred2y2xFgF2xturl2reritge2rogrm2E2QGII Madison County Natural Areas Inventory

IVY RIVER DAM CLIFFS Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: Regional Size: 48 acres Quadrangle: Mars Hill Ownership: Private

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The primary significance of the site is for an example of the rare Montane Mafic Cliff community type, for occurrences of the Special Concern climbing fumitory (Adlumia fungosa), Carolina saxifrage (Micranthes caroliniana), and American barberry (Berberis canadensis), as well as for examples of Canada Hemlock Forest, Piedmont/Low Mountain Alluvial Forest, and the uncommon Floodplain Pool community type.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The site occurs in a part of the county that is semi-rural but highly modified by human activity. Where patches of forest are present, they are separated by clearings, roads, and houses. The section of the Ivy River corridor upstream from the site supports many cleared or low quality forested areas. Uplands bordering the site are generally disturbed from previous land use. Connection might exist to Ivy Bluffs Mafic Forests and Woodlands SNHA, located in the downstream corridor of the Ivy River, but U.S. Highway 25/70 and a hydroelectric facility separate the two areas. Ivy Bluffs Mafic Forests and Woodlands SNHA is 1.0 air mile to the west. Forks of Ivy Salamander Site SNHA is 3.0 air miles to the east-northeast. Sandymush Creek/Turkey Creek Gorge SNHA and Bailey Bend Slopes SNHA are both 3.6 air miles to the southwest.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Ivy River Dam Cliffs is located near the Madison-Buncombe County line, just east of the U.S. Highway 25/70 crossing of the Ivy River. The site lies on two sharp bends in the Ivy River at elevations between 1,780 feet at the hydroelectric dam and 2,080 feet on the crest. It consists of moderate to steep slopes facing south, west, and northwest and includes a fairly broad section of the Ivy River floodplain. Rocky areas and a cliff on the slopes support vegetation that indicates nutrient-rich, mafic rock and circumneutral soils are present. The site occurs near a mapped juncture between granitic gneiss and amphibolite, a mafic rock type.

Sheltered areas on steep slopes in the southern part of the site, as well as north-facing slopes, support Canada Hemlock Forest. Its closed canopy is dominated by Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), intermixed with mature white pine (Pinus strobus) and scattered red oak (Quercus rubra), chestnut oak (Quercus montana), and sweet birch (Betula lenta). The understory is very sparse and is limited to young hemlock, white pine, and flowering dogwood (Cornus florida). The shrub layer is sparse and patchy. Small areas of highland dog-hobble (Leucothoe fontanesiana) and rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) are present. Sweet-shrub (Calycanthus floridus) is occasional. The herb layer is sparse and supports scattered Solomon’s- seal (Polygonatum biflorum), pipsissewa (Chimaphila maculata), partridgeberry (Mitchella repens), downy rattlesnake-plantain (Goodyera pubescens), marginal woodfern (Dryopteris

247 marginalis), jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), common greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia), and on shaded rock, common rockcap fern (Polypodium virginianum). This community has typically low species diversity, contrasting with other patches of this community type that occur farther down the Ivy Creek corridor at the Ivy Bluffs Mafic Forests and Woodlands site.

West- and southwest-facing slope areas support numerous outcrops, some of which are sheltered by forest and others that are more exposed. Some of the outcrops have been degraded by previous logging and non-native plant species. The more exposed outcrops, which range in size from 40 feet in length and 25 feet tall to smaller examples, support the rare Montane Mafic Cliff community. These outcrops form a significant aggregate occurrence of the community type. The cliff community supports various species associated with rich mafic rock types. They are generally steeply-sloping, with occasional vertical areas. Substantial areas of bare rock are present, with vegetation limited to pockets of accumulated soil. Their vegetation is primarily herbaceous, with species such as hairy lipfern (Cheilanthes lanosa), blunt-lobed cliff fern (Woodsia obtusa), the uncommon shale-barren whitlow-wort (Paronychia montana), Pennsylvania pellitory (Parietaria pensylvanica), and Carolina saxifrage (Micranthes caroliniana), as well as upland dwarf iris (Iris verna), diffuse-branched bluet (Houstonia tenuifolia), crag-jangle (Heuchera villosa), American alumroot (Heuchera americana), Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum), sedges (Carex spp.), common white heart-leaved aster (Eurybia divaricata), marginal woodfern (Dryopteris marginalis), running five-fingers (Potentilla canadensis), greater coreopsis (Coreopsis major), goldenrod (Solidago sp.), pussytoes (Antennaria sp.), and others. A spikemoss (Selaginella sp.) was previously reported from these cliffs but may no longer be extant due to increases in cover by vines. Wild-petunia (Ruellia sp.) occurs on one outcrop margin. Occasional small trees and shrubs are rooted in deeper soil accumulations and at the outcrop margins, including fringetree (Chionanthus virginicus), redbud (Cercis canadensis), slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), coralberry (Symphoricarpos orbiculatus), and the uncommon hairy mock-orange (Philadelphus hirsutus). A very small population of the rare American barberry (Berberis canadensis) is also present. Poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) is abundant on many of the rock outcrops, especially those that are naturally open or adjacent to areas that were logged.

The Piedmont/Low Mountain Alluvial Forest occupies a long stretch along the west side of Ivy Creek from the hydroelectric dam northward. Although it is a common type, this is one of the the better examples seen in the county, in some areas reaching a width of nearly 200 feet. Its canopy is mature and dominated by alluvial species such as sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), box-elder (Acer negundo), and black walnut (Juglans nigra). River birch (Betula nigra), American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), and green ash (Fraxinus pensylvanica) are also present. Trees from adjacent forests such as black cherry (Prunus serotina), white pine, yellow poplar, and slippery elm are also present. The subcanopy is sparse and open, with occasional saplings of the canopy as well as red maple (Acer rubrum), American holly (Ilex opaca), and alternate-leaved dogwood (Cornus alternifolia). The shrub layer is fairly sparse and supports somewhat numerous multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) and occasional Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense), both non-native, invasive species. Spicebush (Lindera benzoin) is also present, along with infrequent rosebay rhododendron and strawberry-bush (Euonymus americanus). The dense

248 herb layer is a mixture of alluvial and ruderal species, with some from adjacent forests. Present are green-headed coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata), common wingstem (Verbesina alternifolia), sweet white violet (Viola blanda), orange jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), cleavers (Galium aparine), ground-ivy (Glechoma hederacea), henbit (Lamium amplexicaule), jack-in-the-pulpit, agrimony (Agrimonia sp.), giant chickweed (Stellaria pubera), buttercup (Ranunculus sp.), dimpled trout-lily (Erythronium umbilicatum ssp. umbilicatum), Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), Solomon's-seal (Polygonatum biflorum), foam-flower (Tiarella cordifolia), wild rye (Elymus virginicus), meadowrue (Thalictrum sp.), white snakeroot (Ageratina altissima), golden ragwort (Packera aurea), forget-me-not (Myosotis sp.), honewort (Cryptotaenia canadensis), jumpseed (Persicaria virginiana), foamflower (Tiarella cordifolia), and common white heart-leaved aster. The non-native Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) occurs in some areas and poison ivy occurs toward the slope margins. The non-native day-lily (Hemerocallis sp.) occurs in one area.

A good example of the uncommon Floodplain Pool community occurs at the southern end of the floodplain under the alluvial forest canopy. It is about 100 feet long and perhaps 2 feet deep and is elongate, slough-like, and deeply-shaded. It occurs in a fine sand-silt. Though it is a well- formed pool, it does not support vegetation of any kind. It could be an important resource for pond-breeding amphibians.

Habitat suitable for various animal species, including the rare southern zigzag salamander (Plethodon ventralis) is present but no rare animals were found. Animal survey results reflected the high degree of landscape fragmentation in the area. Several bird species believed to be positive indicators of ecological integrity for certain habitat types were present including wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), white-breasted nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis), red-eyed vireo (Vireo olivaceus), blue-headed vireo (Vireo solitarius), hooded warbler (Wilsonia citrina), and scarlet tanager (Piranga olivacea). However, no salamanders or reptiles were noted and other bird species included many of lower integrity habitats, including brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater), eastern phoebe (Sayornis phoebe), blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata), northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), and American goldfinch (Carduelis tristis).

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: The site has undergone significant logging in the recent past, degrading some forested areas substantially and allowing some outcrop areas to become weed infested. Some outcrop areas appear to have nearly disappeared beneath cover from vines. The poison ivy at the site appears to have increased substantially since the site was originally identified, and some plants may have been outcompeted. Other forested areas remain undisturbed. It is not clear whether the Floodplain Pool community, located some distance above the dam impoundment, is affected by raising and lowering impoundment levels.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Montane Mafic Cliff, Canada Hemlock Forest, Piedmont/Low Mountain Alluvial Forest, Floodplain Pool.

RARE PLANTS: Climbing fumitory (Adlumia fungosa), American barberry (Berberis canadensis), Carolina saxifrage (Micranthes caroliniana).

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WATCH LIST PLANTS: Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)*, hairy mock-orange (Philadelphus hirsutus), Carey’s saxifrage (Saxifraga careyana), Pennsylvania pellitory (Parietaria pensylvanica), mountain nailwort (Paronychia montana).

RARE ANIMALS: None documented.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None documented.

REFERENCES:

Caldwell, K. 2006-2009. Personal communications and unpublished reports about Ivy River Dam Cliffs. Unpublished reports to N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Natural Resource Planning and Conservation, DENR, Raleigh.

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Survey Report: Ivy River Dam Cliffs. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

Rossell, C.R., Jr. 2010. Site Survey Report (Fauna): Ivy River Dam Cliffs. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

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SANDYMUSH CREEK/TURKEY CREEK GORGE Significant Natural Heritage Area

Site Significance: State Size: 303 acres Quadrangle: Leicester Ownership: N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The site contains good examples of common and uncommon natural community types as well as rare species. The State Threatened/Federal Species of Concern piratebush (Buckleya distichophylla) occurs at several locations and represents an excellent population. The Significantly Rare Carolina saxifrage (Micranthes caroliniana) is also present. The site is one of few known in the state for the Special Concern southern zigzag salamander (Plethodon ventralis). Examples of the rare Montane Mafic Cliff are present, as well as Rich Cove Forest, Acidic Cove Forest, and Piedmont/Low Mountain Alluvial Forest community types.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The site is located in a rural part of the county long in private use for grazing and logging, resulting in a surrounding landscape that is relatively fragmented with upland forest patches averaging roughly 10-25 acres in many areas. Many parts of the Sandy Mush Game Land uplands are also fragmented by clearings and young forest that is actively managed for upland game species. Alexander Cliffs and Slopes SNHA (Buncombe County) is nearly connected with the site at the French Broad River, but elsewhere it is separated by 0.3-0.5 mile of clearings and young forest. Bailey Bend Slopes SNHA lies across the French Broad River from the northern tip of the site. Panther Cliffs SNHA (Buncombe County) is about 1 air mile to the southwest. A portion of the Lower French Broad Aquatic Habitat borders on the east.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Sandymush Creek/Turkey Creek Gorge is located on the boundary between Madison and Buncombe counties, just west of the French Broad River. Sandymush Creek forms the county boundary and flows east to its confluence with the French Broad River. The site consists of steep, gorgelike topography surrounding Sandymush Creek and Turkey Creek. Turkey Creek is a large tributary of Sandymush Creek, joining it about 2 stream miles west of the French Broad River. About 1.6 miles of Turkey Creek, and about 2.4 miles of Sandymush Creek, are included in the site. Both drainages are undulating, with numerous stream meanders. Turkey Creek has especially tight meanders and very steep topography. Sandymush Creek has more open slopes and gentler topography, as well as steep slopes. Both creeks are moderate gradient streams, with substrates of silt, sand, gravel, and cobble along with with occasional bedrock. Streamside cliffs are occasional. About half of the site lies in Madison County, including northeast-facing slope areas that face the French Broad River. A railroad grade and cleared floodplain separate the site from the French Broad River. The entire area is contained within the 2,600-acre Sandy Mush Game Land, managed by the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. The majority of the Sandy Mush Game Land is located in Buncombe County. Elevations range from 1,720 feet at the mouth of Sandymush Creek to 2,040

253 feet at the top of the gorge. The site geology is migmatitic biotite-hornblende gneiss, a mafic rock type.

The Madison County side of the site has various aspects, but many areas are south-facing. A mixed canopy of white pine (Pinus strobus) and Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana) with scattered hardwoods is present in these areas, which occur from lower to upper slopes depending on topography. However, many of these areas were badly damaged during ice storms in 2009; many of the canopy pines were felled, producing dense “brambly” thickets of blackberry (Rubus spp.), vines, and undergrowth. The lower strata in these areas are now obscured by fallen trees and undergrowth.

Rich Cove Forest occurs in patches on lower to middle slopes along the Sandymush Creek corridor, as well as in the small gorge along Turkey Creek. It is of middle maturity in most areas. In the gorge along Turkey Creek, it occurs in small very mature patches on the very steep slopes. It is interspersed with Acidic Cove Forest, occasional clearings, or rock outcrops. It has a closed canopy dominated by yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), sweet birch (Betula lenta), red oak (Quercus rubra), and Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), with smaller numbers of cucumber-tree (Magnolia acuminata), black walnut (Juglans nigra), white oak (Quercus alba), and others. The understory is dominated by a mixture of saplings of the canopy species, as well as bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), hop-hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), redbud (Cercis canadensis), silverbell (Halesia tetraptera), and white pine. The shrub layer is fairly sparse, with smooth hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens) being prominent. The rare piratebush occurs at numerous locations, especially west of the mouth of Turkey Creek, on lower slopes where the Rich Cove Forest becomes more open and sunlit at the opening along Sandymush Creek. Other shrubs include spicebush (Lindera benzoin) and buffalo-nut (Pyrularia pubera). Coralberry (Symphoricarpos orbiculatus) and pawpaw (Asimina triloba) are also present. The non-native multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) occurs infrequently. The herb layer is generally dense with a mixture of species including cutleaf toothwort (Cardamine concatenata), bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis), windflower (Thalictrum thalictroides), sharp-lobed hepatica (Anemone acutiloba), stinging nettle (Urtica sp.), Virginia heartleaf (Hexastylis virginica), yellow fumewort (Corydalis flavula), Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), cove bladder fern (Cystopteris protrusa), maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), marginal woodfern (Dryopteris marginalis), tall white violet (Viola canadensis), wild geranium (Geranium maculatum), false Solomon’s-seal (Maianthemum racemosum), yellow mandarin (Prosartes lanuginosa), honewort (Cryptotaenia canadensis), common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), agrimony (Agrimonia sp.), forest bedstraw (Galium circaezans), Carolina spring-beauty (Claytonia caroliniana), and others. The uncommon Canada leaf-cup (Polymnia canadensis), long-flower alumroot (Heuchera longiflora), ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), and southern nodding trillium (Trillium rugelii) are also present.

Acidic Cove Forest occurs through Sandymush Creek Gorge on slope areas in a mosaic with Rich Cove Forest. It is especially common on the more sheltered slopes of Turkey Creek Gorge. It has a canopy sharing many species with Rich Cove Forest, most frequently Canada hemlock,

254 sweet birch, yellow poplar, chestnut oak (Quercus montana), cucumber-tree, and white oak. The understory is fairly sparse. A dense shrub layer occurs in many areas, most frequently dominated by rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum). Thickets of mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) occur on drier slopes, and patches of dog-hobble (Leucothoe fontanesiana) occur on some sheltered lower slopes. Buffalo-nut is occasional. The rare piratebush occurs in this type where the understory is less dense. The herb layer is fairly sparse and of typically low species diversity. It includes galax (Galax urceolata), partridgeberry (Mitchella repens), downy rattlesnake-plantain (Goodyera pubescens), round-leaved violet (Viola rotundifolia), common black cohosh, jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), false Solomon’s-seal, and others.

Montane Mafic Cliff communities of small to moderate size occur sporadically along the Sandymush Creek corridor. They are large enough to create a break in the canopy above, but most parts of the cliffs are shaded by surrounding forest. Open areas on cliff tops and more open areas support small red oak, hickory (Carya sp.), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), white pine, slippery elm, and hop-hornbeam. Eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) is occasional. Shrubs such as strawberry-bush (Euonymus americanus), rosebay rhododendron, and buffalo-nut occur rarely and primarily at cliff margins. Many areas of the cliffs consist of bare rock. Herbs are sparse and are limited to where small soil accumulations are present. Crag-jangle (Heuchera villosa), common rockcap fern (Polypodium virginianum), marginal woodfern, and the rare Carolina saxifrage (Micranthes caroliniana) are some of the more frequent species. Other species present in low numbers include limestone goldenrod (Solidago sphacelata), giant chickweed (Stellaria pubera), wide-leaved spiderwort (Tradescantia subaspera), American alumroot (Heuchera americana), fire pink (Silene virginica), and yellow fumewort (Corydalis flavula). Vines such as poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) and Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolius) sprawl on open portions of the outcrops. The Montane Mafic Cliff communities are distinct from open, sloping areas of bedrock which occur on lower slopes above Sandymush Creek.

Piedmont/Low Mountain Alluvial Forest occurs along broader stretches of the floodplain of Sandymush Creek. It is mature and has good composition, though many weedy species of bottomlands are present. It occurs discontinuously along the Sandymush Creek corridor and grades to cove forest on the slopes. It has a closed canopy dominated by yellow poplar, black walnut, sweet birch, and box-elder (Acer negundo), with infrequent sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) and green ash (Fraxinus pensylvanica). The moderately dense subcanopy supports the canopy species, as well as Canada hemlock and white pine. The sparse shrub layer is dominated with occasional spicebush and occasional thickets of the non-native Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense). The herb layer is dense with green-headed coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata), wild geranium (Geranium maculatum), field garlic (Allium vineale), blue marsh violet (Viola cucullata), tall white violet (Viola canadensis), bluegrass (Poa sp.), white heart-leaved aster (Eurybia divaricata), Christmas fern, New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), golden ragwort (Packera aurea), pipsissewa (Chimaphila maculata), honewort, giant chickweed, river oats (Chasmanthium latifolium), witchgrass (Dichanthelium sp.), eastern spring-beauty (Claytonia virginiana), jumpseed (Persicaria virginiana), jack-in-the-pulpit, and others.

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Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), poison ivy and Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolius) occur with some frequency.

Animal species documented which are indicators of good habitat integrity include the wood duck (Aix sponsa), wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), Acadian flycatcher (Empidonax virescens), wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), blue-headed vireo (Vireo solitarius), northern parula (Parula americana), black-throated green warbler (Dendroica virens), Louisiana waterthrush (Seiurus motacilla), ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus), scarlet tanager (Piranga olivacea), southern zigzag salamander (Plethodon ventralis), and blackchin red salamander (Pseudotriton ruber schencki).

Other animal species documented include White-footed Mouse (Peromyscus leucopus), beaver (Castor canadensis), northern raccoon (Procyon lotor), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), red- shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus), turkey vulture (Cathartes aura), black vulture (Coragyps atratus), mourning dove (Zenaida macroura), belted kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon), pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus), northern flicker (Colaptes auratus), downy woodpecker (Picoides pubescens), eastern phoebe (Sayornis phoebe), American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata), Carolina chickadee (Parus carolinensis), tufted titmouse (Parus bicolor), Carolina wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus), blue-gray gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea), northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), American goldfinch (Carduelis tristis), eastern towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus), seal salamander (Desmognathus monticola), eastern tailed-blue (Everes comyntas), and eastern tiger swallowtail (Papilio glaucus).

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: Good potential exists for additional piratebush populations westward in the Sandymush Creek corridor, in gameland tracts that have been acquired more recently. The condition of natural community types in the site is mixed, with some slopes that are intact and others, where pines were abundant, that were badly-damaged by ice events in the past couple of years. The storm-damaged areas are nearly impassable due to the number of downed trees and branches. For the time being, survey of intact natural areas is best achieved by wading the creek corridor. Some included areas are fairly young but are included because they show influence from mafic rock and have potential for rare species. The floodplain areas along Sandymush Creek are generally in good condition except that they support numerous invasive, non-native plant species throughout, including Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense), Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), Oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus), multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), and Japanese grass (Microstegium vimineum), all of which pose a threat to ecological integrity.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Montane Mafic Cliff, Piedmont/Low Mountain Alluvial Forest, Rich Cove Forest, Acidic Cove Forest.

RARE PLANTS: Piratebush (Buckleya distichophylla), Carolina saxifrage (Micranthes caroliniana).

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WATCH LIST PLANTS: Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis)*, long-flower alumroot (Heuchera longiflora), ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)*, galax (Galax urceolata)*, common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa)*, Canada leaf-cup (Polymnia canadensis), southern nodding trillium (Trillium rugelii).

RARE ANIMALS: Southern zigzag salamander (Plethodon ventralis).

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None documented.

REFERENCES:

Oakley, S.C. 2010. Site Survey Report: Sandymush Creek/Turkey Creek Gorge. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

Rossell, C.R., Jr. 2010. Site Survey Report (Fauna): Sandymush Creek/Turkey Creek Gorge. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, DENR, Raleigh.

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INDEX OF RARE AND WATCH LIST SPECIES

Acipenser fulvescens 42, 157 Buckleya distichophylla 26, 33, Cottus carolinae 41, 43, 67, 70, Actaea pachypoda ... 160, 242 34, 35, 48, 54, 156, 159, 161, 156 Actaea racemosa 25, 78, 86, 88, 183, 184, 191, 192, 209, 210, Crotalus horridus ...... 42 96, 99, 101, 104, 105, 107, 212, 253, 256 Croton monanthogynus 33, 34, 109, 112, 116, 117, 122, 123, 36, 156, 183, 186, 187 144, 145, 148, 152, 160, 161, Caltha palustris ...... 33, 35 Cryptobranchus alleganiensis 171, 172, 196, 197, 218, 221, Cambarus reburrus .... 44, 156 ...... 42, 67, 69, 156 230, 231, 242, 243, 244, 254, Campanulastrum americanum Cystopteris bulbifera. 27, 196, 257 ...... 204 220, 221, 230, 231 Adlumia fungosa .. 26, 31, 35, Cardamine bulbosa ...... 176 156, 159, 161, 169, 171, 172, Carex albursina ...... 243, 244 Delphinium tricorne ... 92, 99, 209, 212, 215, 217, 219, 221, Carex cherokeensis ...... 33 116, 219 241, 242, 244, 247, 249 Carex eburnea 34, 35, 156, 229, Dendroica cerulea 42, 99, 101 Agastache nepetoides ...... 35 230, 231 Dicentra cucullaria ... 78, 116, Agnetina capitata .. 44, 67, 70 Carex projecta ...... 35 144, 242 Allium cuthbertii 33, 35, 156, Carex roanensis ...... 35 Dicentra eximia 36, 156, 159, 187 Carpiodes carpio 43, 67, 70, 156 161, 169, 170, 172, 187, 188, Allium tricoccum ...... 78 Carpiodes cyprinus 41, 43, 67, 199, 200 Apalone spinifera spinifera 42, 70, 156 Diplazium pycnocarpon ... 31, 67, 69, 156 Celastrus scandens 33, 35, 156, 115, 116, 117, 122, 123, 143, Aplodinotus grunniens 41, 43, 231 144, 145, 218, 221, 242, 244 67, 70, 156 Celtis occidentalis 28, 29, 161, Dirca palustris ...... 230, 231 Appalachina chilhoweensis 44 184, 186, 188, 197, 204, 206, Discus bryanti 41, 44, 73, 115, Arabidopsis lyrata 31, 206, 210, 217, 221, 244 117 212 Cephaloziella spinicaulis ... 37 Draba ramosissima 30, 36, 156, Arabis patens 35, 156, 172, 205, Certhia americana 42, 99, 100, 183, 187, 203, 205, 206, 209, 206, 229, 231 101, 137, 139 210, 212, 229, 231, 235, 236, Aralia racemosa 104, 108, 148, Cheilanthes alabamensis .. 35, 237, 241, 243, 244 160, 186, 242 156, 215, 217, 221 Drosera rotundifolia ... 33, 125 Asplenium montanum 31, 243 Chelone cuthbertii ...... 35 Drunella lata ...... 44, 67, 70 Asplenium pinnatifidum . 35, Cladrastis kentukea 171, 172, Dryopteris goldiana 115, 116, 156, 230, 231 218, 221, 230, 231 117, 144 Asplenium resiliens . 196, 197 Clematis virginiana 204, 230, Dryopteris intermedia 25, 86, Asplenium ruta-muraria .. 35, 236 87, 92, 95, 111, 116, 133, 156, 195, 196, 229, 231 Corallorhiza wisteriana ..... 35 143, 242 Autochton cellus 45, 156, 209, Cornus alternifolia 25, 86, 92, 211, 212, 244 116, 133, 248 Echinacea purpurea...... 36 Corvus corax 88, 92, 93, 100, Elymus riparius ...... 161 Berberis canadensis 29, 35, 241, 101, 122, 220, 221 Empidonax minimus ... 92, 93, 242, 244, 247, 248, 249 Corydalis micrantha ssp. 100, 101 Boechera missouriensis 30, 34, micrantha . 31, 33, 35, 156, Epilobium ciliatum .. 36, 156, 35, 241, 243, 244 169, 170, 172, 235, 236, 237 215, 220, 221 Brickellia eupatorioides 185, Corynorhinus rafinesquii ... 42 Epilobium leptophyllum .. 33, 217 Corynorhinus rafinesquii 125, 126 rafinesquii ...... 42 Erimonax monachus .... 40, 43

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Erimystax insignis eristigma 43, Hydrophyllum macrophyllum Nocomis micropogon ...... 68 67, 70, 156 25, 30, 92, 93, 100, 101, 112, Notropis micropteryx . 43, 67, Erora laeta ...... 45 116, 117, 122, 123, 138, 139, 70, 156 Erynnis martialis 45, 156, 206 185, 188, 192, 211, 212, 230, Notropis volucellus 43, 67, 70, Etheostoma tennesseense 41, 43 231, 244 156 Etheostoma vulneratum 43, 157 Hydrophyllum virginianum 116, Noturus eleutherus 41, 43, 67, Euphorbia purpurea 36, 99, 100, 211, 230, 243 70, 156 101, 156 Hypericum mitchellianum 30, Noturus flavus . 41, 43, 67, 70 Euphydryas phaeton ...... 45 87, 88 Orthotrichum strangulatum 37 Falco peregrinus 30, 41, 42, 74, Ichthyomyzon bdellium 41, 43, 85, 88 67, 70, 156 Packera paupercula var. Fleischmannia incarnata 29, 33, Ictiobus bubalus 43, 67, 70, 156 appalachiana33, 36, 156, 203, 34, 36, 156, 203, 205, 206, Ictiobus niger . 41, 43, 67, 70, 205, 206 209, 211, 212 156 Papilio cresphontes .... 45, 206 Frangula caroliniana . 29, 184, Inflectarius subpalliatus 41, 44, Paravitrea andrewsae 41, 44, 73 188, 211, 212 115, 117 Paravitrea placentula 41, 44, 73 Isoperla lata ...... 45, 67, 70 Paravitrea ternaria . 41, 44, 73, Galax urceolata 24, 25, 27, 30, Isotria verticillata148, 242, 244 115, 117 86, 108, 109, 138, 139, 148, Parietaria pensylvanica 31, 186, 170, 172, 179, 180, 186, 205, Juglans cinerea . 32, 186, 188, 205, 206, 230, 231, 248, 250 206, 210, 212, 218, 221, 225, 242, 244 Paronychia montana 248, 250 226, 255, 257 Pellaea atropurpurea . 78, 196, Gomphus adelphus ...... 45 Lampetra appendix 41, 43, 67, 197, 230, 231 Goodyera repens 134, 148, 176, 70, 156 Peltigera hydrothyria .. 82, 83, 221 Lathyrus venosus 185, 188, 205, 171, 172 206, 217, 221 Penstemon smallii ... 210, 212, Hackelia virginiana 31, 36, 241, Lysimachia tonsa ...... 36, 73 221, 230, 231 243, 244 Percina aurantiaca ...... 68 Helicodiscus triodus .... 44, 73 Meehania cordata 36, 156, 187, Percina caprodes 41, 43, 67, 70, Heuchera longiflora 161, 176, 188, 241, 242, 244 156, 221 205, 206, 254, 257 Melica nitens .. 28, 33, 34, 36, Percina sciera 41, 43, 45, 69, 70 Heuchera pubescens .. 31, 36, 156, 203, 205, 206 Percina squamata . 44, 67, 70, 156, 185, 187, 231, 241, 243, Micranthes careyana 185, 188, 156 244 236, 243, 244 Philadelphus hirsutus 28, 29, 31, Hexalectris spicata ...... 36 Micranthes caroliniana 31, 36, 170, 172, 184, 188, 197, 204, Hiodon tergisus 43, 67, 70, 156 156, 159, 160, 161, 247, 248, 206, 210, 212, 217, 221, 230, Houstonia longifolia var. glabra 249, 253, 255, 256 231, 244, 248, 250 ...... 185, 188, 221 Micranthes micranthidifolia 32, Philadelphus inodorus...... 206 Houstonia purpurea ...... 210 100, 104, 134, 144, 160 Phlox subulata 30, 36, 235, 237, Hybopsis amblops ...... 68 Moxostoma breviceps 43, 67, 241, 243, 244 Hydrophyllum canadense 32, 70, 156 Pinus strobus . 27, 31, 77, 103, 78, 81, 96, 108, 112, 116, Mustela nivalis ...... 42, 156 107, 144, 147, 170, 179, 184, 134, 144, 148, 211, 219, 243 191, 196, 205, 210, 216, 218, Necturus maculosus 42, 67, 69, 237, 242, 247, 254 244 Plagiochila austinii ...... 38 Neurocordulia yamaskanensis Platydictya confervoides.... 37 ...... 45

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Plethodon glutinosus 74, 82, 83, Sanguinaria canadensis 92, 93, Tortula papillosa ...... 37 101, 122, 123 99, 101, 108, 109, 117, 122, Tortula plinthobia ...... 37 Plethodon jordani . 74, 82, 83, 123, 144, 145, 219, 221, 244, Trachemys scripta troostii 41, 134, 139, 140 254, 257 42, 67, 70, 156 Plethodon ventralis 3, 41, 42, Scutellaria ovata ssp. rugosa 37, Trichostema brachiatum 33, 34, 48, 54, 129, 130, 156, 195, 95, 96 37, 156, 205, 206 196, 197, 249, 253, 256, 257 Scutellaria ovata ssp. rugosa Trillium erectum116, 117, 133, Polygonia progne ...... 45 var. 1 ...... 37, 95, 96 134, 144, 145, 160, 161 Polymnia canadensis .. 29, 78, Silene ovata .. 25, 37, 99, 100, Trillium grandiflorum 99, 101, 171, 172, 186, 188, 211, 212, 101, 139 116, 117, 138, 139, 144, 145 230, 231, 235, 237, 254, 257 Sitta canadensis .. 92, 93, 100, Trillium rugelii 112, 221, 242, Polyodon spathula 41, 44, 67, 101, 139, 140 244, 254, 257 70, 157 Solidago uliginosa ...... 37 Trillium simile 33, 37, 143, 144, Potamilus alatus 41, 44, 67, 70 Speyeria diana ...... 187, 188 145 Prenanthes roanensis ... 30, 87 Sphyrapicus varius . 133, 134, Trillium sulcatum ...... 192 Ptelea trifoliata ...... 230, 231 139, 140 Trillium undulatum ...... 116 Pteronarcys comstocki 45, 67, Sphyrapicus varius Triosteum aurantiacum var. 70 appalachiensis ...... 134 aurantiacum ...... 242, 244 Pycnanthemum curvipes ... 36 Stachys cordata . 37, 137, 138, Troglodytes hiemalis .. 74, 93, 139, 156, 229, 231 100, 134, 139, 140 Quercus muehlenbergii 27, 29, Stellaria corei . 116, 117, 134, Tsuga canadensis 26, 32, 77, 81, 196, 197, 210, 230, 231 242, 244 86, 96, 129, 137, 144, 147, Sternotherus minor 41, 42, 67, 159, 161, 170, 184, 191, 210, Ranunculus hispidus ...... 236 70, 156 216, 218, 237, 242, 243, 247, Regulus satrapa ...... 220, 221 Stewartia ovata . 37, 156, 211, 254 Rhododendron catawbiense 24, 212 Turritis glabra ...... 37 86 Symphyotrichum cordifolium Robinia hispida var. kelseyi 36, . 82, 91, 96, 108, 112, 134, Ventridens coelaxis 44, 73, 95, 156, 215, 220, 221 138, 151, 219, 242 96, 115, 117 Ruellia purshiana 37, 156, 203, Symphyotrichum oblongifolium Ventridens lasmodon 41, 44, 73, 205, 206 . 33, 34, 37, 156, 183, 185, 95, 96 187, 206 Vermivora chrysoptera ...... 42 Sander canadensis 41, 44, 67, Veronica americana 33, 37, 125, 70, 156, 221 Thaspium pinnatifidum 33, 34, 126 37, 183, 187, 188, 203, 206

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