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American Football
COMPILED BY : - GAUTAM SINGH STUDY MATERIAL – SPORTS 0 7830294949 American Football American Football popularly known as the Rugby Football or Gridiron originated in United States resembling a union of Rugby and soccer; played in between two teams with each team of eleven players. American football gained fame as the people wanted to detach themselves from the English influence. The father of this sport Walter Camp altered the shape and size of the ball to an oval-shaped ball called ovoid ball and drawn up some unique set of rules. Objective American Football is played on a four sided ground with goalposts at each end. The two opposing teams are named as the Offense and the Defense, The offensive team with control of the ovoid ball, tries to go ahead down the field by running and passing the ball, while the defensive team without control of the ball, targets to stop the offensive team’s advance and tries to take control of the ball for themselves. The main objective of the sport is scoring maximum number of goals by moving forward with the ball into the opposite team's end line for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the challenger's goalposts which is counted as a goal and the team gets points for the goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins. THANKS FOR READING – VISIT OUR WEBSITE www.educatererindia.com COMPILED BY : - GAUTAM SINGH STUDY MATERIAL – SPORTS 0 7830294949 Team Size American football is played in between two teams and each team consists of eleven players on the field and four players as substitutes with total of fifteen players in each team. -
Technique of Goalie Punt (For Women) (R Foot Kick) Marion Alexander, Phd
1 Technique of Goalie Punt (for Women) (R foot kick) Marion Alexander, PhD. Adam Toffan, MSc Brad Gerbrandt, MSc University of Manitoba Introduction The goalie is the only player in soccer who can legally handle the ball with the hands. The punt or drop kick is used by the goalie to clear the ball as far downfield as possible, since the ball is dropped out of the hands and is airborne at contact. The goalie may punt the ball when she makes a stop and has possession of the ball - she cannot be touched when she has the ball in the goal area. An effective goalie can punt the ball well down the field into their offensive zone, and this skill is an effective start for the attack. The job of the goalie is to clear the ball from the danger area near the goal as effectively as possible and as far downfield as possible (Crisfield, 1998). The punt is the kick with the greatest distance, since it is struck before ground contact while above the ground and has a higher trajectory and angle of attack than a kick from on the ground. The drop kick is a ball that is dropped by the goalie and is then kicked just after striking the ground- called a half-volley shot in other sports. The drop kick has a lower trajectory so will not travel as far but it will reach the receiver sooner as it is more like a line drive with a lower angle of release. Most goalies have a ritual series of movements they perform just prior to performing the punt. -
Lancaster's Horseshoe Brought 14-0 Victory
I .,si SchooTl LibrarVy FIAT •Jtu^l s" oot Library VOL. 3 ALFRED, N. Y., TUESDAY, OCTOBER 12, 1915 NO. I LANCASTER'S HORSESHOE BROUGHT 14-0 TO GIVE TEAM GOOD SEND- PRESENT FACILITIES OF N. VICTORY OVER VARSITY OFF Y. S. A. INADEQUATE Mass Meeting Wednesday Even- Rapid Growth of School Em- Two Flukes Enable the Pro Team To Win Although Outplayed ing for That Purpose phasizes Need of a New Build- Varsity Stock Soars ing—Effort Made for Past Two Years to Se- Lancaster won a 14-0 victory played entirely on Lancaster ter- Hobart's scalp is what Alfred cure One Should Now from the Varsity Friday after- ritory. is after this year and the student Prove Successful noon. At least the score shows The Lancaster team which has body back of this determination will start the team right at the that the pros amassed 14 points not been scored upon in two years Each new freshman class of the mass meeting Wednesday even- while handing Alfred a goose egg ;nd which holds the champion- Agricultural School at Alfred Uni- ing. This will be the first uni- but a different story must be ship of the western New York versity accentuates the very versty mass meeting so that in told about, the actual playing. and northern Pennsylvania ath- noticeable lack of adequate lab- Lerins of size and noise it will Two fumbles in mid-field, two letic club circuit, was a bunch oratories and demonstration outshine anything ever "pulled lucky bounds of the ball, two runs of husky young glass blowers, car- rooms. -
The Lost Skill of Drop Kicking by Rick Gonsalves
THE COFFIN CORNER: Vol. 22, No. 5 (2000) The Lost Skill of Drop Kicking By Rick Gonsalves When the NFL was in its infancy, drop kicking was the way players scored extra points and field goals. This skill too, was carried over from rugby. From 1920 to 1933, the football was shaped like a watermelon. Because of its blunt tip, the ball would provide the kicker with a dependable bounce, once it hit the ground. But in 1934, the ball became slimmer and more pointed for the passing game. Since it would not now give a dependable bounce when dropped, this form of kicking disappeared. Several players, however, became very proficient drop kickers. Jim Thorpe could hit on kicks up to 50 yards. Wilbur “Fats” Henry once boomed two 45-yard field goals for Canton against Toledo on December 10, 1922, which set an NFL record for the longest from a drop kick. At one point in his 8-year career, he converted 49 straight extra points, the most ever in the NFL by drop kicking. John “Paddy” Driscoll of the Chicago Cardinals kicked a 52-yard field goal against Milwaukee on September 28, 1924. For years, it was believed he’d topped Henry’s record for the longest field goal by a drop kick. However, newspaper accounts of the game clearly indicate he placekicked his boomer. John may have set an NFL record by drop kicking four field goals from 18, 23, 35 and 50 yards in one game against Columbus on October 11, 1925. Whether all four, including the 50-yarder were all drop kicks is in dispute. -
Football Officials Manual for a Crew of 4 Officials
2017 Football Officials Manual For a Crew of 4 Officials 4 www.taso.org Football Officials Manual For A Crew of 4 Officials Texas Association of Sports Officials Edited and Published by Texas Association of Sports Officials Football Division 1221 West Campbell Road, Suite 191 Richardson, TX 75080 (866) 283-TASO www.taso.org Revised March 2017 Copyright © 2017 by Texas Association of Sports Officials, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication, including text, pictures or illustrations may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording and storing or any retrieval system without permission from the Texas Association of Sports Officials Football Division. PURPOSE OF MANUAL The manual of football officiating is designed to make available to each and every TASO official, detailed information regarding the officiating techniques which, through evaluation and studied development, have come to be recognized as accepted standards of officiating performance. This manual is an authoritative guide to the best in football officiating, hopeful that it will assist all officials in maintaining their effectiveness and making ready use of their potentialities. This manual is designed to provide the best possible officiating techniques for TASO officials working Texas High School Football. TASO officials are expected to use the mechanics specified in this manual and are not authorized to deviate in any manner. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY OF -
FOOTBALL OFFICIALS MANUAL Page 2 Contents CONTENTS
19th Edition FOOTBALL OFFICIALS MANUAL Page 2 Contents CONTENTS Pre-game Responsibilities .......................................................... 5 The Coin Toss ......................................................................... 13 Sounding Your Whistle ............................................................ 19 Stopping, Starting and Winding the Clock .............................. 19 Use of Penalty Marker .............................................................. 20 Use of Bean Bag ...................................................................... 21 Declaring Ball Ready-for-Play ................................................. 21 After a Score or Try — Prior to Free Kick ................................ 22 Correcting Obvious Errors in Timing ....................................... 22 Coach-Referee Conference .................................................... 23 Coach Disqualification Procedure ........................................... 23 Player Disqualification Procedure ........................................... 24 Controlling Team Personnel Altercations ................................. 25 End of Game Procedure ......................................................... 25 Counting Players ...................................................................... 26 5 Man Positions ........................................................................ 28 Field Goal Attempt After a Fair Catch or Awarded Fair Catch . 39 Crew Positions for Snap Downs .............................................. 39 Running Play -
Football Rules and Interpretations 2018 Edition
INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF AMERICAN FOOTBALL FOOTBALL RULES AND INTERPRETATIONS 2018 EDITION 2018.2.2 Foreword The rules are revised each year by IFAF to improve the sport’slev el of safety and quality of play,and to clarify the meaning and intent of rules where needed. The principles that govern all rule changes are that theymust: •besafe for the participants; •beapplicable at all levels of the sport; •becoachable; •beadministrable by the officials; •maintain a balance between offense and defence; •beinteresting to spectators; •not have a prohibitive economic impact; and •retain some affinity with the rules adopted by NCAA in the USA. IFAF statutes require all member federations to play by IFAF rules, except in the following regards: 1. national federations may adapt Rule 1 to meet local needs and circumstances, provided no adaption reduces the safety of the players or other participants; 2. competitions may adjust the rules according to (a) the age group of the participants and (b) the gender of the participants; 3. competition authorities have the right to amend certain specific rules (listed on page 13); 4. national federations may restrict the above sothat the same regulations apply to all competitions under their jurisdiction. These rules apply to all IFAF organised competitions and takeeffect from 1st March 2018. National federations may adopt them earlier for their domestic competitions. Forbrevity,male pronouns are used extensively in this book, but the rules are equally applicable to female and male participants. 2 Table of -
3-Official Football Mechanics Manual
3-Official Football Mechanics Manual The NFHS is no longer publishing the 3-Official portion of the Football Mechanics Manual. Accordingly, the NFHS authorizes interested persons to download and print this manual without first obtaining written permission of the NFHS. The NFHS disclaims any responsibility to conduct any further review, correction or updating of this material. Three Officials KICKOFF I. REFEREE A. Before kick: 1. Position is near R’s 10-yard line in center of field. 2. Count R players. 3. Check positions of other officials. 4. Hold arm above head to request ready sign from officials and kicker. 5. After ready signs have been received, drop arm and sound whistle to signal that kick be made. 6. If short, free kick is anticipated: a. Take regular position. b. Be alert to assist other officials. B. After kick: 1. Kick down the middle: a. Signal clock to start when kick is touched, other than first touching by K. b. Pick up runner and follow until releasing to linesman or umpire. 2. Deep kick: a. Retreat to goal line to rule on touchback. b. If kick is caught inside 5-yard line and player is downed in end zone, or ball goes out of bounds there, mark spot of catch with bean bag and rule on whether player’s momentum took him into end zone. 3. Kick outside opposite inbounds lines: a. Move cautiously with play. b. Observe action of other players in vicinity of runner. c. Serve as clean-up behind, to side of, and around runner. 4. Kick out of bounds, determine if R had touched or last touched ball inbounds. -
Kicking the Ball and Fair Catch
RULE 6 KICKING THE BALL AND FAIR CATCH SECTION 1: THE KICKOFF AND OTHER FREE KICKS FREE KICKS: All free kicks have free-kick lines and they are always 10-yards apart. Unless moved by penalty, K’s free-kick line is 1) It’s 40-yard line for a kickoff, 2) It’s 20-yard line aRer a safety, 3) The yard line through the spot of the catch aRer a fair catch or awarded fair catch. A free kick must be made from any point between the hash marks on K’s free-kick line. ARer the ready-for-play, the ball must be kicked from that spot. A punt can only be used for a free kick following a safety. The ball must be kicked within one step behind K’s free-kick line. ARer the ready-for-play and unVl the ball is kicked, the following formaVon requirements must be met: Only the kicker and holder may be beyond K’s free-kick line. This is the BJ’s call. Only the kicker may be more than 5 yards behind K’s free-kick line. No other player can have a foot on or beyond the line 5 yards behind K’s free- kick line. This is the BJ’s call. Any K player who is more than 5 yards behind K’s restraining line must kick the ball. If any other player kicks the ball - foul for Free Kick InfracVon. This is the BJ’s call. When the ball is kicked, at least 4 players must be on each side of the kicker. -
The Kicking Game
THE KICKING GAME LEGAL KICK: A punt, a drop kick, or a place kick – the term legal involves when and where and how the kick is executed. FREE KICKS: (A free kick down does not involve a snap.) Kickoff – Usually from K’s 40 and there is a 10 yd. neutral zone. You cannot use a punt for a kickoff. (Ask about the tee.) Following a safety – Usually from K’s 20 and has a 10 yd. neutral zone. You can use a punt or a place kick or a drop kick. (Yes, you can on-side kick following a safety.) K may recover (but NOT advance) a free kick if R has touched it OR if the kick has touched the ground AND broken the plane of R’s free kick line (in either order). Protect the kicker – No one may block the kicker until the ball touches the ground or it touches R OR the kicker advances 5 yards beyond his kick line. (15 yd penalty for an illegal block enforced from the previous spot and a re-kick). Free kick out of bounds – DID R EVER TOUCH THE KICK??? Must know this!!! . 3 options: 5 yard penalty and re-kick. R’s ball 25 yards from K.O. spot (at the hash mark). Refuse the penalty and take the result of the play. PSK does not exist on free kicks so all penalties during the kick are from the previous spot except for kick-catching interference (15 yard penalty and re-kick or an awarded fair catch following a 15 yard penalty from the spot of the foul). -
Skills of the Past Year Levels Years 3–4 Activity Overview the Kicking Style in Australian Football Has Evolved Over Time
Key Learning Area Health and Physical Education Skills of the past Year levels Years 3–4 Activity overview The kicking style in Australian football has evolved over time. Contemporary players predominantly use one type of kick: the drop punt. During the early years of Australian football, players could be seen using a variety of kicking styles including the drop kick, stab pass, flat punt, torpedo or, when that extra bit of accuracy was required when kicking for goal, the place kick. Students will engage in a series of activities designed to introduce them to these rarely used skills. As a way of understanding why the Australian football kicking style has evolved, students will engage in an experiment designed to test their own goal-kicking accuracy using a drop punt and a place kick. Time required Approximately 120 minutes Materials • Worksheet 1: Australian football skills of the past • Worksheet 2: How Australian football has changed from the past • One beanbag 10 cm x 20 cm, one football and two marker cones (for goals) per group (four to five students) • Images in Resources section on the AFL CD-ROM Preparation • Activity 1 is to be conducted in a large, flat, open space that has a non-slip surface (for example in a gym or on a grass surface). • Provide one copy of Worksheets 1 and 2 per student. Skills of the past © 2008 Australian Football League Activity steps Activity 1 1. Engage students in a discussion about how things change over time. Ask whether any students have heard an older person in their family say, ‘Well, things were different in my day.’ Have a few students recall some examples older family members have used to explain how things were different in the past. -
Rule 9 Scrimmage Kick
Rule 9 Scrimmage Kick Section 1 Kick From Scrimmage KICK BEHIND LINE OF SCRIMMAGE Article 1 Team A may attempt a punt, drop kick, or placekick from behind the line of scrimmage. Penalty: For a punt, drop kick, or placekick that is kicked from beyond the line of scrimmage or not from scrimmage: Loss of 10 yards from the spot of the kick. Note 1: This is not considered illegally kicking the ball. Note 2: The penalty for a punt, drop kick, or placekick from beyond the line is to be enforced from the spot where the ball is punted or kicked when the player’s entire body and the ball are beyond the line of scrimmage. This includes either when the player is airborne or touching the ground. KICKING TEAM PLAYERS ON LINE DURING KICK Article 2 During a kick from scrimmage, only the end men (eligible receivers) on the line of scrimmage at the time of the snap, or an eligible receiver who is aligned or in motion behind the line and is more than one yard outside the end man, are permitted to advance more than one yard beyond the line before the ball is kicked. Penalty: For advancing more than one yard beyond the line of scrimmage before the ball is kicked: Loss of five yards. BLOCKING DURING KICK Article 3 The following blocking rules apply during a scrimmage kick down: (a) All players on the receiving team are prohibited from blocking below the waist during a down in which there is a scrimmage kick, except for players on the line of scrimmage who are lined up on or inside the normal tight end position.