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A Teleost Species a Functional C5a Anaphylatoxin Receptor In A Functional C5a Anaphylatoxin Receptor in a Teleost Species M. Claire H. Holland and John D. Lambris This information is current as J Immunol 2004; 172:349-355; ; of September 25, 2021. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.1.349 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/172/1/349 Downloaded from References This article cites 38 articles, 13 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/172/1/349.full#ref-list-1 Why The JI? Submit online. http://www.jimmunol.org/ • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average by guest on September 25, 2021 Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2004 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. The Journal of Immunology A Functional C5a Anaphylatoxin Receptor in a Teleost Species1 M. Claire H. Holland and John D. Lambris2 The anaphylatoxins are potent, complement-derived low m.w. proteins that bind to specific seven-transmembrane receptors to elicit and amplify a variety of inflammatory reactions. C5a is the most potent of these phlogistic peptides and is a strong che- moattractant for neutrophils and macrophages/monocytes. Although lower vertebrates possess complement systems that are believed to function similarly to those of mammals, anaphylatoxin receptors have not previously been characterized in any nonmammalian vertebrate. To study the functions of C5a in teleost fish, we generated recombinant C5a of the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (tC5a), and used fluoresceinated tC5a (tC5aF) and flow cytometry to identify the C5a receptor (C5aR) on trout leukocytes. Granulocytes/Macrophages present in cell suspensions of the head kidney (HKL), the main hemopoietic organ in teleosts, showed a univariate type of receptor expression, whereas those from the peripheral blood demonstrated either a low or high level of expression. The binding of tC5aF was inhibited by excess amounts of unlabeled tC5a or tC5adesArg, demonstrating that sites other than the C-terminal of tC5a interact with the C5aR. Both tC5a and tC5adesArg were able to induce chemotactic responses in granulocytes in a concentration-dependent manner, but the desArg derivative was at least 10-fold less active. Ho- Downloaded from mologous desensitization occurred after HKL were exposed to continuous or high concentrations of tC5a, with a loss of tC5aF binding and an 80% reduction in chemotactic responses toward tC5a. Pertussis toxin reduced the migration of HKL toward tC5a by 40%, suggesting only a partial involvement of pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi proteins in tC5a-mediated chemotaxis. The Journal of Immunology, 2004, 172: 349–355. he anaphylatoxins C3a, C4a, and C5a are important me- not bound to their receptors, the anaphylatoxins are rapidly di- http://www.jimmunol.org/ diators of inflammation (1, 2). They are low molecular gested by plasma carboxypeptidases, which remove the C-terminal T mass cleavage fragments (ϳ10 kDa) of the ␣-chain of the arginine residue from each peptide (16). The desArg derivatives complement components C3, C4, and C5, respectively, that are are either inactive or have 10- to 1000-fold lower activities than liberated during complement activation. They regulate the inflam- those of the native peptides (2). matory process by increasing vascular permeability, stimulating Lower vertebrates, such as reptiles, amphibians, and fishes, pos- smooth muscle contractions, and inducing the release of histamine sess complement systems that are in many ways considered to be from mast cells and secretory granules from granulocytes and mac- functionally similar to those of mammals (reviewed in Refs. 17– rophages. In addition, C5a, one of the most potent phlogistic pep- 19). Complement-mediated immune protective responses, such as tides, is a powerful chemoattractant for neutrophils and other leu- cytolysis and opsonization, have been demonstrated in some of by guest on September 25, 2021 kocytes. No chemoattracting properties have yet been attributed to these animals. In addition, the chemoattracting and leukocyte-ac- C4a, while those of C3a appear to target primarily eosinophils, tivating properties of complement-activated fish serum are well mast cells, and hemopoietic stem cells (2, 3). documented (20, 21). However, information about complement re- To date in humans, three types of seven-membrane-spanning ceptors, which are believed to mediate many of these events, is receptors have been identified that mediate the actions of the ana- sparse to nonexistent for poikilothermic vertebrates. phylatoxins: the C3aR, which binds C3a specifically (4); the C5aR Recently, the C3a of the protochordate tunicate Ciona intesti- (CD88), which binds C5a (5); and the C5L2, for which all three nalis has been shown to possess chemotactic activities for tunicate anaphylatoxins may be ligands (6, 7). The first two receptors cou- hemocytes, suggesting the presence of a C3aR in these animals ple to regulatory G proteins (8, 9), whereas the C5L2 receptor has (22). Protochordates may not possess C4a and C5a, because the been shown to couple poorly to G protein-mediated signaling path- classical complement activation pathway, which yields C4a, and ways (6, 10). The distribution of these receptors is not restricted to the lytic pathway, which generates C5a, are believed to be absent leukocytes; they are also expressed on many types of nonmyeloid in these animals (18, 23). Gnathostome fishes, however, possess all cells, including hepatocytes, lung epithelial cells, endothelial cells, known complement activation pathways, and the C3, C4, and C5 brain astrocytes, and microglial cells, where they may mediate the molecules of various fish species have been identified. Interest- involvement of the anaphylatoxins in several vascular, pulmonary, ingly, fish have multiple isoforms of several of the complement regenerative, and degenerative neurological conditions (11–15). If components, including C3, C2/Bf, C4 (reviewed in Refs. 17 and 19), and C5 (24). Although different functions for the C3 isoforms have been suggested (25), it remains to be established whether Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Phil- different receptors exist for these isoforms. adelphia, PA 19104 In the present study, we describe the presence of a specific and Received for publication July 22, 2003. Accepted for publication October 24, 2003. functional receptor for the C5a anaphylatoxin in a lower vertebrate The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page species. Using ligand-binding studies and the rainbow trout charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as a model, we examined the binding of with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. homologous fluoresceinated C5a (C5aF)3 to leukocytes isolated 1 This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health Grant GM56698 (to J.D.L.). 2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. John D. Lambris, Department of 3 Abbreviations used in this paper: C5aF, fluoresceinated C5a; HK, head kidney; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 401 Stellar Chance, HKL, HK leukocyte; mC5a, mouse C5a; MF, mean fluorescence; PTx, pertussis tox- Philadelphia, PA 19104. E-mail address: [email protected] in; tC5, trout C5; ZAS, zymosan-activated serum; PBLk, peripheral blood leukocyte. Copyright © 2004 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. 0022-1767/04/$02.00 350 C5aR IN A TELEOST from the peripheral blood (PBLk) and head kidney (HKL), the Fluoresceination of mC5a was conducted as described for tC5a, and the main hemopoietic organ of teleost fishes. Unlike another teleost binding capacity of the mC5aF-containing HPLC fractions was tested by fish, the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), from which two different FACS using isolated mouse neutrophils (D. Mastellos, M. C. H. Holland, and J. D. Lambris, unpublished results). C5 isoforms have been cloned (24), the trout is thought to have only one C5 molecule (26). Through functional studies, we also Isolation of trout leukocytes demonstrated that some of the mammalian-type functions of C5a, Rainbow trout were obtained from Clear Springs Foods (Buhl, ID) and such as the capacity to induce migration of neutrophils, are already were maintained in 180-gallon recirculating tanks until used for experi- established early in evolution. mentation. All procedures were conducted in compliance with the regula- tions of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Pennsylvania. Fish (100–300 g) were anesthetized using 2-phe- Materials and Methods noxyethanol (0.25 ml/L) and bled from the caudal vein. Blood was diluted Reagents, plasmids, and strains immediately (1/3) in ice-cold L-15 medium (Life Technologies) supple- mented with 0.02 M sodium citrate (pH 8.0). The head kidney (HK) was All materials were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis,
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