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8. Archosaur Phylogeny and the Relationships of the Crocodylia
8. Archosaur phylogeny and the relationships of the Crocodylia MICHAEL J. BENTON Department of Geology, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK JAMES M. CLARK* Department of Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA Abstract The Archosauria include the living crocodilians and birds, as well as the fossil dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and basal 'thecodontians'. Cladograms of the basal archosaurs and of the crocodylomorphs are given in this paper. There are three primitive archosaur groups, the Proterosuchidae, the Erythrosuchidae, and the Proterochampsidae, which fall outside the crown-group (crocodilian line plus bird line), and these have been defined as plesions to a restricted Archosauria by Gauthier. The Early Triassic Euparkeria may also fall outside this crown-group, or it may lie on the bird line. The crown-group of archosaurs divides into the Ornithosuchia (the 'bird line': Orn- ithosuchidae, Lagosuchidae, Pterosauria, Dinosauria) and the Croco- dylotarsi nov. (the 'crocodilian line': Phytosauridae, Crocodylo- morpha, Stagonolepididae, Rauisuchidae, and Poposauridae). The latter three families may form a clade (Pseudosuchia s.str.), or the Poposauridae may pair off with Crocodylomorpha. The Crocodylomorpha includes all crocodilians, as well as crocodi- lian-like Triassic and Jurassic terrestrial forms. The Crocodyliformes include the traditional 'Protosuchia', 'Mesosuchia', and Eusuchia, and they are defined by a large number of synapomorphies, particularly of the braincase and occipital regions. The 'protosuchians' (mainly Early *Present address: Department of Zoology, Storer Hall, University of California, Davis, Cali- fornia, USA. The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Volume 1: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds (ed. M.J. Benton), Systematics Association Special Volume 35A . pp. 295-338. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1988. -
Specialized Stem Cell Niche Enables Repetitive Renewal of Alligator Teeth
Specialized stem cell niche enables repetitive renewal PNAS PLUS of alligator teeth Ping Wua, Xiaoshan Wua,b, Ting-Xin Jianga, Ruth M. Elseyc, Bradley L. Templed, Stephen J. Diverse, Travis C. Glennd, Kuo Yuanf, Min-Huey Cheng,h, Randall B. Widelitza, and Cheng-Ming Chuonga,h,i,1 aDepartment of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033; bDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan 410008, China; cLouisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, Grand Chenier, LA 70643; dEnvironmental Health Science and eDepartment of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602; fDepartment of Dentistry and iResearch Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan; and gSchool of Dentistry and hResearch Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan Edited by Edward M. De Robertis, Howard Hughes Medical Institute/University of California, Los Angeles, CA, and accepted by the Editorial Board March 28, 2013 (received for review July 31, 2012) Reptiles and fish have robust regenerative powers for tooth renewal. replaced from the dental lamina connected to the lingual side of However, extant mammals can either renew their teeth one time the deciduous tooth (15). Human teeth are only replaced one time; (diphyodont dentition) or not at all (monophyodont dentition). however, a remnant of the dental lamina still exists (16) and may Humans replace their milk teeth with permanent teeth and then become activated later in life to form odontogenic tumors (17). lose their ability for tooth renewal. -
University of Birmingham the Earliest Bird-Line Archosaurs and The
University of Birmingham The earliest bird-line archosaurs and the assembly of the dinosaur body plan Nesbitt, Sterling; Butler, Richard; Ezcurra, Martin; Barrett, Paul; Stocker, Michelle; Angielczyk, Kenneth; Smith, Roger; Sidor, Christian; Niedzwiedzki, Grzegorz; Sennikov, Andrey; Charig, Alan DOI: 10.1038/nature22037 License: None: All rights reserved Document Version Peer reviewed version Citation for published version (Harvard): Nesbitt, S, Butler, R, Ezcurra, M, Barrett, P, Stocker, M, Angielczyk, K, Smith, R, Sidor, C, Niedzwiedzki, G, Sennikov, A & Charig, A 2017, 'The earliest bird-line archosaurs and the assembly of the dinosaur body plan', Nature, vol. 544, no. 7651, pp. 484-487. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22037 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal Publisher Rights Statement: Checked for eligibility: 03/03/2017. General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. -
Physical Stability and Clinical Efficacy of Crocodylus Niloticus Oil Lotion
Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 26 (2016) 521–529 ww w.elsevier.com/locate/bjp Original Article Physical stability and clinical efficacy of Crocodylus niloticus oil lotion a a a a b Telanie Venter , Lizelle Triféna Fox , Minja Gerber , Jan L. du Preez , Sterna van Zyl , b a,∗ Banie Boneschans , Jeanetta du Plessis a Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa b Centre for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Services, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: The stability and the anti-ageing, skin hydrating and anti-erythema effects of a commercialized Received 4 December 2015 Crocodylus niloticus Laurenti, 1768, Crocodylidae, oil lotion was determined. The lotion was stored Accepted 25 March 2016 at controlled conditions over six months during which several stability tests were performed. Available online 23 May 2016 For the clinical efficacy studies lotion was applied on volar forearm skin (female volunteers) and compared to a liquid paraffin-containing reference product. Skin hydrating and anti-ageing Keywords: ® ® ® effects were determined with a Corneometer , Cutometer and Visioscan , following single Formulation ® ® (3 h) and multiple applications (12 weeks). The Vapometer and Mexameter were utilized to Stability determine this lotion’s anti-erythema effects on sodium lauryl sulfate irritated skin. The lotion Crocodylus niloticus oil Lotion demonstrated good stability over 6 months. The reference product increased skin hydration and Anti-ageing decreased skin wrinkles to a larger extent than the C. -
Physical Stability and Clinical Efficacy of Crocodylus Niloticus Oil
Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 26 (2016) 521–529 ww w.elsevier.com/locate/bjp Original Article Physical stability and clinical efficacy of Crocodylus niloticus oil lotion a a a a b Telanie Venter , Lizelle Triféna Fox , Minja Gerber , Jan L. du Preez , Sterna van Zyl , b a,∗ Banie Boneschans , Jeanetta du Plessis a Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa b Centre for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Services, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: The stability and the anti-ageing, skin hydrating and anti-erythema effects of a commercialized Received 4 December 2015 Crocodylus niloticus Laurenti, 1768, Crocodylidae, oil lotion was determined. The lotion was stored Accepted 25 March 2016 at controlled conditions over six months during which several stability tests were performed. Available online 23 May 2016 For the clinical efficacy studies lotion was applied on volar forearm skin (female volunteers) and compared to a liquid paraffin-containing reference product. Skin hydrating and anti-ageing Keywords: ® ® ® effects were determined with a Corneometer , Cutometer and Visioscan , following single Formulation ® ® (3 h) and multiple applications (12 weeks). The Vapometer and Mexameter were utilized to Stability determine this lotion’s anti-erythema effects on sodium lauryl sulfate irritated skin. The lotion Crocodylus niloticus oil Lotion demonstrated good stability over 6 months. The reference product increased skin hydration and Anti-ageing decreased skin wrinkles to a larger extent than the C. -
Longitudinal Studies on Tooth Replacement in the Leopard
LONGITUDINAL STUDIES ON TOOTH REPLACEMENT IN THE LEOPARD GECKO by Andrew Carlton Edward Wong BMSc, DDS, The University of Alberta, 2011 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (Craniofacial Science) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) July 2015 © Andrew Carlton Edward Wong, 2015 Abstract The leopard gecko is an emerging reptilian model for the molecular basis of indefinite tooth replacement. Here we characterize the tooth replacement frequency and pattern of tooth loss in the normal adult gecko. We chose to perturb the system of tooth replacement by activating the Wingless signaling pathway (Wnt). Misregulation of Wnt leads to supernumerary teeth in mice and humans. We hypothesized by activating Wnt signaling with LiCl, tooth replacement frequency would increase. To measure the rate of tooth loss and replacement, weekly dental wax bites of 3 leopard geckos were taken over a 35-week period. The present/absent tooth positions were recorded. During the experimental period, the palate was injected bilaterally with NaCl (control) and then with LiCl. The geckos were to be biological replicates. Symmetry was analyzed with parametric tests (repeated measures ANOVA, Tukey’s post-hoc), while time for emergence and total absent teeth per week were analyzed with non- parametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U post-hoc and Bonferroni Correction). The average replacement frequency was 6-7 weeks and posterior-to-anterior waves of replacement were formed. Right to left symmetry between individual tooth positions was high (>80%) when all teeth were included but dropped to 50% when only absent teeth were included. -
Journal No. 020/2016
20 May 2016 Trade Marks Journal No. 020/2016 TRADE MARKS JOURNAL SINGAPORE TRADE PATENTS MARKS DESIGNS PLANT VARIETIES © 2016 Intellectual Property Office of Singapore. All rights reserved. Reproduction or modification of any portion of this Journal without the permission of IPOS is prohibited. Intellectual Property Office of Singapore 51 Bras Basah Road #01-01, Manulife Centre Singapore 189554 Tel: (65) 63398616 Fax: (65) 63390252 http://www.ipos.gov.sg Trade Marks Journal No. 020/2016 TRADE MARKS JOURNAL Contents Page General Information i Practice Directions ii Application Published for Opposition Purposes Under The Trade Marks Act (Cap.332, 2005 Ed.) 1 International Registration Filed Under The Madrid Protocol Published For Opposition Under The Trade Marks Act (Cap.332, 2005 Ed.) 115 Changes in Published Application 188 Application Published But Not Proceeding Under Trade Marks Act (Cap.332, 2005 Ed) 188 Applications Amended After Publication 189 Corrigenda 190 Trade Marks Journal No. 020/2016 Information Contained in This Journal The Registry of Trade Marks does not guarantee the accuracy of its publications, data records or advice nor accept any responsibility for errors or omissions or their consequences. Permission to reproduce extracts from this Journal must be obtained from the Registrar of Trade Marks. Trade Marks Journal No. 020/2016 Page No. i GENERAL INFORMATION Trade Marks Journal This Journal is published by the Registry of Trade Marks pursuant to rule 86A of the Trade Marks Rules. Request for past issues of the journal published more than three months ago may be made in writing and is chargeable at $12 per issue. -
January 2006
CONTENTS Form No. 5 Back Form No. 5 Front Form No. 4 Front JANUARY 2006 Ashoka Trust for Research in Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment Ecology and the Environment www.atree.org www.atree.org IOTN ONLINE IS AVAILABLE AT http://www.seaturtle.org/iotn The Indian Ocean Turtle Newsletter was initiated to provide a forum for exchange of information on sea turtle biology and conservation, management and education and awareness activities in the Indian subcontinent, Indian Ocean region, and South/Southeast Asia. The newsletter also intends to cover related aspects such as coastal zone management, fisheries and marine biology. The newsletter is distributed free of cost to a network of government and non-government organisations and individuals in the region. All articles are also freely available in PDF and HTML formats on the website. Readers can submit names and addresses of individuals, NGOs, research institutions, schools and colleges, etc for inclusion in the mailing list. SUBMISSION OF MANUSCRIPTS IOTN articles are peer reviewed by a member of the editorial board and a reviewer. In addition to invited and submitted articles, IOTN also publishes notes, letters and announcements. We also welcome casual notes, anecdotal accounts and snippets of information. Manuscripts should be submitted by email to: [email protected] If electronic submission is not possible, mail hard copies to: Kartik Shanker Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE) 659, 5th A Main Road, Bangalore 560024, India. Manuscripts should be submitted in MS Word or saved as text or rich text format. Figures should not be embedded in the text; they may be stored in EXCEL, JPG, TIF or BMP formats. -
2008 Board of Governors Report
American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Board of Governors Meeting Le Centre Sheraton Montréal Hotel Montréal, Quebec, Canada 23 July 2008 Maureen A. Donnelly Secretary Florida International University Biological Sciences 11200 SW 8th St. - OE 167 Miami, FL 33199 [email protected] 305.348.1235 31 May 2008 The ASIH Board of Governor's is scheduled to meet on Wednesday, 23 July 2008 from 1700- 1900 h in Salon A&B in the Le Centre Sheraton, Montréal Hotel. President Mushinsky plans to move blanket acceptance of all reports included in this book. Items that a governor wishes to discuss will be exempted from the motion for blanket acceptance and will be acted upon individually. We will cover the proposed consititutional changes following discussion of reports. Please remember to bring this booklet with you to the meeting. I will bring a few extra copies to Montreal. Please contact me directly (email is best - [email protected]) with any questions you may have. Please notify me if you will not be able to attend the meeting so I can share your regrets with the Governors. I will leave for Montréal on 20 July 2008 so try to contact me before that date if possible. I will arrive late on the afternoon of 22 July 2008. The Annual Business Meeting will be held on Sunday 27 July 2005 from 1800-2000 h in Salon A&C. Please plan to attend the BOG meeting and Annual Business Meeting. I look forward to seeing you in Montréal. Sincerely, Maureen A. Donnelly ASIH Secretary 1 ASIH BOARD OF GOVERNORS 2008 Past Presidents Executive Elected Officers Committee (not on EXEC) Atz, J.W. -
100% Refined Siamese Crocodile Oil
100% Refined Siamese Crocodile oil Manufacturing under Patent HEALTHY SKIN REMEDY THE NATURAL WAY CONTACT US TM Crocosia Siamese Crocodile oil for skin healer and beauty uses Researched and Developed by CDIP (Thailand) Co., Ltd. 10 Reasons why you should consider Not only is it effective against infection, it also has strong anti-inflammatory properties as well. It Crocodile oil for Tattoo Aftercare naturally soothes the pain and irritation associated During the healing phase post-tattoo, with getting a tattoo. Tattoos are essentially skin your skin is busy working its magic, repairing itself wounds and must be properly cared for. Crocodile For more information from thousands of tiny needle pricks. Crocodile oil oil packed with fatty acids, like omega 3, 6, and 9, Ms. Parichart Samakkarn aids in this process in much of the same manner as which are anti-inflammatory i.e. will lessen OB Supervisor other aftercare products, if not better. the appearance of redness for sensitive, pinky- CDIP (Thailand) Co., Ltd. prone skin. Tel. +662-564-7000#5204, #5205 Line ID: @obcdip Why not Lotions, Creams or Petroleum? Email: [email protected] Although jellies and lotions are available 4. Antioxidants and Free radicals Facebook page: facebook.com/crocosia at your local drugstore, they generally contain Antioxidants protect skin cells from chemicals, Homepage: www.cdipthailand.com ingredients (such as mineral oil and alcohols) that drugs, pollutants, and ultra violet rays that produce have recently been proven to be more harmful than free radicals that attack healthy cells and cause skin 7. Hypoallergenic beneficial for tattoo health. These ingredients clog damage. -
Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Animal Oils from the Peruvian Amazon
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 156 (2014) 9–15 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Ethnopharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep Research Paper Anti-inflammatory activity of animal oils from the Peruvian Amazon Guillermo Schmeda-Hirschmann a,n, Carla Delporte b, Gabriela Valenzuela-Barra b, Ximena Silva c, Gabriel Vargas-Arana d, Beatriz Lima e, Gabriela E. Feresin e a Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, 3460000 Talca, Chile b Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago 1, Chile c Unidad de Pruebas Biológicas, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Marathon 1000, Santiago, Chile d Universidad Científica del Peru. Avda. Abelardo Quiñones Km 2.5, Iquitos, Peru e Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Libertador General San Martin 1109 (oeste), CP 5400, San Juan, Argentina article info abstract Article history: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Animal oils and fats from the fishes Electrophorus electricus and Received 30 April 2014 Potamotrygon motoro, the reptiles Boa constrictor, Chelonoidis denticulata (Geochelone denticulata) and Received in revised form Melanosuchus niger and the riverine dolphin Inia geoffrensis are used as anti-inflammatory agents in the 10 August 2014 Peruvian Amazon. The aim of the study was to assess the topic anti-inflammatory effect of the oils/fats as Accepted 11 August 2014 well as to evaluate its antimicrobial activity and fatty acid composition. Available online 21 August 2014 Materials and methods: The oils/fats were purchased from a traditional store at the Iquitos market of Keywords: Belen, Peru. -
Autocrine and Paracrine Shh Signaling Are Necessary for Tooth Morphogenesis, but Not Tooth Replacement in Snakes and Lizards (Squamata)
Developmental Biology 337 (2010) 171–186 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Developmental Biology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/developmentalbiology Evolution of Developmental Control Mechanisms Autocrine and paracrine Shh signaling are necessary for tooth morphogenesis, but not tooth replacement in snakes and lizards (Squamata) Gregory R. Handrigan, Joy M. Richman ⁎ Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada article info abstract Article history: Here we study the role of Shh signaling in tooth morphogenesis and successional tooth initiation in snakes Received for publication 30 August 2009 and lizards (Squamata). By characterizing the expression of Shh pathway receptor Ptc1 in the developing Revised 12 October 2009 dentitions of three species (Eublepharis macularius, Python regius, and Pogona vitticeps) and by performing Accepted 12 October 2009 gain- and loss-of-function experiments, we demonstrate that Shh signaling is active in the squamate tooth Available online 20 October 2009 bud and is required for its normal morphogenesis. Shh apparently mediates tooth morphogenesis by separate paracrine- and autocrine-mediated functions. According to this model, paracrine Shh signaling Keywords: Reptile induces cell proliferation in the cervical loop, outer enamel epithelium, and dental papilla. Autocrine Evolution signaling within the stellate reticulum instead appears to regulate cell survival. By treating squamate dental Development explants with Hh antagonist cyclopamine, we induced tooth phenotypes that closely resemble the Odontogenesis morphological and differentiation defects of vestigial, first-generation teeth in the bearded dragon P. Sonic hedgehog vitticeps. Our finding that these vestigial teeth are deficient in epithelial Shh signaling further corroborates Patched1 that Shh is needed for the normal development of teeth in snakes and lizards.