Original Article Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis Coexisting with Spontaneous Intra-Hepatic Bile Duct Rupture: a Rare Case

Int J Clin Exp Med 2016;9(2):3800-3803 www.ijcem.com /ISSN:1940-5901/IJCEM0016643

Original Article Acute acalculous cholecystitis coexisting with spontaneous intra-hepatic bile duct rupture: a rare case

Hui-Jiang Shao, Bao-Chun Lu, Huan-Jian Xu, Zhi-Hong Shen

Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing 312000, China Received September 22, 2015; Accepted December 6, 2015; Epub February 15, 2016; Published February 29, 2016

Abstract: Rare cases of acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) coexisting with spontaneous rupture of intra-hepatic bile duct (IHBD) are available. In this case, a male patient aged 81 year-old with a history of diabetes and hypertension was admitted to our hospital due to pain in right upper abdomen. The patient was initially diagnosed with AAC with no signs of peritonitis. Two days after conservative therapy, sharp pain in abdomen was reported together with presence of peritonitis signs. Ultrasonic examination and abdominal paracentesis revealed bile peritonitis. Accumulation of bile and rupture of bile duct at the left liver were revealed after exploratory laparotomy. The patient was finally diagnosed with AAC coexisting with rupture of IHBD. For the treatment, removal of gallbladder and suturing of rupture was performed, followed by T-tube drainage. After discharge, the patient showed no complications or adverse events during the 12-month follow up. For AAC patients concurrent with bile peritonitis, special cares should be taken to identify the rupture of IHBD. Besides surgery, a systematic evaluation of the bile duct is necessary to exclude the possibilities of rupture of IHBD.

Keywords: Acute acalculous cholecystitis, intra-hepatic bile duct, bile peritonitis, simultaneous rupture

Introduction un-frequently encountered entities that exteri- orize the biliary content in the great peritoneal Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) is usually cavity. Patients with AAC usually showed con- occurred in critically ill patients following cardi- current diseases such as gangrene, perforation ac surgery, abdominal vascular surgery, as well and empyema [7]. However, to our best knowl- as severe trauma [1]. It is commonly reported in edge, no patient with AAC coexisting with intra- male patients and is associated with the stress, hepatic bile duct (IHBD) rupture is reported instability of haemodynamics and severe dam- after literature research using the key words ages [2, 3]. Until now, the pathogenesis of AAC “acute acalculous cholecystitis” and “rupture of is still not well defined. To our knowledge, sev- intrahepatic bile duct” or “intrahepatic bile duct eral factors have been reported to be related to rupture”. Thus, we present a patient with AAC the AAC, among which gallbladder ischemia concurrent with rupture of IHBD. and/or cholestasis are considered as the major causes [4, 5]. In clinical practice, the diagnosis Case presentation of AAC is mainly based on the imaging tech- niques. Unfortunately, the prognosis of AAC is A male patient aged 81 year-old with a history poor in patients, especially in children, due to of diabetes and hypertension was admitted to the fact that the gastrointestinal function of our hospital due to pain in right upper abdomen critically ill patients is not adequate to enteral and chilly-sensation, together with continuous nutrition [6]. On this condition, early diagnosis dull pain, vomiting and nausea. No rebound ten- and effective management are crucial for the derness was noticed in right upper abdomen, prognosis of AAC. and the Murphy’s sign was positive. The patient was diagnosed with AAC according to abdomi- Rupture of intrahepatic bile duct, also known nal ultrasound examination (Figure 1). As no as non-traumatic perforation of the bile duct, is symptoms of peritonitis or other concurrent dis- AAC coexisting with spontaneous rupture of IHBD

the fluid. On this basis, the gallbladder was removed, and the incision on the left liver was sutured using prolene suture. A T-tube was inserted in the common bile duct, followed by drainage via fora- men of Winslow. The surgery was successful, and the patient was trans- ferred to the ICU department for additional caring. Posto- perative pathological report revealed purulent cholecystitis (Figure 2). Upon no significant obstruction in the bile duct or bile leakage was observed, the T tube was removed. No adverse events or postoperative complica- Figure 1. Ultrasonic examination revealed significant swelling of gallbladder tions were reported by the combined with thickening of gallbladder wall. The bile in the gallbladder was condensed. No significant calculus was observed. patient during the 12 months follow up. orders were observed, the patient received Conclusion conservative therapy. The exact pathogenesis of AAC combined with However, on the second day after conservative rupture of IHBD is still not well defined due to therapy, the patient reported unbearable pain no cases available. In this case, we speculated in abdomen with fever, together with shortness the development of the AAC and rupture of of breath and peritonitis. Bed-side ultrasound IHBD may be related to the following aspects: examination indicated swelling in gallbladder (i). The terminal vessels of hepatic artery together with edema and thickening in gallblad- responsible for the nurturing of gallbladder der wall and hydrops in right upper abdomen. were apt to subject to embolism and ischemia About 5 ml liquid in a jasmine color was extract- that finally resulted in ischemic injury and ed through ultrasound-guided abdominal para- necrosis in gallbladder wall [4]. The small bile centesis. On this basis, AAC combined with bile duct at the surface of the left liver was localized peritonitis was suspected. Therefore, explor- at the end of Glisson system, and the nurturing atory laparotomy was performed, during which blood vessels shared similarities in the struc- bile-like ascites with a volume of about 50 mL ture with those of the gallbladder. Therefore, was observed near the gallbladder. Meanwhile, rupture of IHBD may simultaneously occur in thickening and edema was noticed in the gall- the presence of instability of haemodynamics bladder wall, combined with gangrene and con- with the AAC. (ii). In this case, the patient densed bile. A rupture with a size of about 3 showed a history of coronary heart disease mm was observed at the surface of the third besides diabetes and hypertension, which were segment of liver lobe, through which the bile the risk factors for the peripheral angiopathy. was exteriorized. No significant dilatation was In addition, these disorders may lead to coro- observed in the common bile duct. Chole- nary atherosclerosis and lesions of capillaries, dochoscope indicated mucous hyperemia or which would attenuate the resistance of gall- significant swelling in common bile duct, while bladder and terminal segment of bile duct to no calculus or neoplasm was observed within the ischemic injuries [8, 9]. (iii). The patient it. The rupture on left liver was confirmed showed significant congestive edema in bile through injecting 20 mL normal saline into com- duct wall, which may induce stenosis of bile mon bile duct and observes the overflow of duct cavity and finally resulted in elevation of

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Figure 2. Histopathological examination of the gallbladder revealed purulent inflammation. The images were observed under a magnification of 65× (A) and 250× (B), respectively. biliary tract pressure. High pressure in biliary temperature, white blood cells, peptase and tract will impair the discharge of bile in the bilirubin. Thus, bed-side ultrasound examina- gallbladder, which finally lead to cholestasis. tion was performed, which revealed hydrops in Meanwhile, infection of biliary tract was ob- the abdominal cavity. We speculate that it may served, which may lead to retrograde chemical be related to the perforation of intrahepatic bile and bacterial inflammation in the gallbladder. duct. Rupture of IHBD is merely confirmed All these would responsible for the pathogene- through surgery, and is commonly noticed in sis of AAC [5]. (iv). Significant increase was patients with bile peritonitis. In this case, the induced in the tension of intrahepatic bile du- patient was initially diagnosed with AAC after ct with the elevation of bile duct pressure. admission, and rupture of IHBD was not con- Consequently, the terminal bile duct at the li- firmed prior to surgical exploration. We want to raise the attention of the surgeons about the ver surface was dilated and extended. Mean- fact that, for the patients diagnosed with AAC while, the inflammation may result in inevitable initially, the bile in the abdominal cavity may edema at the bile duct surface, which would leak from the gallbladder induced by and/or the increase the fragility of bile duct surface in bile duct perforation. Therefore, in a previous combination with the embolism and ischemic study, a systematic evaluation of the bile duct injury of the nurturing vessels. On this occa- is necessary for the patients with bile peritoni- sion, the sudden change of bile duct pressure tis [10]. may lead to rupture of bile duct surface and resulted in bile peritonitis [10]. Recently, exten- To date, the treatment of AAC is still controver- sive studies revealed AAC was a systemic criti- sial. For the aged patients that were unfit for cal illness other than acute calculous cholecys- the surgery, cholecystostomy is preferred [12]. titis (ACC) which was merely a local disease of Nevertheless, cholecystostomy is considered the gallbladder. Thus, the pathogenesis of AAC to offer no survival benefit for AAC patients with sepsis and shock [13]. For the patients tol- involved several organs, which would explain erated to surgery, removal of gallbladder and the simultaneous occurrence of AAC and rup- abdominal drainage are considered to be effec- ture of IHBD. tive based on our experiences. For the patients with simultaneous rupture of IHBD, suturing Early diagnosis of AAC is of prime importance and T-tube drainage were performed. In this as the onset of AAC is comparatively faster. case, we present an 81 year-old patient diag- Ultrasonic technique and CT have been com- nosed with AAC and rupture of IHBD. The monly used for the diagnosis of AAC [5]. In addi- patient received removal of gallbladder, and tion, cholescintigraphy plays an important role the incision on the left liver was sutured using in the auxiliary examination of AAC [11]. The Prolene suture. Finally, the patient’s outcome patient showed significant abdominal pain was satisfactory and no complications were together with remarkable elevation of body reported during the 12-month follow up.

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In conclusion, AAC concurrent with rupture of [4] Warren BL. Small vessel occlusion in acute IHBD may be induced by senior age, hyperten- acalculous cholecystitis. Surgery 1992; 111: sion, DM, cardiovascular diseases, as well as 163-168. bile duct infection and elevation of bile duct [5] Cullen JJ, Maes EB, Aggrawal S, Conklin JL, pressure. For the patients with AAC concurrent Ephgrave KS and Mitros FA. Effect of endotoxin on opossum gallbladder motility: A model of with bile peritonitis, special cares should be acalculous cholecystitis. Ann Surg 2000; 232: taken to the rupture of IHBD. Besides surgery, a 202. systematic evaluation of the bile duct is neces- [6] İmamoğlu M, Sarihan H, Sari A and Ahmetoğlu sary to exclude the possibilities of rupture of A. Acute acalculous cholecystitis in children: IHBD. diagnosis and treatment. J Pediatr Surg 2002; 37: 36-39. Acknowledgements [7] Huffman JL and Schenker S. Acute acalculous cholecystitis: A review. Clin Gastroenterol Written informed consent was obtained from Hepatol 2010; 8: 15-22. the patient for publication of this Case report [8] Lachan R and Joypaul BV. Bile peritonitis due and any accompanying images. A copy of the to intra-hepatic bile duct rupture. World J written consent is available for review by the Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 6728. Editor of this journal. [9] Aydin U, Yazici P and Coker A. Spontaneous rupture of intrahepatic biliary ducts with biliary Disclosure of conflict of interest peritonitis. Indian J Gastroenterol 2007; 26: 188. None. [10] Simion L, Straja DN, Prunoiu VM, Alecu M and Brătucu E. Choleperitoneum due to Address correspondence to: Dr. Zhi-Hong Shen, Intrahepatic Bile Duct Rupture-Case Report. Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shaoxing Chirurgia (Bucur) 2014; 109: 542-545. [11] Gokhale SM, Lokare SD and Nemade P. Role of People’s Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang cholescintigraphy in management of acute University, 568 Zhongxing North Road, Shaoxing acalculous cholecystitis. Indian J Nucl Med 312000, China. Tel: +86-575-88229452; Fax: +86- 2012; 27: 231. 575-85138402; E-mail: [email protected] [12] Welschbillig-Meunier K, Pessaux P, Lebigot J, Lermite E, Aube C, Brehant O, Hamy A and References Arnaud JP. Percutaneous cholecystostomy for high-risk patients with acute cholecystitis. Surg [1] Barie PS and Eachempati SR. Acute acalcu- Endosc 2005; 19: 1256-1259. lous cholecystitis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep [13] Anderson JE, Inui T, Talamini MA and Chang 2003; 5: 302-309. DC. Cholecystostomy offers no survival benefit [2] Pelinka LE, Schmidhammer R, Hamid L, in patients with acute acalculous cholecystitis Mauritz W and Redl H. Acute acalculous chole- and severe sepsis and shock. J Sur Res 2014; cystitis after trauma: a prospective study. J 190: 517-521. Trauma 2003; 55: 323-329. [3] Laurila J, Syrjälä H, Laurila PA, Saarnio J and Ala-Kokko TI. Acute acalculous cholecystitis in critically ill patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2004; 48: 986-991.

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