IDEAS THAT COULD CHANGE THE WORLD EXCELLENCE, INNOVATION, LEADERSHIP: RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO The frontier town of York, soon to be called Toronto (as it was known by Aboriginal groups who had lived in the region for 11,000 years), has a population of about 2,000.

John Strachan returns from England with a royal charter for the “establishment of a college…to continue for ever, to be called ‘King’s College.’ ”

And out of 150 acres of forest north of the city, a university is born.

King’s College transformed into the University of Toronto. The forest is now U of T’s St. George campus, one of three with U of T Mississauga and U of T Scarborough.

The University has grown with the city.

Toronto, the economic and cultural centre of Canada, now has a population of more than 2.5 million, including descendants of the original Aboriginal peoples, and is part of an urban region of more than 5.5 million.

U of T has become the home of Nobel Prize Laureates and discoveries and scholarship that have changed the world. It is an academic and research powerhouse ranked among the world’s leading institutions. In the 2009 Times Higher Education-QS World University Rankings, U of T was ranked by academic peers globally as a leader in all fi elds:

• 8 th in the world in Engineering and Information Technology • 11th in the world in Life Sciences and Biomedicine • 11th in the world in Arts and Humanities • 14th in the world in Natural Sciences • 15th in the world in Social Sciences

At the core of these achievements is our outstanding research community, made up of thousands of brilliant scholars and students who create knowledge that helps to move the world forward.

This publication showcases some of our current innovators as they explore 10 key questions that will transform the future of global society. We stand committed to continuing our pursuit of knowledge creation and research impact for the benefi t of our next generations.

PROFESSOR R. PAUL YOUNG, PhD, FRSC Vice President, Research DAVID RAYSIDE

As a set of ideals to strive for? Absolutely! Is there agreement on what rights claims are legitimate? Absolutely not! Working on gender equality and sexual diversity means regularly facing claims that some rights are more important than others. Or alternatively, that western values have no universal application. Tricky territory and social context surely matters. But hiding RON DEIBERT behind cultural or religious difference is a popular cover for stark prejudice, ignorance and oppression. Information and communication rights and freedoms DepDeepaarttmennt ofPf Poliol ticti ala SciS iencce – such as access to information, freedom of speech and Passt Dirirereectctoc r,r, MarMark S. Bonhamm Cenentrettere fforSr Seexuala DivD ersrsrsitytyy Studidieses privacy – are integral to human rights. Cyberspace is the domain within which such rights are contested. There is an arms race in cyberspace today that threatens human rights online, characterized by Internet censorship, cyberwarfare, espionage and surveillance. Human rights are possible, but citizens must be vigilant against these CYNTHIA WESLEY-ESQUIMAUX breaches and protect and preserve cyberspace as an open, global commons. One of the most important questions I have ever responded to as an Aboriginal woman is whether or not rights are Departrttmenme t offP Poliollil tict all SciS encn e portable. Do we take them everywhere we go? I think not. Dirirecttoroor, CCitizzen Lab, Munkn CeC ntrt e for Intnternatiat onallS Studdieieses Rights are a product of interpretation, generally not our own, and generally not conducive to Indigenous sensibilities. Universal rights are something to aspire to, but they are not a common feature in the world in which we presently live.

CenCentret forrA Abboroorigiigginalnaall Inititit atatiativesv DepDeD artmentto of Aborbo iginalal StStuududidies FacFactor-Inwenw nttastaa h Facuultyltt ofo Soocial Work

The question of human rights is so fundamentally important that there should be no difference of views about it. We all have common human needs and concerns. We all Are universal seek happiness and try to avoid suffering AYELET SHACHAR regardless of our race, religion, It’s more a question of how to secure a threshold of well-being sex or social status. However, mere for everyone, everywhere. My work on the rights of women maintenance of a diversity of within religious communities demonstrates that it is possible traditions should never justify the to achieve diversity with equality. Similarly, in developing violations of human rights. Thus, legal means for mitigating the opportunity gaps perpetuated discrimination against persons of by unconditional birthright citizenship, we can explore different races, against women membership entitlement in the broader context of today’s and against weaker sections of urgent debates about global justice. Without tangible ideas society may be traditional in about how we can change our world, change can never occur. some regions, but if they are possible? Facultyoy ofLf Law inconsistent with universally Departmennt ofPf Political Science recognized human rights, these Canada Researchh Chair iin Citizenshiph and Multiculturalism forms of behaviour should change. The universal principle of the equality of all human beings must take precedence. His Holiness, the14th Dalai Lama U of T Honorary Doctor of Laws If we can bring ourselves to the realization that threats of indiscriminate slaughter are no more to be tolerated than is the implementation of those threats, we shall have Is taken a historic step toward the outlawing of war.

Professor John Polanyi Nobel Laureate in Chemistry (1986), nuclear disarmament inevitable? proponent

MICHAEL INZLICHT While intergroup confl ict is inevitable, war is more than confl ict – it is violent, aggressive confl ict that takes thought and deliberation. Psychologists have argued that one of the features that separate us from other animals is our ability to control our automatic impulses. So it is possible to prevent those inevitable confl icts from escalating into war. Just because it’s possible, however, doesn’t mean it’s easy. Inhibiting predominant desires is hard work, taking motivation, ability and effort. If we want it enough, if our desire to end war is THOMAS HURKA autonomously chosen and self-determined, then war is not inevitable. War’s an evil, but it can prevent greater evils such as the violation of a people’s U of T Scarborough Department of Psychology right to political self-determination and Toronto Laboratory for Social Neuroscience or, in extreme cases, genocide. The question I study is: When is war morally justifi ed, or when are the evils JANICE GROSS STEIN it can prevent suffi ciently important Evolutionary biology tells us that we are hard to justify the death and destruction wired to fi ght or fl ee when we sense danger. it will cause? Many wars are wrong, Evolutionary psychology tells us that we but some are worth fi ghting. naturally distinguish between our group and How do we tell the two apart? theirs. These two imperatives, working together, create a powerful tendency to violent confl ict. Departmentot ofPf Philosophy Over time, however, at a painfully slow pace and at great cost, we have learned to discipline these tendencies so that today, in some parts of the world, war is inconceivable.

Director, Scchooh lol of Glolobal Affairs, Munk Centre for Intnnternrnatiat onaon l Stutudies Depepparta menmeme t of Politiciccal Sciencene e How will the

transform our lives? EUGENE FIUME To the extent the ‘new’ economy will be different from the ‘old’, it is that technology will allow the provisioning of labour, goods and services to become ever more global. The people of many nations will be able to participate and prosper, but competitive forces could push us all into a race to the bottom. Research, creativity and innovation will be essential, but the new economy, like the old, will require human wisdom to transform new ideas into global races to the top.

Depe artmenm t of Compmputeut r Sciec nce

RICHARD FLORIDA When we hear the words ‘new economy’ most of us think of Google, RIM and other high tech companies, but I believe the period of transformation we’re entering goes far beyond just technology. The industrial age brought with it massive changes in employment, housing, transportation and culture. The creative age will see paradigm shifts on a similar scale. Toronto, and really all of Canada, is uniquely positioned to be at the forefront of this transition. The New Economy offers global society in the 21st century Academic Director, The Martin Prosperity Institute powerful transformative Rotman School of Management possibilities. How we communicate with each other will continue to evolve and mobility will become even more important. The digital services of the near and far future will JUDITH TEICHMAN have richer media and more powerful tools – and they will Economic globalization has not produced equitable nor be even more sustained prosperity in many parts of the world. In some disadvantaged regions it has contributed personalized, to a marked rise in political and criminal violence. The contextual and way recent economic events affect us depends entirely inter-related. This on us both as a society and as ‘citizens’ of the world. communications We can choose to use politics, domestically and transformation internationally, to achieve social justice at home will apply to and abroad. Doing so will help to ensure a future every part of a of social peace and prosperity. borderless global

U of T Scarborough Department of Social Sciences society – business, Munk Centre for International Studies consumers and government.

Jim Balsillie U of T alumnus, Co-CEO of Research In Motion Limited, founder, Balsillie School of International Affairs ALED EDWARDS The sequencing of the human genome has provided a stark reminder of our commonality with our fellow humans, but also our individuality. To discover new medicines, What’s possible? What’s right? these commonalities and differences must be considered, both for economic reasons, as well as to ensure that the safest and best medicines are produced. Our goals are to facilitate this process by providing scientists WAYNE SUMNER with research tools that have no restriction on use and to As medical science continues to push back promote the concept of the frontiers of the possible, it raises ever new open access science to questions about the ethical. I believe that advance human health. philosophers have an important contribution to make to the vital public debates over ChiC eeff EExecutc iveivv , Sttrtrurur ctuct ral Genomics Consortium these questions. My own current research is Bantintinng and BesB t Deepepartment of Medical Resesearchh addressed to one of them: What can – and Depepartaarrtmmenme t of Medediicalc Biophysics should – we do to assist persons in the dying process to end their lives on their own terms?

DeDepeparta menmem t of Philosophy

I’m excited about the potential that the move towards personalized medicine presents. Through innovative MOLLY SHOICHET approaches to medicine, and the Regenerative medicine promises to overcome diseases rather than advancement of JOHN DICK simply treat symptoms. We’re research, health We are making signifi cant advances in our tackling the most challenging care providers will understanding of the genetic makeup of organs – the brain and spinal increasingly have the opportunity cancer tumours and their response to drugs. cord. We’re delivering therapeutic molecules to deliver customized care, However, we are also recognizing that the and stem cells to stimulate regeneration after based upon factors specifi c to cells that make up tumours have differing a traumatic injury such as stroke or spinal an individual. This is a landmark abilities to sustain tumour growth and cord injury. Working with neuroscientists and outcome of targeted and neurosurgeons, we test innovative solutions to to respond to therapies. Now we need to innovative thinking that will go beyond sampling the genetics of bulk these complex problems. Our goal is to promote change our approach to health tumours and delve a layer deeper to learn healing when it does not happen on its own. care, and ultimately, benefi t more about the genetic regulators of stem patients. cell-like cancer cells to determine patient DepD arttmmenmentot of ChemhehememicacallE Engiggiinneeringga andd AppAp lieied Chememmistryy prognosis and to create therapies to destroy Deppartar memennt of Cheemisttryr these cells. Terrrenr ce DonDoonneln ly CCenCentre ffor Celle ulau r andd Biomolo ecucuularlaar ReReseaearch Rick Hansen, C.C., O.B.C. Insstitututee off BBiomaateeerials andn Biomede ical Engingg neeneering U of T Honorary Doctor of Laws, InInsnssttitute off MMediciccaall SciS encn es Division of Stem Cell and Developmene ttalta Biology, Canada’s Man in Motion, President CanCCaannada Reseseaarchrch ChC airir iin TiT ssue Engin neeerinng Ontariar ooC Cancan er Institute & CEO, Rick Hansen Foundation Divisis onn off Cellular and Moleculaar Biolio ogygy, Toronto Genneral Reses arch Insttitutee DepD artmenme tto of Molecular Genetics, U off T This is an idea whose time has come with greater urgency than ever before, mostly because AIDS has added such a vast human population at risk. We are making tremendous progress with some vaccines. We have a vaccine to Can combat Hepatitis B and now to prevent the Human Papillomavirus so as to eliminate the risk of cancer. We have signifi cant possibilities in vaccines for children, we’re also testing a new vaccine for malaria and soon for tuberculosis. save us? With HIV, prevention, treatment and care are, of course, critically important, but the only way to bring an end to the disease conclusively is through a vaccine. Nothing else will suffi ce.

Stephen Lewis U of T Honorary Doctor of Laws, Senior Fellow, Massey College, Chair of the Board, Stephen Lewis Foundation, former United Nations Special Envoy for HIV/AIDS in Africa

PETER A. NEWMAN

Vaccines have made tremendous contributions to global health. Nevertheless, many diseases, HIV/AIDS being one that I focus on, travel along the fault lines of poverty and disenfranchisement. Persistent disparities in health and access to care that stem from structural inequalities and social injustice may leave us with great vaccines but with limited accessibility and acceptability to the vulnerable populations who need them most. There is no vaccine for stigma and discrimination.

Facttorr-Inwewenentatassh Faculty of SoS cial Woork Canada RReeseearch Chair in Health annd SocS iaiall Justiticce

ALLISON MCGEER KEVIN KAIN

Before smallpox vaccine was used to eradicate smallpox, Despite the remarkable contribution of vaccines to advances in one person in the world died every second from the illness. public health, their potential impact on even greater challenges Vaccines can save us from many diseases – but only if we can such as HIV, malaria and cancer are threatened by a growing tide rise to the challenge of new vaccine development against of misinformation and anti-scientifi c thought. So while it is clear increasingly diffi cult target diseases, if we can build societies that vaccines alone will not save us, the more pressing question that ensure they are available to the most vulnerable and if is whether we can save vaccines from us. Perplexing, how time we learn to better understand the human psychology that after time, we can’t seem to recognize a good thing when we consistently leads us to underestimate their value. have it.

Director, Infection Control, Mount Sinai Hospital Directecc or,, SandrnddrraaA A. Rotmotman Labborao torto y, McLaughlih n-R-Rototman Cenentretr for Global Departmentot ofLf Laboratoryry MMedidiciine aandPd Paththobibiolol gy,g U off T Healthh,T, Toroontnton Genernen rall HosH pititala Department of Medied cine, U of T Director,r, GlG obal Healea tthth,h, MccLaughlghlin Cenntre for Mooleculara MedM dicicinne, U oof T Dalla Lana Schoolo of Public Health Directe oor, ThheCe Cententrer foforfor Traveavveella andd TTrTropiccal Medicicine, ToT ronto General Hospos itatal Departarrttment of Medidiicinc e, U of T Canaadadada Research Chair in Moolececuular Pararaa asitology Is there life elsewhere in the

GABRIELE D’ELEUTERIO There was a time when the word ‘robot’ was as much a staple in science fi ction as the idea of fi nding life elsewhere in our It is presumptuous universe. But the global aerospace community has made of us to think that important leaps forward in designing technology that the third planet of will help us answer this question. Today, robots are an average solar NORMAN MURRAY a fact of life in space science and we are sending system in an average robotic explorers off to hunt for signs of We don’t understand how life started on Earth, galaxy, when there potential life on other planets. Through so it is diffi cult to say how common life is. This are several billion this amazing technology, I expect that motivates the intense ongoing exploration of galaxies around us, someday, somewhere we will indeed fi nd Mars and of Jupiter’s moon Europa. Finding those ‘alien’ life forms. Won’t that be would be the only Earth-like planets around solar type stars, as thrilling? Or maybe I’m just being hopeful. source of life. While the Kepler telescope is expected to do in the it’s an incredible next three years, would allow us to look for University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies challenge to search signs of life, such as oxygen, in those planets’ for evidence of life elsewhere in atmospheres. Astronomers may be able to the universe, we must continue that answer the question empirically! BARBARA SHERWOOD LOLLAR

search. It is a fundamental question, Director, Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics An important component of astrobiological research actually involves and the day we fi nd proof, even at Canada Research Chair in Astrophysics the study of life on Earth. Investigations of the microbial life in the bacterial level, of life somewhere extreme environments on this planet have profoundly impacted our else in the universe besides Earth, search for life elsewhere. The discovery of microorganisms capable will be a tremendously important of surviving from the geochemical energy discharging at deep sea event for humankind. hydrothermal vents changed our understanding of the diversity of metabolic processes that can sustain life. This discovery and other Julie Payette research fi ndings have wrought transformational change in search U of T alumnus, Honorary Doctor of strategies for life on other planets and moons. Science, Canadian astronaut Department of Geology Canada Research Chair in Isotope Geochemistry of the Earth and the Environment We’re not going to run out of oil soon in a geological sense, but we are starting to run out GREG SCHOLES of oil we can afford to burn. A number of parallel alternative energy solutions Our natural instincts are to fi nd Will we be ready when the new sources of supply so we will eventually be needed. Nature’s primary approach is to use energy from the sun and it is likely we will can sustain our energy-intensive follow suit. Nature’s solar cells have been improved lifestyle – which may, in fact, be through 3.5 billion years of evolution. Plants, algae unsustainable under any form and other photosynthetic organisms have thus of energy supply. Instead, we developed tricks that lie behind their success must re-organize our economy to that will inspire new paradigms for solar energy expend less energy. conversion that will benefi t humankind. How? Move from Deppartmenme t of Chemh istry our current mode of economic organization that is energy, and particularly, oil-intensive – the Global Economy – to a much more local economy.

Jeff Rubin HEATHER MACLEAN U of T alumnus, former Chief Economist, CIBC World Markets, Society must transition to energy systems that have author, Why Your World is About much lower negative impacts on the environment and to Get a Whole Lot Smaller (2009) public health before oil runs out. No fuel is without associated risks and negative consequences – I take a lifecycle approach in evaluating the full impact of alternative energy systems. In evaluating replacements for oil, it is critical to examine the associated trade offs JOHN KIRTON and fi nd the alternatives with the highest overall net When the oil runs out Canada will do well benefi ts to society. Technological innovation is important and the world could too. Canada is a clean but behavioural change is urgently needed. energy superpower. With the world’s second largest territory, it leads in Department of Civil Engineering DepDe artmenentto of Chemical Engineering and Applieied Chemistryr producing the uranium needed for safe, School of Public Policy and Governance climate-friendly nuclear energy. With Cene tree for Envivironnmenent the world’s largest fresh water supply, it has enormous hydroelectricity. It has world-leading supplies of natural gas and the technology to get more. And with the world’s longest coastline, it could be a wind energy superpower too. All Canada needs are the policies and infrastructure to get all these abundant, affordable off- oil alternatives to Canadians and the world.

Director, G8 Research Group, Munk Centre for International Studies Department of Politicall Science Fellow, Trinity College JAN ANGUS Exercise and diet contribute to healthy DAVID JENKINS aging. Yet lifestyle is not simply a product Humans are successful due to their ability to thrive on very of whether we exercise and eat well. It also different kinds of diets. The challenge is now to choose the emerges from constraints, opportunities diet which is both good for us and for the rest of the planet. and resources that are differently distributed I believe such diets must focus on plant foods. They will be in society according to gender, ethnoracism constructed to maximize health and prevent those chronic and discrimination against people with diseases that are major causes of mortality and suffering disabilities. Before we declare lifestyle the and are increasingly making contemporary health care greatest cure of all, research is needed economically unsustainable. to understand how these inequitable conditions lead to health disparities and Departments of Medicine and Nutritional Sciences, U of T chronic illness in an aging population. Clinical Nutritr ion and Risk Factor Modifi cation Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital CanCaa ada Resease rchc Chair in Nutrition, Metabolism and Vascular Biology Lawrene ce S.S BlBloombberg Faculty of Nursing Dalla Lana School of Public Health Toronto Rehabilitation Institute

One of the most urgent health challenges of Is the 21st century is the rise of diseases such as diabetes, cancer and heart disease. the greatest cure of all? The incidence of these diseases has increased at an alarming rate in recent decades, in large part due to increased rates of obesity and sedentary lifestyles. The GUY FAULKNER most effective way of combating these non-communicable diseases Evidence shows that being physically active adds may well be through improving years to life, but more importantly, life to years. Physical lifestyle choices. It is important inactivity is the most common risk factor for premature death that cultures all around the world in Canada. My research examines how we can help people be adopt healthy lifestyles because more active more often – through economic levers such as tax there is very clear evidence that credits to subsidize physical activity, social marketing campaigns positive lifestyle choices can like ParticipACTION or modifying the built environment to make improve overall health and parents more confi dent in letting their kids walk to school. well-being.

FacFa ultu y of Physical Educd ation and Heealth Jayna Hefford U of T alumnus, member of Canada’s Olympic women’s gold (2002, 2006, 2010) and silver (1998) medal- winning hockey teams Is it too late to reverse

SPENCER C.H. BARRETT Climate change is the most important environmental problem facing the planet today. It is infl uencing the distribution of plants and animals and is affecting biodiversity and ecosystem function. We are already seeing shifts in the ranges of species and in their behaviour and reproduction. Our work on introduced invasive plants shows that some species have the necessary genetic variation to adapt to changing environmental conditions. However, others inevitably face extinction, an outcome that cannot be reversed. Concrete action on climate change is a political imperative that cannot be delayed.

Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Canada Research Chair in Evolutionary Genetics STEPHEN SCHARPER Our present ecological moment calls for the emergence of a new ethical framework. Our collective challenge is to grapple honestly and humbly with the sobering indicators of climate change and at the same time remain open to a future lined with such intangible essentials as hope, societal compassion and a re-valuing of the Earth. All of these, in concert with scientifi c diagnostics and technological shifts, are requisite companions as we strive to confront climate change candidly and effectively.

Centree fof r Environo menm t U of T MiM ssissaugagag Deparp tmet ntn off AntA hror polpopo ogyogyy CenC tret fof r thee Studyy ofo Religigig onn

The problems that lead to climate change are not practical problems – they’re political and philosophical. We can have a beautiful future for Planet Earth, we only need to do two things: pay KIMBERLY STRONG attention and pay for it. Governments Climate change is happening, as seen in atmospheric and ocean and citizens need temperatures, retreating glaciers, declining Arctic sea ice, rising to wake up – we sea levels and changing precipitation patterns. Greenhouse gas concentrations have increased over the past 250 years due to need to tax things human activities. These gases will remain in the atmosphere that contribute to for many years. Even if we froze greenhouse gases at their climate change and 2000 levels, global surface temperatures are predicted to reward behaviours rise at about 0.1°C per decade. Without reductions that mitigate it. in greenhouse gas emissions, about twice as much We know what we need to do, warming is expected, with serious consequences for we just need to generate the the planet. political will to get it done.

Department of Physics Robert Bateman U of T Atmospheric Observatory U of T alumnus, Honorary Centre for Global Change Science Doctor of Laws, artist, naturalist, Centre for Environment environmental activist HERBERT KRONZUCKER The challenge of furnishing suffi cient food for the burgeoning human population represents one of the most daunting issues of our time. Current rates of population growth outpace agricultural gains more than threefold. While warfare and distribution inequities play important roles in producing hunger around the world, the issue is, at its core, one of fundamental biology: the capacity for primary productivity in the world’s JOSÉE JOHNSTON agricultural fi elds. Solutions require unprecedented research investment and human intellectual dedication. Like the economic system more generally, the global food system is U of T Scarborough Department of Biological Sciences segmented into multiple tiers. While DepDe artrtmenentts off Ecologyay and Evolutionary Biology andn Celll it produces an astonishing variety and Systems Biologgy, U of T Canada Reseaearch Chair in of foods for affl uent consumers, Metabolic Bioengineering it has been far less successful of Crop Plantss promoting equitable food access or sustainability. Food activists, particularly in the Global South, critique this system and demand food sovereignty – the ability to produce foods for one’s own population, on one’s own land and not focusing exclusively on export markets.

U ofTf T Mississauga Department of Sociology

World hunger is very closely connected with the abuse and exploitation of children around the world. As families struggle with extreme poverty, it’s too often kids who bear the brunt of its effects. They miss out on meals, face illness that could be prevented through proper nutrition and are often denied a VALERIE TARASUK quality education Why are people still that would Canadians support food banks and other food empower them assistance programs to help those in need. to break the cycle Although such efforts are a testament to the of poverty. By compassionate nature of Canadians, our research suggests that the net result of this community fi ghting apathy action is a limited, fragmented ‘system’ of food and encouraging relief, with little capacity to respond to poverty- people to take related problems of hunger. To address the action against the unmet needs that underpin demands for food injustices they see, assistance, a more adequate and inclusive we can put an system of income assistance is required. end to world hunger.

DepD artr ment of Nutritional Sciences Craig Kielburger Dalalla Lana Schoool of PubPu lic Health U of T alumnus, child rights advocate, Centrere for Urban andd ComCo munity Sttudies founder, Free The Children RESEARCHER MICHAEL INZLICHT Michael Inzlicht is a NORMAN MURRAY professor of psychology at Norman Murray is a BIOGRAPHIES U of T Scarborough and professor and the Director Principal Investigator at of the Canadian Institute for U of T’s Toronto Laboratory Theoretical Astrophysics at for Social Neuroscience. He U of T and Canada Research conducts research that sits HEATHER MACLEAN Chair in Astrophysics. His at the boundaries of social Heather MacLean is a research interests lie in planet psychology, neuroscience and professor in the Departments formation and dynamics, education and has published of Civil Engineering, Chemical galaxy formation and the papers on the topics of KEVIN KAIN Engineering and Applied physics of active galactic prejudice, self-control and Kevin Kain is a professor of Chemistry, and the School of nuclei or black holes. religion. He serves on editorial medicine at the University of Public Policy and Governance. boards for many esteemed Toronto, Director of Global Internationally recognized, publications, including the Health at the McLaughlin she provides expert advice Association for Psychological Centre for Molecular Medicine in the fi eld of energy Science’s Psychological Science. and Director of the Centre for systems analysis focusing on Travel and Tropical Medicine transportation and electricity at the Toronto General generation and has served Hospital. He holds the Canada on industry and government Research Chair in Molecular HERBERT advisory committees in JAN ANGUS Parasitology and has served KRONZUCKER Canada and the U.S. Herbert Kronzucker is a Jan Angus is a professor in the as chairperson on Health JOHN DICK professor in the Departments Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty John Dick is a professor of Canada’s Committee to advise RICHARD FLORIDA of Biological Science, Ecology PETER A. NEWMAN of Nursing, is cross-appointed molecular genetics at the on Tropical Medicine and Richard Florida is Director of and Evolutionary Biology, Peter A. Newman is an to the Dalla Lana School of University of Toronto and Travel. He has also consulted The Martin Prosperity Institute and Cell and Systems associate professor of social Public Health and is an adjunct a Senior Scientist at the many organizations including and Professor of Business and Biology. He holds the Canada work and Canada Research scientist at the Toronto RON DEIBERT University Health Network. the WHO, the Red Cross and Creativity at U of T’s Rotman Research Chair in Metabolic Chair in Health and Social Rehabilitation Institute. She Ron Deibert is a professor of His infl uential contributions GUY FAULKNER DAVID JENKINS the CDC. School of Management. Bioengineering of Crop Justice. His international specializes in issues relating to political science, specializing in to the fi elds of molecular Guy Faulkner is an associate David Jenkins is University Widely recognized as one of Plants, is ranked in the top program of research focuses gender, health and access to global security and the politics hematology, stem cell professor in the Faculty Professor (the highest the world’s leading public one per cent of his research on the social, behavioural health care using qualitative of cyberspace, and Director biology and oncology have of Physical Education and honour U of T bestows on its intellectuals, Florida charts fi eld internationally by and ethical challenges of HIV methods to examine the of The Citizen Lab at the earned him many national Health. His research focuses faculty) in the Departments new trends in business and Thomson-Reuters and was vaccine and other biomedical contextual infl uences on Munk Centre for International and international accolades, on interventions to promote of Medicine and Nutritional community. Ideas from his featured in the Globe and Mail prevention trials and future health-related decisions and Studies. He is co-founder of including the American Society physical activity, as well Sciences, Director of ALLISON MCGEER international bestseller, The and Toronto Life Magazine’s vaccine dissemination. practices. In 2006 she received the OpenNet Initiative and of Hematology E. Donnall as physical activity and St. Michael’s Hospital’s Well-known to the Canadian Rise of the Creative Class, have “25 World Changing Newman applies perspectives a New Investigator Award Information Warfare Monitor Thomas Prize in 2009. psychological well-being. Clinical Nutrition and Risk public for her frequent been infl uential around the Ideas from the Smartest from social work, social from the Canadian Institutes projects and was one of He is a mentor with the Factor Modifi cation Center television news appearances world in the transformation Torontonians” in 2009. psychology and public of Health Research (CIHR). the authors of the Tracking CIHR Pan Canadian Strategic and Canada Research Chair during the SARS outbreak and of economies in cities and health to advance a science GhostNet report, which Training Program in Population in Nutrition, Metabolism and the H1N1 pandemic, Allison regions. of community engagement identifi ed a major global Intervention Research, a Vascular Biology. He developed McGeer is a professor in the in global health and HIV cyber-espionage network member of the ParticipACTION the glycemic index, the dietary JOHN KIRTON Department of Laboratory prevention. infecting over 1,200 computers Research Advisory Group and portfolio and the Eco-Atkins John Kirton is an associate Medicine and Pathobiology in 103 countries. the founding editor of the diet for treatment of diabetes professor of political science, and at the Dalla Lana School Elsevier journal Mental Health and hypercholesterolemia, a Fellow of Trinity College, of Public Health at U of T, as and Physical Activity. has worked with the food Director of the G8 Research well as Director of Infection industry to develop products Group and a Research Control at Mount Sinai with healthy attributes, such Associate of the Munk Centre Hospital. Her research focuses as Loblaws’ Blue Menu line, for International Studies at on the prevention of infection ALED EDWARDS and has served on committees U of T where he also leads a in hospitals and nursing Aled Edwards is Banbury in Canada and the United program on Global Health homes. She currently serves SPENCER C.H. Professor of Medical Research. THOMAS HURKA States formulating nutritional Diplomacy. He has written 36 BARBARA on Canada’s National Advisory His research focuses on the BARRETT Thomas Hurka is Chancellor guidelines. books and has devoted much SHERWOOD LOLLAR Committee on Immunization structure and function of Spencer C.H. Barrett is Henry N.R. Jackman of his career to studying the Barbara Sherwood Lollar is a and on the infection control proteins on a genome-wide University Professor (the Distinguished Professor of G8, G20, Canadian foreign professor in the Department subcommittee of the Ontario DAVID RAYSIDE scale. He is also Chief Executive highest honour U of T bestows Philosophical Studies. His policy, as well as trade and of Geology and Canada Provincial Infectious Diseases David Rayside is a professor of the Structural Genomics on its faculty) and Canada GABRIELE main area of research and environment. He is a frequent Research Chair in Isotope Advisory Committee. of political science and Consortium, a public-private Research Chair in Evolutionary D’ELEUTERIO teaching encompasses moral and highly respected media Geochemistry of the Earth and past Director of the Mark S. partnership formed to promote Genetics in the Department Gabriele D’Eleuterio is a EUGENE FIUME and political philosophy, commentator. the Environment. She leads Bonham Centre for Sexual drug discovery through open of Ecology and Evolutionary professor at the University of Eugene Fiume is a professor specifi cally normative ethical the Stable Isotope Laboratory, Diversity Studies. Over the past access science. Biology. For his pioneering Toronto Institute for Aerospace and past Chair of the theory. A respected and which, through funding from two decades, he has published work on the reproductive Studies (UTIAS). He leads the Department of Computer prolifi c author, Hurka has the Canada Space Agency infl uential books and papers biology and genetics of plants, UTIAS Space Robotics Group, Science, where he co-directs the written several publications and NSERC, was part of the on lesbian/gay rights and particularly invasive species, a multidisciplinary team Dynamic Graphics Project. In on perfectionist moral Indiana-Princeton-Tennessee equity more generally. His he was elected to the Royal drawing on engineering, addition to numerous research theories, including his books JOSÉE JOHNSTON team sponsored through the research pursuits are matched Societies of Canada and computer science, physics, accomplishments, he has long Perfectionism and Virtue, Vice, Josée Johnston is an assistant NASA Astrobiology Institute by an activist engagement London (U.K.) and is a Foreign biology and philosophy. The been active in the digital media and Value. In 2006, he won professor of sociology at U of T (NAI). Her two major areas of with issues relating to gender Honorary Member of the group is currently focusing industry in Canada and the U.S. a prestigious Guggenheim Mississauga. She focuses her investigation include research and sexual orientation. In American Academy of Arts on multiagent systems, 1986 Fiume sits on various boards Fellowship. work on the sociological study on contaminant remediation , he helped secure the and Sciences. self-organization, artifi cial and advises companies on both of food, investigating aspects and the role of hydrocarbon addition of sexual orientation life, genetic algorithms/ technological and business of culture, politics and the and hydrogen gases sustaining in Ontario’s Human Rights programming and the issues. environment. She co-authored deep subsurface life. Code. embodiment of these ideas in the book, Foodies: Democracy hardware. and Distinction in the Gourmet Foodscape (2009). AYELET SHACHAR Ayelet Shachar is a professor of law and political science and holds the Canada VALERIE TARASUK Research Chair in Citizenship Valerie Tarasuk is a professor and Multiculturalism. She is in the Department of the author of Multicultural Nutritional Sciences and the Jurisdictions: Cultural Dalla Lana School of Public Differences and Women’s Rights Health. She is also a member STEPHEN BEDE (2001), an award-winning book of U of T’s Centre for Urban SCHARPER that proved highly infl uential, and Community Studies. Her Stephen Bede Scharper is an dominating public policy and research focuses on the social and economic determinants of associate professor in the legislative debates in Canada KIMBERLY STRONG Department of Anthropology and abroad. Her new book, The health and nutrition, including Kimberly Strong is a professor at U of T Mississauga and at Birthright Lottery: Citizenship food insecurity, nutrition of physics at U of T. Her U of T’s Centre for and Global Inequality (2009) inequities, food policy and food Environment. He is also cross- has been published by Harvard research focuses on making and nutrition issues related to appointed to the Centre for the University Press. atmospheric measurements poverty and homelessness in Study of Religion. Scharper’s from the ground, balloons Canada. research and teaching are in and space to study ozone the areas of environmental depletion, air quality and ethics, religious ethics and climate. She runs the U of T ecology, ecological values and Atmospheric Observatory world views, and the ethics of and is a founding member violence and nonviolence. He of the Canadian Network for is the author of Redeeming the the Detection of Atmospheric Time: A Political Theology of Change. Strong has served the Environment and on national and international co-author with his wife, Hilary committees and panels and Cunningham, a social-cultural has published more than 65 anthropologist, of The Green MOLLY SHOICHET refereed papers. JUDITH TEICHMAN Bible. A popular media Molly Shoichet is Canada Judith Teichman is a professor commentator, he has, for Research Chair in Tissue of political science. She has many years, served as the faith Engineering and a professor published four books and and ethics columnist for the of chemical engineering many scholarly articles on Toronto Star. and applied chemistry, Latin American politics. She chemistry, and biomaterials has spent extended periods of and biomedical engineering. time in Mexico, Argentina and Shoichet specializes in Chile carrying out fi eld research the study of polymers for and served as an electoral regeneration, which are observer in Mexico. Her current materials that promote healing research projects include the in the body. She has received politics of poverty, inequality many honours, including the WAYNE SUMNER and welfare outcomes in Killam Research Fellowship, Wayne Sumner is University Mexico, Chile and South Korea Steacie Fellowship and Professor Emeritus in the and the relationship between Canada’s Top 40 Under 40. Department of Philosophy. inequality, poverty and violence Shoichet is also a Fellow of the His lifetime work in ethical in Mexico. Royal Society of Canada. theory, bioethics and political GREG SCHOLES philosophy earned him 2009 Greg Scholes is a professor of the Molson Prize in chemistry. His current research humanities and social sciences. focuses on interactions Sumner is a Fellow of the Royal between molecules that are Society of Canada and widely initiated by light, for example, recognized as one of the world’s photosynthesis in algae. leading moral philosophers. His many honours include In his most recent book, The election to the Royal Society Hateful and the Obscene, he of Canada’s Academy of focuses on the limits of free Science in 2009 and the Royal expression. The book was Society of Canada Rutherford JANICE GROSS STEIN awarded the C.B. Macpherson CYNTHIA Memorial Medal in Chemistry Janice Gross Stein is Professor Prize for Political Theory by WESLEY-ESQUIMAUX in 2007. Scholes serves as of Confl ict Management in the the Canadian Political Science Cynthia Wesley-Esquimaux Senior Editor for the Journal of Department of Political Science Association. is a professor in Aboriginal Physical Chemistry. and Director of the School of studies at the Centre for Global Affairs at the University Aboriginal Initiatives and the of Toronto’s Munk Centre for Factor-Inwentash Faculty International Studies. A Fellow of Social Work. She has 25 of the Royal Society of Canada years of experience working and member of the Order in community and policy of Canada and the Order of development regarding the Ontario, Stein won the Canada needs of Aboriginal Canadians. Council Molson Prize for her She frequently provides outstanding contributions to commentary on CBC and TVO public debate and co-authored regarding Aboriginal issues and the prize-winning book, The Canadian policy. Unexpected War: Canada in Kandahar. Published by the Offi ce of the Vice President, Research, University of Toronto

EDITORIAL Paul Fraumeni Jenny Hall Jennifer Hsu Lucia Mariani Vena Jose Sigouin Elissa Strome

CONTRIBUTORS MayLiza Baak Judith Chadwick Drew Gyorke Michael Hussey Georgette Zinaty Maya Zminkowska

THANKS TO: Nina Gazzola and Linda Quattrin at the MaRS Discovery District University Health Network, Public Affairs and Communications

DESIGN DUO Strategy and Design Inc. www.duo.ca

PRINCIPAL PHOTOGRAPHY Liam Sharp

ADDITIONAL PHOTOGRAPHY:

His Holiness, the Dalai Lama / Courtesy of the U of T Archives; Steve Frost and Lisa Sakulensky, photographers John Polanyi / John C. Polanyi Jim Balsillie / Research in Motion Rick Hansen / Rick Hansen Foundation Stephen Lewis / Nick Wiebe Julie Payette / Robert Markowitz, NASA - JSC Jeff Rubin / Greg Tjepkema Jayna Hefford / Hockey Canada Robert Bateman / Norm Lightfoot Craig Kielburger / V. Tony Hauser

Image of The GigaGalaxy courtesy of ESO / S. Guisard (www.eso.org/~sguisard) S. Brunier

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