DOCSLIB.ORG

Phenotypic Plasticity and Genetic Variation of Vaccinium Macrocarpon, the American Cranberry. I. Reaction Norms of Clones from C

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phenotypic Plasticity and Genetic Variation of Vaccinium Macrocarpon, the American Cranberry. I. Reaction Norms of Clones from C Phenotypic Plasticity and Genetic Variation of Vaccinium macrocarpon, the American Cranberry. I. Reaction Norms of Clones from Central and Marginal Populations in a Common Garden Author(s): C. Neal Stewart Jr. and Erik T. Nilsen Source: International Journal of Plant Sciences, Vol. 156, No. 5 (Sep., 1995), pp. 687-697 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2475048 . Accessed: 15/04/2011 16:44 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ucpress. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to International Journal of Plant Sciences. http://www.jstor.org Int.J. PlantSci. 156(5):687-697.1995. ? 1995 byThe Universityof Chicago. All rightsreserved. 1058-5893/95/5605-0012$02.00 PHENOTYPICPLASTICITY AND GENETIC VARIATION OF VACCINIUMMACROCARPON, THEAMERICAN CRANBERRY. 1. REACTION NORMS OF CLONESFROM CENTRAL AND MARGINALPOPULATIONS IN A COMMONGARDEN C. NEAL STEWART JR. AND ERIK T. NILSEN Departmentof Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and StateUniversity, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0406 Vaccinium macrocarponAiton (Ericaceae) cranberry,a dwarfshrub and a typicaltaxon in temperate peatbogs, has its central distribution incool temperate regions in eastern North America. Isolated southern marginalpopulations are distributedalong the Appalachian corridor and on theNorth Carolina coastal plain.A commongarden (Blacksburg, Virginia) was utilizedto determinewhether marginal cranberry clonesexhibit greater phenotypic plasticity than central clones. Three central clones from Massachusetts (MA), Wisconsin(WI), and New York (NY) and threemarginal clones from North Carolina (NC), Tennessee(TN), and WestVirginia (WV) weretested. A suiteof phenotypictraits was measuredin responseto edaphicvariation in thecommon garden. An analysisof reaction norms took the form of an analysisof covarianceto testfor significant differences among clones and to estimateregression slopes (plasticity)when compared with environmental (nutrient) variation. There was no regionalvariation in phenotypicplasticity, but there was significantclonal differentiation for77% ofnonintercorrelated traits. However,in mostcases the differences were seemingly random, with little biological importance. Hence littledifferentiation in relation to populationorigin was observedamong clones. Matrix comparisons wereperformed using a Manteltest to checkfor pairwise correlations among the followingmatrices: geographicdistances, trait means, plasticity, and molecularvariation assessed by randomamplified polymorphicDNA (RAPD) profiling.No correspondencewas foundamong matrices. The recentpost- glacialdistribution of cranberry may account for the absence of phenotypic and geneticheterogeneity. Introduction and Bazzaz 1983; Silander1984, 1985a; Mac- Donald and Chinnappa1989; Thompsonet al. Geneticdifferentiation among ecologically di- 1991). An alternativeviewpoint is thatpheno- versepopulations has been widelydocumented typicplasticity and geneticvariation may be pos- (Turesson 1922a, 1922b; Clausen et al. 1940; itivelyassociated. If strongdirectional or stabi- Quinn 1978; Silander1985b). Phenotypicplas- lizingselection were pervasivein populations, ticity,the morphological and/or physiological re- thenphenotypic plasticity could shieldgenetic sponsesof a genotypeto spatialor temporalen- vironmentalheterogeneity, has been hypothe- variationfrom the effectsof selection,thereby maintaininggenetic variation (Gillespie and Tur- sizedto be an importantaspect of genetic differ- entiation elli 1989; Goldsteinand Holsinger1992). withinpopulations (Bradshaw 1965; DeKroon and Schieving(1990) have provided Sultan that 1987). Gause (1947) proposed phe- a frameworkfor characterizing clonal plantlife notypicplasticity could be an alternativemode histories.Most vegetatively spreading facultative of adaptationcompared to "genoadaptation"or intrapopulationalgenetic differentiation. This in- clonalshrubs are classified as conservativegrowth verserelationship between phenotypic plasticity plants.These are homologousto thecategory of "stress variationhas been on em- tolerators"(Grime 1979; Chapin 1980). and genetic rejected This categoryincludes arctic, boreal, and tem- piricalgrounds (Moran et al. 1981; Hume and peratepeatland bog dwarfshrubs, such as Vac- Cavers 1982; Scheinerand Goodnight1984; Woodand Degabriele1985; Schlichting and Lev- cinium macrocarpon,which tolerate a suite of stressessuch lownutrient avail- in environmental as 1986;Taylor and Aarssen1988; Counts1993) and low has ability,physiological drought, temper- and on thefindings that phenotypic plasticity atures.Conservative growers respond plastically a geneticbasis (Bradshaw 1965; Schlichting 1986; to increasednutrient availability, potentially re- Scheinerand Lyman 1991; Scheiner 1994). How- sultingin rapidsite filling by one or a fewgenets, ofa ever,some research supports the hypothesis althoughChapin (1980, 1987) arguesthat phe- trade-offbetween phenotypic plasticity and ge- notypicplasticity would not be an importantmode neticvariation (Cook and Johnson1968; Ped- of adaptationfor these plants. Guerilla growth ersen1968; Jain 1978; Wu and Jain 1978; Zangerl (LovettDoust 1981) wouldallow a singleclone to spatiallyexclude possible competitors from a 'Authorfor correspondence and reprints.Present address: site,thereby rendering a possible selectivead- Departmentof Biology,University of North Carolina, vantageto plasticgenets. This scenarioindicates Greensboro,North Carolina 27412-5001. thatin long-lived perennial plants, plasticity could Manuscriptreceived January 1995; revisedmanuscript re- indeedbe an importantmode of adaptationin ceivedAnril 1995. locationswith heterogeneous microsites. Theo- 687 688 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES Central populations selectionand driftwould decrease the amount of geneticvariation. A facultativelysexual popula- tionmay turn exclusively clonal if fecundity de- creasesto zerobecause of a lackof available ger- minationsites (Eriksson 1992). If a population was exclusivelyclonal, one couldenvisage a sin- gleadaptively plastic clone (or severalclosely re- lated plasticclones) excludingnonplastic intra- specificcompetitors in such a setting.It would not be surprisingthat, if plasticityof growthis an importanttrait, one wouldobserve few genets NC in old isolatedclonal populations. For this study we used V macrocarpon,the commerciallyimportant cranberry that occurs naturallyin peatlandsin thenortheastern United o h rn arg al populations States,the Great Lakes region,and southeastern Canada, withdistributionally marginal popula- tionspocketed in the centraland southernAp- palachian mountainsand the North Carolina coastal plain (fig.1). These two typesof popu- lations(central and marginal)correspond gen- Fig.1 The distributionof Vacciniummacrocarpon showing erallywith glaciation (central) and unglaciation thegeographic location of accessions. (marginal)of the last Pleistocene maximum. There are geneticand ecologicaldifferences as well. Amongcentrally distributed populations there are retically,phenotypic plasticity may be advanta- highergene flow and largersuitable habitats than geous in spatiallyor temporallyheterogeneous in marginalpopulations (Ogle 1984). Marginal habitats,whereas nonplastic or canalized phe- populationsare smaller,have lowersexual re- notypesmay be moreadvantageous in stableor production,and are thoughtto be relictsof the homogeneoushabitats (Sultan 1987). Opportu- Pleistoceneice age(Wieder et al. 1981;Ogle 1984; nityfor site filling by fewclones would be con- Stewart1993b). Moreover,marginal cranberry tingentupon longperiods between colonization populationshave been shownto have lowerge- events(i.e., low immigration),competitive ex- neticvariation than central populations (Stewart clusion,and smallsite area. and Excoffier,in press).Specifically, there were Althoughsubstantial research has recentlyin- fewerdiscernible clones and less interclonalmo- volvedthe nature of phenotypic plasticity and its lecularvariation in marginalpopulations com- rolein plant fitness, very little work has been done paredto central populations. Southern clones were usingclonal plants (Silander 198 5b; deKroon and largerand presumably older, indicating decreased Schieving1990). As a subsetof plasticity studies, recruitmentwithin marginal sites. Also, southern investigationsof geographicpatterning of clonal marginalsites are relativelymore heterogeneous plantplasticity
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Draft Assessment Report on Vaccinium Macrocarpon Aiton, Fructus
    05 May 2021 EMA/HMPC/517879/2016 Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) Assessment report on Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton, fructus Draft Based on Article 16d(1), Article 16f and Article 16h of Directive 2001/83/EC as amended (traditional use) Herbal substance(s) (binomial scientific name of Vaccinii macrocarpi fructus the plant, including plant part) Herbal preparation(s) Expressed juice from the fresh fruit (DER 1:0.6- 0.9) Pharmaceutical form(s) Herbal preparations in liquid dosage forms for oral use Rapporteur(s) Z. Biróné Dr Sándor Assessor(s) O. Roza, E. Widy-Tyszkiewicz Peer-reviewer B. Kroes This draft assessment report is published to support the public consultation of the draft European Union herbal monograph public statement on Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton, fructus. It is a working document, not yet edited, and shall be further developed after the release for consultation of the monograph. Interested parties are welcome to submit comments to the HMPC secretariat, which will be taken into consideration but no ‘overview of comments received during the public consultation’ will be prepared on comments that will be received on this assessment report. The publication of this draft assessment report has been agreed to facilitate the understanding by Interested Parties of the assessment that has been carried out so far and led to the preparation of the draft monograph. Official address Domenico Scarlattilaan 6 ● 1083 HS Amsterdam ● The Netherlands Address for visits and deliveries Refer to www.ema.europa.eu/how-to-find-us Send us a question Go to www.ema.europa.eu/contact Telephone +31 (0)88 781 6000 An agency of the European Union © European Medicines Agency, 2021.
    [Show full text]
  • Vaccinium Macrocarpon Ait. Family: Ericaceae
    Cultivation Notes No. 54 THE RHODE ISLAND WILD PLANT SOCIETY Winter 2011 Cranberry – Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. Family: Ericaceae Cranberry: a Native Jewel By Linda Lapin Cranberries are indispensable for the winter holidays. Tradition brings them to our holiday turkey dinners, and who doesn't have a linen table cloth with at least a little red stain on it from a wayward serving of cranberry sauce? This Rhode Island native berry may be a little smaller than the commercially grown cranberry varieties but is just as tasty when used in sauces, jellies, sweet breads, pies and stuffings. Cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon, grows wild in Rhode Island. Its native range extends from the East Coast to the Central U. S. and Canada, and from Southern Canada in the north to the Appalachians in the south. It is usually found in acid bogs growing in sphagnum along with other ericaceae such as highbush blueberry and black huckleberry. It grows in company with sheep laurel, leatherleaf, pitcher plants, sundews, and saplings of white cedar and red maple. Look for it in the Great Swamp or Diamond Bog. Cranberry was once called crane berry, because the flower resembles the look of a crane’s head and neck with a long sharp beak. Cranes were also observed wading the bogs gobbling up the berries. Other common names are black cranberry, low cranberry, trailing swamp cranberry, bear berry, and bounce berry. (Cranberries really are the best bouncing fruit I know.) A related species is small cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus), which is even smaller and cuter. The plant is a low-growing, evergreen perennial with trailing, wiry stems.
    [Show full text]
  • Vaccinium Macrocarpon
    Published online in http://ijam.co.in ISSN No: 0976-5921 International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine, Vol 11 (1), 30-34 Unrevealing the Magic of Wonder Fruit: Vaccinium Macrocarpon Research Article Himanshu Deswal1*, Amit Bhardwaj2, Vidushi Sheokand3, Jasleen Kaur4, 1. Dental Officer, ECHS Polyclinic, Ropar, Punjab. 2. Professor and Head, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, SGT University, Gurgaon. 3. Reader, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, SGT University, Gurgaon. 4. Private practitioner. Abstract Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry) is a native fruit of northern America. It is a small evergreen shrub which grown in cooler climate of different parts of world. It is an abundant source of Vitamin and Minerals. It has potent health benefits which include its anti adhering property, anti oxidant property, UTI, gastrointestinal system, anti tumor effect as well as in oral diseases. It is more biocompatible and less noxious which makes it more potent therapeutic agent. This review is formed for displaying cranberry as a natural weapon against the medical and oral disease. Key Words: Cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon, Urinary Tract Infection, Periodontal disease, Oral infection, Cancer. Introduction Types Vaccinium macrocarpon is the Latin name of 1. Vaccinium macrocarpon (large cranberry, American the Crain berry plant.(1) The name cranberry is procure cranberry), from craneberry, as it resembles to head neck and bill of 2. Vaccinium microcarpom (small cranberry), crane.(2) 3. Vaccinium oxycoccus (common cranberry or northern cranberry), Habitat 4. Vaccinium erythrocarpum (southern mountain It is extensively cultivated in cooler climes of cranberry)(3) the north Europe, north America, north asia and canada. Among these types of cranberry Vaccinium In United States, New Jersey, Oregon, Wisconsin, macrocarpon has most beneficial effects which has been British Columbia, Washington, Prince Edward Island proven since ancient times.
    [Show full text]
  • Coastal Landscaping in Massachusetts Plant List
    Coastal Landscaping in Massachusetts Plant List This PDF document provides additional information to supplement the Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Coastal Landscaping website. The plants listed below are good choices for the rugged coastal conditions of Massachusetts. The Coastal Beach Plant List, Coastal Dune Plant List, and Coastal Bank Plant List give recommended species for each specified location (some species overlap because they thrive in various conditions). Photos and descriptions of selected species can be found on the following pages: • Grasses and Perennials • Shrubs and Groundcovers • Trees CZM recommends using native plants wherever possible. The vast majority of the plants listed below are native (which, for purposes of this fact sheet, means they occur naturally in eastern Massachusetts). Certain non-native species with specific coastal landscaping advantages that are not known to be invasive have also been listed. These plants are labeled “not native,” and their state or country of origin is provided. (See definitions for native plant species and non-native plant species at the end of this fact sheet.) Coastal Beach Plant List Plant List for Sheltered Intertidal Areas Sheltered intertidal areas (between the low-tide and high-tide line) of beach, marsh, and even rocky environments are home to particular plant species that can tolerate extreme fluctuations in water, salinity, and temperature. The following plants are appropriate for these conditions along the Massachusetts coast. Black Grass (Juncus gerardii) native Marsh Elder (Iva frutescens) native Saltmarsh Cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) native Saltmeadow Cordgrass (Spartina patens) native Sea Lavender (Limonium carolinianum or nashii) native Spike Grass (Distichlis spicata) native Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) native Plant List for a Dry Beach Dry beach areas are home to plants that can tolerate wind, wind-blown sand, salt spray, and regular interaction with waves and flood waters.
    [Show full text]
  • Vaccinium Oxycoccos L
    Plant Guide these fruits in their food economy (Waterman 1920). SMALL CRANBERRY Small cranberries were gathered wild in England and Vaccinium oxycoccos L. Scotland and made into tarts, marmalade, jelly, jam, Plant Symbol = VAOX and added to puddings and pies (Eastwood 1856). Many colonists were already familiar with this fruit Contributed by: USDA NRCS National Plant Data in Great Britain before finding it in North America. Team, Greensboro, NC The small cranberry helped stock the larder of English and American ships, fed trappers in remote regions, and pleased the palates of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark in their explorations across the United States (Lewis and Clark 1965). The Chinook, for example, traded dried cranberries with the English vessel Ruby in 1795 and at Thanksgiving in 1805 Lewis and Clark dined on venison, ducks, geese, and small cranberry sauce from fruit brought by Chinook women (McDonald 1966; Lewis and Clark 1965). Because the small cranberry can grow in association with large cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) in the Great Lakes region, northeastern USA and southeastern Canada (Boniello 1993; Roger Latham pers. comm. 2009) it is possible that the Pilgrims of Plymouth were introduced to both edible Small cranberries growing in a bog on the western Olympic species by the Wampanoag. Peninsula, Washington. Photograph by Jacilee Wray, 2006. The berries are still gathered today in the United Alternate Names States, Canada, and Europe (Himelrick 2005). The Bog cranberry, swamp cranberry, wild cranberry Makah, Quinault, and Quileute of the Olympic Peninsula still gather them every fall and non-Indians Uses from early settler families still gather them (Anderson Said to have a superior flavor to the cultivated 2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Fruit Production in Cranberry (Ericaceae: Vaccinium Macrocarpon): a Bet-Hedging Strategy to Optimize Reproductive Effort1
    American Journal of Botany 93(6): 910–916. 2006. FRUIT PRODUCTION IN CRANBERRY (ERICACEAE: VACCINIUM MACROCARPON): A BET-HEDGING STRATEGY TO OPTIMIZE REPRODUCTIVE EFFORT1 ADAM O. BROWN2 AND JEREMY N. MCNEIL3 Department of Biology, Laval University, Quebec City, G1K 7P4 Canada In the cultivated cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon), reproductive stems produce 1–3 fruit even though they usually have 5–7 flowers in the spring. We undertook experiments to test the hypothesis that this was an adaptive life history strategy associated with reproductive effort rather than simply the result of insufficient pollination. We compared fruit production on naturally pollinated plants with those that were either manually pollinated or that were caged to exclude insects. Clearly, insects are necessary for the effective pollination of cranberry plants, but hand pollination of all flowers did not result in an increase in fruit number. Most of the upper flowers, which had significantly fewer ovules than did the lower flowers, aborted naturally soon after pollination. However, when the lower flower buds were removed, the upper flowers produced fruit. This suggests that the upper flowers may serve as a backup if the earlier blooming lower ones are lost early in the season. Furthermore, the late-blooming flowers may still contribute to the plant’s reproductive success as visiting pollinators remove the pollen, which could serve to sire fruit on other plants. These results are discussed in the context of their possible evolutionary and proximate causes. Key words:
    [Show full text]
  • Cranberry - Wikipedia
    8/16/2018 Cranberry - Wikipedia Cranberry Cranberries are a group of evergreen dwarf shrubs or trailing vines in the Cranberry subgenus Oxycoccus of the genus Vaccinium. In Britain, cranberry may refer to the native species Vaccinium oxycoccos,[1] while in North America, cranberry may refer to Vaccinium macrocarpon.[2] Vaccinium oxycoccos is cultivated in central and northern Europe, while Vaccinium macrocarpon is cultivated throughout the northern United States, Canada and Chile.[3] In some methods of classification, Oxycoccus is regarded as a genus in its own right.[4] They can be found in acidic bogs throughout the cooler regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Cranberry bush with fruit partially Cranberries are low, creeping shrubs or vines up to 2 meters (7 ft) long and 5 submerged to 20 centimeters (2 to 8 in) in height;[5] they have slender, wiry stems that are not thickly woody and have small evergreen leaves. The flowers are dark Scientific classification pink, with very distinct reflexed petals, leaving the style and stamens fully Kingdom: Plantae exposed and pointing forward. They are pollinated by bees. The fruit is a berry that is larger than the leaves of the plant; it is initially light green, Clade: Angiosperms turning red when ripe. It is edible, but with an acidic taste that usually Clade: Eudicots overwhelms its sweetness. Clade: Asterids Cranberries are a major commercial crop in certain American states and Order: Ericales Canadian provinces (see cultivation and uses below). Most cranberries are processed into products such as juice, sauce, jam, and sweetened dried Family: Ericaceae cranberries, with the remainder sold fresh to consumers.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genus Vaccinium in North America
    Agriculture Canada The Genus Vaccinium 630 . 4 C212 P 1828 North America 1988 c.2 Agriculture aid Agri-Food Canada/ ^ Agnculturo ^^In^iikQ Canada V ^njaian Agriculture Library Brbliotheque Canadienno de taricakun otur #<4*4 /EWHE D* V /^ AgricultureandAgri-FoodCanada/ '%' Agrrtur^'AgrntataireCanada ^M'an *> Agriculture Library v^^pttawa, Ontano K1A 0C5 ^- ^^f ^ ^OlfWNE D£ W| The Genus Vaccinium in North America S.P.VanderKloet Biology Department Acadia University Wolfville, Nova Scotia Research Branch Agriculture Canada Publication 1828 1988 'Minister of Suppl) andS Canada ivhh .\\ ailabla in Canada through Authorized Hook nta ami other books! or by mail from Canadian Government Publishing Centre Supply and Services Canada Ottawa, Canada K1A0S9 Catalogue No.: A43-1828/1988E ISBN: 0-660-13037-8 Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data VanderKloet,S. P. The genus Vaccinium in North America (Publication / Research Branch, Agriculture Canada; 1828) Bibliography: Cat. No.: A43-1828/1988E ISBN: 0-660-13037-8 I. Vaccinium — North America. 2. Vaccinium — North America — Classification. I. Title. II. Canada. Agriculture Canada. Research Branch. III. Series: Publication (Canada. Agriculture Canada). English ; 1828. QK495.E68V3 1988 583'.62 C88-099206-9 Cover illustration Vaccinium oualifolium Smith; watercolor by Lesley R. Bohm. Contract Editor Molly Wolf Staff Editors Sharon Rudnitski Frances Smith ForC.M.Rae Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada - Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada http://www.archive.org/details/genusvacciniuminOOvand
    [Show full text]
  • First Insights Into the Whole Genome of a Species Adapted to Bog Habitat Polashock Et Al
    The American cranberry: first insights into the whole genome of a species adapted to bog habitat Polashock et al. Polashock et al. BMC Plant Biology 2014, 14:165 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2229/14/165 Polashock et al. BMC Plant Biology 2014, 14:165 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2229/14/165 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access The American cranberry: first insights into the whole genome of a species adapted to bog habitat James Polashock1*, Ehud Zelzion2, Diego Fajardo3, Juan Zalapa4, Laura Georgi5,6, Debashish Bhattacharya2 and Nicholi Vorsa7 Abstract Background: The American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) is one of only three widely-cultivated fruit crops native to North America- the other two are blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) and native grape (Vitis spp.). In terms of taxonomy, cranberries are in the core Ericales, an order for which genome sequence data are currently lacking. In addition, cranberries produce a host of important polyphenolic secondary compounds, some of which are beneficial to human health. Whereas next-generation sequencing technology is allowing the advancement of whole-genome sequencing, one major obstacle to the successful assembly from short-read sequence data of complex diploid (and higher ploidy) organisms is heterozygosity. Cranberry has the advantage of being diploid (2n =2x = 24) and self-fertile. To minimize the issue of heterozygosity, we sequenced the genome of a fifth-generation inbred genotype (F ≥ 0.97) derived from five generations of selfing originating from the cultivar Ben Lear. Results: The genome size of V. macrocarpon has been estimated to be about 470 Mb. Genomic sequences were assembled into 229,745 scaffolds representing 420 Mbp (N50 = 4,237 bp) with 20X average coverage.
    [Show full text]
  • Cranberry (Vaccinium Macrocarpon) Natural Standard Bottom Line Monograph, Copyright © 2010 (
    Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) Natural Standard Bottom Line Monograph, Copyright © 2010 (www.naturalstandard.com). Commercial distribution prohibited. This monograph is intended for informational purposes only, and should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. You should consult with a qualified healthcare provider before making decisions about therapies and/or health conditions. While some complementary and alternative techniques have been studied scientifically, high-quality data regarding safety, effectiveness, and mechanism of action are limited or controversial for most therapies. Whenever possible, it is recommended that practitioners be licensed by a recognized professional organization that adheres to clearly published standards. In addition, before starting a new technique or engaging a practitioner, it is recommended that patients speak with their primary healthcare provider(s). Potential benefits, risks (including financial costs), and alternatives should be carefully considered. The below monograph is designed to provide historical background and an overview of clinically-oriented research, and neither advocates for or against the use of a particular therapy. Related Terms: American cranberry, Arandano Americano, Arandano trepador, bear berry, black cranberry, bog cranberry, Ericaceae (family), European cranberry, grosse moosebeere, isokarpalo, Kranbeere, Kronsbeere, large cranberry, low cranberry, marsh apple, moosebeere, mossberry, mountain cranberry, Oxycoccus hagerupii, Oxycoccus macrocarpus, Oxycoccus microcarpus,
    [Show full text]
  • Natural History of the American Cranberry, Vaccinium Macrocarpon Ait
    Natural History of the American Cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. The cranberry is a native American fruit. Its native range extends in temperate climate zones from the East Coast to the Central U. S. and Canada and from Southern Canada in the north to the Appalachians in the south. The plant is a low-growing, trailing, woody vine with a perennial habit. Cranberries produce stems or runners from one to six feet long. During the growing season, the leaves are dark green and glossy, turning reddish-brown during the dormant season. The vines form a thick mat over the surface of a cultivated bed. Short vertical upright branches, known as uprights, form from the buds along the runners. The uprights have a vertical (non-trailing) growth habit and form the terminal buds that contain the flower Native distribution of cranberry in North America. buds. Most of the fruit is formed from the flowers on the uprights, with some berries arising from flowers on the runner ends. The plants thrive on the special combination of soils and hydrology found in wetlands. Natural Massachusetts bogs evolved from glacial deposits that left kettle holes lined with impermeable materials. These kettles became filled with water and decaying matter, creating the ideal environment for cranberries. Growing cranberries commercially also requires a surrounding network of support Mature ‘Stevens’ berries. Photo acres — the fields, forests, by Meredith Albright. streams, and ponds that make up the cranberry wetlands system. Many Massachusetts cranberry bogs, particularly those in Plymouth County, are built on bogs that had been mined for iron ore, while most of those on Cape Cod were developed in natural peat bogs.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of a Sphagnum Bog on the Floor of a Sandstone Quarry in Northeastern Ohio1
    246 NEWMAN ET AL. Vol. 83 Copyright © 1983 Ohio Acad. Sci. 0030-0950/83/0005-0246 $2.00/0 DEVELOPMENT OF A SPHAGNUM BOG ON THE FLOOR OF A SANDSTONE QUARRY IN NORTHEASTERN OHIO1 BARBARA K. ANDREAS, Department of Biology, Cuyahoga Community College, Cleveland, OH 44122 GEORGE E. HOST, Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242 ABSTRACT. The vegetation and selected ground water characteristics of Silica Sand Quarry Bog, a pioneer bog forming in an abandoned sandstone quarry, were examined. After 70 years of development the bog mat measures 0.75 km in diameter and contains 35 species of vascular plants and 5 species of Sphagnum. Six species of vascular plants from the bog are on Ohio's rare plant list. The herbaceous layer is the best developed stratum and contains 33% of the total plant species. Importance values indicate Betula populifolia, Vaccinium corymbosum, V. macrocarpon and Sphagnum teres to be the dominant species. Vegetational analysis indicates that the Sphagnum mat is expanding by en- croaching on the extant vegetation, with Vaccinium macrocarpon and Typha latifolia serving as substrates. Sphagnum teres and S. recurvum are the major consolidating species. Analysis of the groundwater indicates that the community is best classified as a weakly minero- trophic swamp. Silica Sand Quarry provides an opportunity to study early stages of bog succession and development in a minerotrophic system. OHIO J. SCI. 83 (5): 246-253, 1983 INTRODUCTION tensive field surveys conducted by thee In his comprehensive survey of peat dede-- senioseniorr authoauthor r betweebetweenn 1971976 anand 198198C0 posits in Ohio, Dachnowski (1912) esti- revealed that fewer than 10 undisturbecd mated that approximately 74,000 ha, oorr acldlacidic bbog°gss remairemainn (Andrea(Andreass 1980)1980).
    [Show full text]