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Vaccinium Macrocarpon Published online in http://ijam.co.in ISSN No: 0976-5921 International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine, Vol 11 (1), 30-34 Unrevealing the Magic of Wonder Fruit: Vaccinium Macrocarpon Research Article Himanshu Deswal1*, Amit Bhardwaj2, Vidushi Sheokand3, Jasleen Kaur4, 1. Dental Officer, ECHS Polyclinic, Ropar, Punjab. 2. Professor and Head, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, SGT University, Gurgaon. 3. Reader, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, SGT University, Gurgaon. 4. Private practitioner. Abstract Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry) is a native fruit of northern America. It is a small evergreen shrub which grown in cooler climate of different parts of world. It is an abundant source of Vitamin and Minerals. It has potent health benefits which include its anti adhering property, anti oxidant property, UTI, gastrointestinal system, anti tumor effect as well as in oral diseases. It is more biocompatible and less noxious which makes it more potent therapeutic agent. This review is formed for displaying cranberry as a natural weapon against the medical and oral disease. Key Words: Cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon, Urinary Tract Infection, Periodontal disease, Oral infection, Cancer. Introduction Types Vaccinium macrocarpon is the Latin name of 1. Vaccinium macrocarpon (large cranberry, American the Crain berry plant.(1) The name cranberry is procure cranberry), from craneberry, as it resembles to head neck and bill of 2. Vaccinium microcarpom (small cranberry), crane.(2) 3. Vaccinium oxycoccus (common cranberry or northern cranberry), Habitat 4. Vaccinium erythrocarpum (southern mountain It is extensively cultivated in cooler climes of cranberry)(3) the north Europe, north America, north asia and canada. Among these types of cranberry Vaccinium In United States, New Jersey, Oregon, Wisconsin, macrocarpon has most beneficial effects which has been British Columbia, Washington, Prince Edward Island proven since ancient times. etc. they are cultivated. Wisconsin and British Columbia are the leading producers. It is also cultivated Composition in Argentina, Netherlands and Chile. They are planted It consist of 80% water and 10% carbohydrates, between April to May, October, early November.(2) (4) while the other 10% are flavonoids, Anthocyanins, catechins, proanthocyanins, triterpenoids, organic acids Botanical Name and ascorbic acid.(5) Citric acid, gallic acid, quinic Kingdom : plantae acid, also a lesser content of benzoic acid and Clade : Tracheophytes glucuronic acid are the organic acids present in it along Clade : Angiosperms with organic acid vitamins such B2, B3, B6, A, C, E, K Clade : Eudicots and minerals such as calcium, Sodium, Zinc, Clade : Asterids magnesium, phosphorus, iron, potassium. It also Order : Ericales contains. phenolic acids like hydroxycinnamic acid Family : Ericaceae including cinnamic, coumaric, caffeic and ferocious Genus : Vaccinium acid and hydroxybenzoic acid including vanillic acid.(2) Subgenus : Oxycoccus Species : Vaccinium macrocarpon(2) Description Cranberry is an evergreen plant of North America. They are four meter shrubs having a flower * Corresponding Author: which is dark pink in colour and have purple spike at Himanshu Deswal, center. They also have reddish black berries. Root Dental Officer, ECHS Polyclinic, length is approx 4 to 6 inches and for nutrients supply it Ropar, Punjab. India. depends on mycorrhizal association.(2) Mail Id: [email protected] 30 Published online in http://ijam.co.in ISSN No: 0976-5921 Himanshu Deswal et.al., Unrevealing the Magic of Wonder Fruit: Vaccinium Macrocarpon Available forms 2. GIT 1. Fresh fruits(2) Helicobacter pylori is a gram negative bacteria 2. Dry fruits(4) resides in the stomach and duodenum of human. It 3. Frozen fruit(2) induces inflammatory reaction of the stomach mucosa 4. Jams(4) which may be leads to stomach cancer, peptic ulcer, 5. Concentrate(2) mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and 6. Tablets(6) idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Growth of 7. Powders(6) 8. Juice(7) Helicobacter pylori was suppressed by Cranberry extract. When use in combination with other food Biological properties products or probiotics it is believed to cause more 1. UTI elimination of the H.pylori.(16) Extract constrains the In urinary tract infection uropathogens enter attachment of bacteria to gastric cells.(17) It is into urinary tract, it mainly affects urinary bladder as efficacious against Bacillus cereus and Clostridium microorganism invade via urethra. Female are more perfringens. prone to UTI than male. If left untreated it can pervade Dissolution of the gram negative bacteria leads towards kidney. Microorganism level crosses the to release of lipopolysaccharides which is present in the threshold limit in urine it leads to Urinary Tract outer membrane of the bacteria. This leads to cell death Infection.(6) Some of symptoms include frequency, supra pubic pain, dysuria, urgency, hematuria, nausea, due to Permeability of the cell and leakage of cell cloudy urine, vomiting, delirium etc.(2) Cranberry is content. Lipopolysaccharies from Salmonella one of the traditional medicine which is used to treat typhimurium and Salmonella infantis releases by UTI. Its extract has antibacterial activity against cranberry extract.(18) uropathogens i.e. Escherichia coli, Enterobacter Antimicrobial property of cranberry extract is aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumonia and Staphylococcus due to gallic acid which destabilizes the membrane of aureus.(8) It curtail the formation of biofilm on the bacteria by chelating divalent cations.(18,19) uroepithelial cells.(9) It consist of proanthocyanidins Biosynthesis of cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus is which has anti clinging property, which constrain interrupted by the anti microbial property of cranberry adherence of bacteria to uroepithelial cells,(10) which is extract. Cranberry extract when use in combination with essential if bacteria is to cause infection.(11) β-lactam antibiotic shows synergetic effect in treating S. Mechanism of action aureus infections.(20) 1. Kinney proposed another mechanism of action that Cranberry extract contains proanthocyanidins cranberry juice contains quinic acid which increases which is active in colon due to which it binds to the excretion of hippuric acid in the urine which is bacterial receptor of colon and hinders its binding with said to have antibacterial effect, thus preventing the uroepithelial cells and inhibit its multiplication.(21) infection.(12) But this however is not accepted as it is not proved. 3. Cardiovascular health 2. Cranberry juice which contains fructose which Cranberry contains flavonoids which are potent antioxidant and reduces the chance of atherosclerosis. prevents the adherence of fimbriated E-Coli to the Deposition of fat, cholesterol and calcium in the uroepithelial cells.(13) arteries, due to which arteries become narrow this leads 3. Cranberry juice may affect the concentration of to a disease called atherosclerosis. Oxygen rich blood Tamm-Horsfall Glycoproteins or Uromodulin in found difficulty in reaching other body parts which can urine which hinders Escherichia coli as well other leads to strokes and heart attacks.(1) bacteria bind to the human kidney.(14) 4. Non-enzymatic production of nitric oxide under 4. Bones acidic conditions. Nitric oxide can become activated Cranberries are the abundant source of calcium. via bacterial nitrate reductase and the induction of Regular intake of cranberry juice, it enhances the inflammation-driven nitric oxide synthase. This in strength of bones.(1) turn could potentially create a bacteriostatic 5. Scurvy environment within the urinary tract.(15) Deficiency of Vitamin C leads to a disease called scurvy. Cranberry juice is an abundant source of Cranberry juice acts beneficial in preventing Vitamin C. Regular intake of cranberry juice impede infection instead of treating the UTI as it has less effect scurvy.(1) on microorganism after adhesion.(2) 31 Published online in http://ijam.co.in ISSN No: 0976-5921 International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine, Vol 11 (1), 30-34 6. Obesity Figure 2: Cranberry proanthocyanidins showing the Cranberry juice is a copious source of organic presence of A-type linkages acid. Organic acid has emulsification effect on the fat accumulated. So, it’s good for obese people.(1) 7. Anti-Aging Cranberry juice contains phytonutrients and many antioxidants. They play an important role in skin protection. Anti oxidant present in cranberry reduces free radicals which enhances its anti aging property.(1) 8. Anti-Oxidant Intake of doxorubicin drug leads to cardiotoxicity by forming free radicals. The free radicals enhance the oxidative stress which causes cardiac failure is resisted by cranberry extract. Cranberry extracts are abundant source of phenoloic acid and flavonoids as these compounds have potent antioxidant effect,(22) they restrict oxidative process in different cells and tissues.(23) 9. Anti-Tumor Effect Among all berries cranberry has highest Anti oxidant property. The oxidative process associated with tumor genesis is restrained with the help of cranberry’s anthocanins antioxidant property.(5) Cranberry proanthocyanidin (PAC) treatment for human 10. Lung Inflammation oesophageal adenocarcinoma restrains the various Inflammation in lungs which is caused by influenza carcinogenic linked processes. PAC treatment virus is cured effectively by the cranberries anti increasing the response of BH3 interacting domain inflammatory property. NDM or non dialyzable
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