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The Roots of Middle-Earth: William Morris's Influence Upon J. R. R. Tolkien
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-2007 The Roots of Middle-Earth: William Morris's Influence upon J. R. R. Tolkien Kelvin Lee Massey University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Literature in English, British Isles Commons Recommended Citation Massey, Kelvin Lee, "The Roots of Middle-Earth: William Morris's Influence upon J. R. R. olkien.T " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2007. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/238 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Kelvin Lee Massey entitled "The Roots of Middle-Earth: William Morris's Influence upon J. R. R. olkien.T " I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in English. David F. Goslee, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Thomas Heffernan, Michael Lofaro, Robert Bast Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Kelvin Lee Massey entitled “The Roots of Middle-earth: William Morris’s Influence upon J. -
Small Renaissances Engendered in JRR Tolkien's Legendarium
Eastern Michigan University DigitalCommons@EMU Senior Honors Theses Honors College 2017 'A Merrier World:' Small Renaissances Engendered in J. R. R. Tolkien's Legendarium Dominic DiCarlo Meo Follow this and additional works at: http://commons.emich.edu/honors Part of the Children's and Young Adult Literature Commons Recommended Citation Meo, Dominic DiCarlo, "'A Merrier World:' Small Renaissances Engendered in J. R. R. Tolkien's Legendarium" (2017). Senior Honors Theses. 555. http://commons.emich.edu/honors/555 This Open Access Senior Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College at DigitalCommons@EMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@EMU. For more information, please contact lib- [email protected]. 'A Merrier World:' Small Renaissances Engendered in J. R. R. Tolkien's Legendarium Abstract After surviving the trenches of World War I when many of his friends did not, Tolkien continued as the rest of the world did: moving, growing, and developing, putting the darkness of war behind. He had children, taught at the collegiate level, wrote, researched. Then another Great War knocked on the global door. His sons marched off, and Britain was again consumed. The "War to End All Wars" was repeating itself and nothing was for certain. In such extended dark times, J. R. R. Tolkien drew on what he knew-language, philology, myth, and human rights-peering back in history to the mythologies and legends of old while igniting small movements in modern thought. Arthurian, Beowulfian, African, and Egyptian myths all formed a bedrock for his Legendarium, and fantasy-fiction as we now know it was rejuvenated.Just like the artists, authors, and thinkers from the Late Medieval period, Tolkien summoned old thoughts to craft new creations that would cement themselves in history forever. -
Clashing Perspectives of World Order in JRR Tolkien's Middle-Earth
ABSTRACT Fate, Providence, and Free Will: Clashing Perspectives of World Order in J. R. R. Tolkien’s Middle-earth Helen Theresa Lasseter Mentor: Ralph C. Wood, Ph.D. Through the medium of a fictional world, Tolkien returns his modern audience to the ancient yet extremely relevant conflict between fate, providence, and the person’s freedom before them. Tolkien’s expression of a providential world order to Middle-earth incorporates the Northern Germanic cultures’ literary depiction of a fated world, while also reflecting the Anglo-Saxon poets’ insight that a single concept, wyrd, could signify both fate and providence. This dissertation asserts that Tolkien, while acknowledging as correct the Northern Germanic conception of humanity’s final powerlessness before the greater strength of wyrd as fate, uses the person’s ultimate weakness before wyrd as the means for the vindication of providence. Tolkien’s unique presentation of world order pays tribute to the pagan view of fate while transforming it into a Catholic understanding of providence. The first section of the dissertation shows how the conflict between fate and providence in The Silmarillion results from the elvish narrator’s perspective on temporal events. Chapter One examines the friction between fate and free will within The Silmarillion and within Tolkien’s Northern sources, specifically the Norse Eddas, the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf, and the Finnish The Kalevala. Chapter Two shows that Tolkien, following Boethius’s Consolation of Philosophy, presents Middle-earth’s providential order as including fated elements but still allowing for human freedom. The second section shows how The Lord of the Rings reflects but resolves the conflict in The Silmarillion between fate, providence, and free will. -
The Divine Alchemy of J. R. R. Tolkien's the Silmarillion David C
The Divine Alchemy of J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Silmarillion David C. Priester, Jr. Gray, GA B.A., English and Philosophy, Vanderbilt University, 2017 A Thesis presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of English University of Virginia May, 2020 Abstract J. R. R. Tolkien’s Silmarillion demonstrates a philosophy of creative imagination that is expressed in argumentative form in Tolkien’s essay “On Fairy Stories.” Fully appreciating the imaginative architecture of Tolkien’s fantastic cosmos requires considering his creative work in literary and theological dimensions simultaneously. Creative writing becomes a kind of spiritual activity through which the mind participates in a spiritual or theological order of reality. Through archetypal patterns Tolkien’s fantasy expresses particular ways of encountering divine presence in the world. The imagination serves as a faculty of spiritual perception. Tolkien’s creative ethic resonates with the theological aesthetics of Hans Urs von Balthasar, a consideration of which helps to illuminate the relationship of theology and imaginative literature in The Silmarillion. Creative endeavors may be seen as analogous to the works of alchemists pursuing the philosopher’s stone through the transfiguration of matter. The Silmarils symbolize the ideal fruits of creative activity and are analogous to the philosopher’s stone. Priester 1 The Divine Alchemy of J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Silmarillion Where shall we begin our study of J. R. R. Tolkien’s Silmarillion? The beginning seems like a very good place to start: “There was Eru, the One, who in Arda is called Ilúvatar; and he made first the Ainur, the Holy Ones, that were the offspring of his thought” (3). -
Treasures of Middle Earth
T M TREASURES OF MIDDLE-EARTH CONTENTS FOREWORD 5.0 CREATORS..............................................................................105 5.1 Eru and the Ainur.............................................................. 105 PART ONE 5.11 The Valar.....................................................................105 1.0 INTRODUCTION........................................................................ 2 5.12 The Maiar....................................................................106 2.0 USING TREASURES OF MIDDLE EARTH............................ 2 5.13 The Istari .....................................................................106 5.2 The Free Peoples ...............................................................107 3.0 GUIDELINES................................................................................ 3 5.21 Dwarves ...................................................................... 107 3.1 Abbreviations........................................................................ 3 5.22 Elves ............................................................................ 109 3.2 Definitions.............................................................................. 3 5.23 Ents .............................................................................. 111 3.3 Converting Statistics ............................................................ 4 5.24 Hobbits........................................................................ 111 3.31 Converting Hits and Bonuses...................................... 4 5.25 -
Of Elves and Men Simon J
Journal of Tolkien Research Volume 3 | Issue 1 Article 1 2016 Fantasy Incarnate: Of Elves and Men Simon J. Cook Dr. None, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch Part of the Esthetics Commons, Intellectual History Commons, and the Literature in English, British Isles Commons Recommended Citation Cook, Simon J. Dr. (2016) "Fantasy Incarnate: Of Elves and Men," Journal of Tolkien Research: Vol. 3: Iss. 1, Article 1. Available at: http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol3/iss1/1 This Peer-Reviewed Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Library Services at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Tolkien Research by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at [email protected]. Cook: Fantasy Incarnate Fantasy Incarnate: Of Elves and Men Introduction The following essay arises out of sustained engagement with the section of J.R.R. Tolkien’s On Fairy Stories entitled ‘Origins’. This section is dense, often elliptical, sometimes cryptic, with depths that have yet to be plumbed. It defies easy exegesis. My attempt to understand the ideas behind the text have led me far afield – into other sections of the essay, into other writings by Tolkien, and into works by other scholars which, in varying degrees, illuminate Tolkien’s thought. I have yet to exhaust this material and more remains to be said. What fruit I now present from my exegetical labour boils down to two claims: that loss of historical memory plays a vital role in Tolkien’s account of mythology, and that the notion of incarnation provides a key to his conception of fantasy.1 The essay consists of four main sections. -
A Structural Analysis of J.R.R. Tolkien's Textural Composition
A Structural Analysis of J.R.R. Tolkien’s Textural Composition Centering on The Silmarillion 文学研究科英文学専攻博士後期課程在学 松 本 裕 子 Yuko Matsumoto 1: Introduction/2: Methods/3: Textural Analysis/ 4: Compound Text/5: Conclusion Chapter 1: Introduction The purpose of this present thesis is to analyze the textural composition of John Ronald Reuel Tolkien’s The Silmarillion: The Silmarillion as a single published work separate from The Lord of the Rings (LOTR). Certainly, the former is very closely connected with the latter, especially, its last part, OF THE RINGS OF POWER AND THE THIRD AGE; the latter can be said to be a natural extension of the former in this sense. On the other hand, however, Quenta Silmarillion is formally supposed to be a single piece of work,1 though it is the essential part of The Silmarillion as a book. In brief there are two kinds of The Silmarillion, or more correctly, two levels of The Silmarillion: The Silmarillion in a broad sense and The (Quenta) Silmarillion in a narrow sense. This thesis treats The Silmarillion in the broad sense. Here we must not miss the following points. The work involved is based upon a vast corpus of materials put together under the title of The History of Middle-Earth: from which another book, Unfinished Tales, was published by Christopher Tolkien, his son, after Tolkien’s death. So it cannot be regarded as Tolkien’s edited work. Christopher Tolkien made a comment on that issue in the introduction of Unfinished Tales;2 1 The Silmarillion is made up of five parts of the tales: AINULINDALЁ, VALAQUENTA, Quenta Silmarillion, AKALLABÊTH, and OF THE RINGS OF POWER AND THE THIRD AGE. -
Examining the Subject of Power in Tolkien Kieran Moriarty Marquette University
Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette 4610 English: Individual Authors: J.R.R. Tolkien English Department 10-1-2015 Dominion: Examining the Subject of Power in Tolkien Kieran Moriarty Marquette University A paper completed for English 4610. Moriarty 1 Kieran Moriarty Dominion: Examining the Subject of Power in Tolkien The discussion of power and one’s use of it in literature is far from a novel one. This is especially so regarding how one uses power to rule others. Two notable and conflicting ways to rule are using one’s power over the ruled, to keep control of them, and using one’s power for the ruled, by helping and supporting them. The clash between these two can be seen as early as the first book of the Jewish and Christian bibles, wherein God gives humans “dominion over…all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth,” asking them to “replenish the earth, and subdue it” (King James Bible, Genesis 1:26, 28). By asking humankind to both subdue and replenish, God is asking them to use both the previously noted ways to rule: to dominate and to aid. This naturally creates a conflict about how to balance these techniques in order to rule correctly. This disagreement between these two is seen elsewhere in literature, and no more so than in J.R.R. Tolkien’s fictional universe. Tolkien’s works primarily deal with massive conflicts between the forces of good and the oppressive forces of evil. Yet, when the war is over, and the good have triumphed, they must find the best way to rule over the lands they have freed. -
<I>The Silmarillion</I> As Aristotelian Epic-Tragedy
Volume 14 Number 3 Article 4 Spring 3-15-1988 The Silmarillion as Aristotelian Epic-Tragedy David Greenman Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore Part of the Children's and Young Adult Literature Commons Recommended Citation Greenman, David (1988) "The Silmarillion as Aristotelian Epic-Tragedy," Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature: Vol. 14 : No. 3 , Article 4. Available at: https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol14/iss3/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Mythopoeic Society at SWOSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature by an authorized editor of SWOSU Digital Commons. An ADA compliant document is available upon request. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To join the Mythopoeic Society go to: http://www.mythsoc.org/join.htm Mythcon 51: A VIRTUAL “HALFLING” MYTHCON July 31 - August 1, 2021 (Saturday and Sunday) http://www.mythsoc.org/mythcon/mythcon-51.htm Mythcon 52: The Mythic, the Fantastic, and the Alien Albuquerque, New Mexico; July 29 - August 1, 2022 http://www.mythsoc.org/mythcon/mythcon-52.htm Abstract Illustrates how the First Age narratives in The Silmarillion and Unfinished alesT implement key ideas from Aristotle’s Poetics. Identifies the history of the first age as Aristotelian epic-tragedy. Additional Keywords Aristotle. Poetics—Relation to The Silmarillion; Epic tragedy in The Silmarillion; Tolkien, J.R.R. The Silmarillion; Tolkien, J.R.R. -
Of Elvish History: Northern Courage, Historical Bias, and Literary Artifact As Illustrative Narrative
Volume 38 Number 2 Article 3 5-15-2020 The 'Wyrdwrīteras' of Elvish History: Northern Courage, Historical Bias, and Literary Artifact as Illustrative Narrative Richard Z. Gallant Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Institut für Anglistik/Amerikanistik - Mediävistik Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore Part of the Children's and Young Adult Literature Commons Recommended Citation Gallant, Richard Z. (2020) "The 'Wyrdwrīteras' of Elvish History: Northern Courage, Historical Bias, and Literary Artifact as Illustrative Narrative," Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature: Vol. 38 : No. 2 , Article 3. Available at: https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol38/iss2/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Mythopoeic Society at SWOSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature by an authorized editor of SWOSU Digital Commons. An ADA compliant document is available upon request. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To join the Mythopoeic Society go to: http://www.mythsoc.org/join.htm Mythcon 51: A VIRTUAL “HALFLING” MYTHCON July 31 - August 1, 2021 (Saturday and Sunday) http://www.mythsoc.org/mythcon/mythcon-51.htm Mythcon 52: The Mythic, the Fantastic, and the Alien Albuquerque, New Mexico; July 29 - August 1, 2022 http://www.mythsoc.org/mythcon/mythcon-52.htm Abstract Tolkien’s legendarium writings display a subtle command of the perspectives and aims of different storytellers, as this examination of the many “chroniclers of Elvish history” and their various motivations demonstrates. -
Middle-Earth and Midgard: the Viking Sagas in Tolkien’S Legendarium LOGAN QUIGLEY
article Middle-earth and Midgard: the Viking Sagas in Tolkien’s Legendarium LOGAN QUIGLEY he world of J.R.R. Tolkien’s Arda, populated by legendarium. In a manner similar to the Icelandic sagas, Men, Elves, Dwarves, and Hobbits, and crawling Tolkien’s legendarium develops through time, beginning with all manner of strange otherworldly creatures – with the Silmarillion, which acts in the same manner as Ttrolls, wraiths, and goblins, to name a few – appears Snorri Sturluson’s Edda and Poetic Edda, retelling of the understandably alien to the modern-day reader. The con- genesis of the world and fantastic stories concerning deities, temporary world has little room for the existence of such heroes, dragons, and demons, and moving through the pas- beings, and with the technology of the modern-day, it’s hard sage of time until his acclaimed epic, the Lord of the Rings, to believe the world’s forests could be hiding Ent popula- which mirrors the later Icelandic sagas in its more mundane tions from our view. Still, there is something about Tolkien’s and relationship-focused depiction of the world. Tolkien’s Arda that intrigues readers from generation to generation, legendarium, as beloved as it is in today’s modern world, keeping it high on the best-sellers list as the years pass by. speaks to the development of the human race through time Perhaps the mysticism of his world offers such appeal to as it draws on Viking worldviews established in the medieval readers in a world where very little seems mysterious or Icelandic sagas, suggesting that while contemporary society unknown anymore; the notion of beings just as intelligent may seem lacking in mystery and intrigue, there is far more and powerful than ourselves, if not more so, living among us to know about the world than we are aware. -
History of Magic (5)
History of Magic (5) There is some dispute within the community of historical researchers over the first usage of magic within E¨a. Some scholars claim that the shaping of the world by the Ainuir involved the use of magic; others define magic as the manipulation of Earthblood and claim that powers innate to beings from outside of E¨adon’t count. Regardless of the definition being used, one rule always applies: In every physical act of creation outside the scheme conceived by Eru, a part of the creator is tied to the physical world; this rule holds true for the Children of Il´uvatar and the Ainuir alike. 1 The Origins of Magical Techniques 1.1 Songs of Power – Elven Ritual Magic Not long after they awoke around a mere in darkness, the Firstborn Children of Il´uvatar invented language and song in order to name and describe that which they saw around them. Thanks to the Power inherent within the fathers of the Elves and the world awakening around them, some of the first songs of the Elves became the first Songs of Power. Those elves taken by Morgoth and twisted into the fathers of the orcs must have dimly remembered their earlier lives, as the earliest orcish war chants appear to have been based on the earliest elven songs of power. 1.2 Alchemy Ever since Il´uvatar first created all that is and will be, the creatures born of his thought into his creation have emulated their maker. The mightiest artifacts came from the forges of the Noldor, who were beloved of Aul¨e, and he and his Maiar often came among them.