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Scottish Fungi mushroom leaflet artwork:Layout 1 23/10/09 13:58 Page 1 akrudphoto: Background Fairy Inkcap ( ....and some fungi that Fairies and witches Fascinated by fungi and disemminatus Coprinellus Massive! Wood ( Blewit you probably won't see. One of the largest, heaviest and oldest living things Think of ‘dingly dells’ and toadstools, and you will almost certainly The wild and want to know more? known on earth is a mushroom growing in North West conjure up fairytale imagery, with perhaps a hint of sinister unease. America. It weighs in at an estimated 150 metric nuda Lepista Fungi have held a strong and evocative place in British folklore, much These species are rare and are tonnes, covers 890 hectares and is at least 2,400 years more so than in other European countries, which perhaps partly wonderful world of To find out more about fungi in your area, contact your local council old. Now that’s a monster and the same Honey Fungus ) © Laurie Campbell explains why we eat them less. If comparing the number of species ) listed in the UK Biodiversity rangers, the British Mycological Society (www.britmycolsoc.org.uk), (Armillaria ostoyae) is widespread in Scotland! © Laurie Campbell on sale for eating, in the UK there are hardly any, in Switzerland there Action Plan. or Plantlife Scotland. There are several local fungus recording are 78 and in Sweden there are at least 300! groups across Scotland that you could join. Honey Fungus (Armillaria ostoyae) © Joe Sutton, Plantlife Witches have played a part in fungi myths. Look for the growths on trees that are a mass of small twigs growing in a cluster, known as Witches’ Broom, resembling a huge bird’s nest. In folklore these were thought to Scottish Fungi Beastly connections be caused by witches flying overhead on broom sticks but actually this is White Stalkball Tulostoma niveum Just as there are close associations of fungi with plants, there are also a fungi from the Exoascus family. close associations with invertebrate animals. In Scotland, some wood This puffball is very rare. In Britain it is known only on A fungus called Witches’ Butter (Exidia glandulosa), is a nasty-looking two Scottish mountains where it grows amongst mosses wasps and beetles use fungi to help break down food for their larvae. olive-black gelatinous growth on decaying twigs, and it was thought on exposed limestone boulders. Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) use special sticky knobs on that witches and trolls scattered this about when they milked cows AUTUMN AND WINTER their mycelium to capture eel-worms, using their body fluids as food. © Liz Holden The Scottish Wild Mushroom Code gives during the night. up to date information on collecting Giant Wood Wasp (Urocerus gigas) © Holger Gröschl Fairies are important too. There was an old superstition that a girl mushrooms sustainably, and can be viewed could improve her appearance by bathing her face in the dew on a May Mushroom or toadstool? morning, but woe betide her if she did this inside a fairy ring! It was said Fairy on the Forest Harvest Website: There is no scientific difference between the meanings of the that fairies could avenge themselves by spoiling her complexion with spots and blemishes. A fairy ring, which can often appear overnight, was Rings words mushroom and toadstool, and although modern usage www.forestharvest.org.uk apparently the result of fairies dancing in a circle whilst humans slept. suggests that a mushroom is edible and a toadstool is not, both Witches Broom (Taphrina betulina) Join Plantlife today to help us protect terms can be used to describe any fleshy fruiting body with a © Alan Watson/Forest Light cap and stem. The Scots term for mushroom or toadstool is Hazel Gloves our fantastic Scottish fungi puddock-stool, puddock being a Scots word for toad. Hypocreopsis rhododendri In the UK, this amazing rubber glove-like rare fungus Climate change has mainly been found on standing, dead stems of Hazel, Loss of unimproved but also on living Hazel branches and living and dead Loss of sand branches of Blackthorn. It is known in coastal woodland dunes to lawns and pastures sites in western Scotland. Thank fungi for cakes development through ploughing ALL YEAR ROUND Devil's Tooth Without yeast, itself a fungus, there would be no beer, which or the addition of © Liz Holden Hydnellum peckii was of incalculable benefit to early civilisations for sterilising fertilisers Often found beneath conifers, in damp weather Devil’s Tooth contaminated water.Nor would we have bread, some cakes produces ruby-like drops of liquid on its cap. This liquid and meat substitutes, all made by the fermenting ability of fungi. Our contains a mushroom pigment called atromentin, which BRITISH has anticoagulant properties similar to heparin. Look LICHEN underneath the cap of a tooth fungus and you will see SOCIETY fantastic Loss of wayside tooth-like structures as opposed to gills or tubes. The native Removal of pinewoods of Scotland are a hotspot for tooth fungi in the UK. This booklet was written and produced by Plantlife Scotland, who would like to thank Roy Watling and and hedgerow Scottish Natural Heritage for the Naturally Scottish Series booklet, Fungi, which was an inspiration deadwood fungi are SUMMER AND AUTUMN trees © Mark Gurney and David Genney (top right) for this leaflet and is available from SNH Publications. threatened ISBN: 978-1-907141-07-2 Twig gluing - an amazing adaptation Angel’s Ebony Cup Pseudoplectania nigrella The Glue Crust fungus (Hymenochaete corrugata) Wings © September 2009 This fungus grows on decaying wood, litter and soil in keeps dead Hazel twigs for itself by gluing them Airborne coniferous, usually pine, forests. Fruiting in late winter, Plantlife Scotland, Balallan House, Allan Park, Stirling FK8 2QG its shiny black cups make a stunning contrast to the Tel +44 (0)1786 478509 to living branches in the canopy, thus preventing pollution melting snows in March. Email [email protected] them from falling to the ground where many other Clear felling of WINTER AND SPRING www.plantlife.org.uk fungi would be competing for the nutrients. ancient woodland Unsustainable © Liz Holden Plantlife International – The Wild Plant Conservation Charity is a charitable company limited by guarantee. collection Registered Charity Number: 1059559 Charity registered in Scotland Number: SC038951 © Liz Holden Registered Company Number: 3166339, registered in England. mushroom leaflet artwork:Layout 1 23/10/09 13:59 Page 2 akrudphoto: Background Amethyst Deceiver Eco-heroes Wrinkled Fieldcap Laccaria amethystina Fungi you Agrocybe rivulosa Common and found growing in soil under trees. Scotland's secret kingdom Fungi are the planet’s natural recyclers. Many prevent the accumulation of dead plants and Growing on rotting wood Jelly Ear SUMMER AND AUTUMN akrudphoto: Background animals by breaking them down into nutrients. These are then used by growing plants, chips, this beautiful Auricularia auricula-judae Scotland’s astonishing variety of fungi often goes unnoticed. Spectacular species was unknown to © Laurie Campbell This jelly fungus is conspicuously acp ( Waxcaps providing a sustainable environment not just for nature, but for humans and their crops. might see science before 2003 and ear shaped, and ranges in colour from species grow in our majestic Caledonian pine forests, in our Celtic rainforests probably came into the purple to dark brown or black, with a of the west, on our dramatic ‘alpine’ mountains of the highlands, among our As well as breaking down dead material, some fungi can exist in partnership with living Hygrocybe UK on bark chippings rubbery texture. It is most often found on dead Elder trees but also on Elms. sand dunes and amidst our lovely ancient pastures as well as thriving in ( Saddle Dryad's things. Over 90 percent of our trees, shrubs and wild flowers depend upon fungi located in Scotland imported from overseas. AUTUMN ALL YEAR ROUND within or upon their roots to survive. These fungi scavenge mineral salts and other ) © Laurie Campbell Artist’s Bracket parks and gardens. nutrients such as organic phosphate from the surrounding soil, which they in turn make © www.wildaboutBritain © Laurie Campbell Ganoderma applanatum Turkeytail Trametes versicolor This bracket fungus, often found near the base of or on the stumps oyou squamosus Polyporus available to their host plant. Fungi can also protect host plant roots from grazing by Common Bird's Nest This is a stunning fungus found on fallen logs or stumps of old Beech trees, releases millions of rusty-coloured spores. invertebrates. In exchange the fungi receive sugars, carbohydrates and vitamins created by Crucibulum laeve of deciduous trees; in the late afternoon light its white What are fungi? Like a delicate bird’s nest containing It produces enzymes to break down living wood. ALL YEAR ROUND crinkly edges glow like ice-rimmed cocktail glasses. their host plants during photosynthesis. These associations are called mycorrhizas, and ‘eggs’, this fungus grows on woodland © Laurie Campbell ALL YEAR ROUND A kingdom of their own many mushrooms and toadstools we see in the autumn are involved in these processes. debris such as sticks, leaves, nutshells, needles, woodchips and dung. When a Bitter Beech Bolete © Laurie Campbell Fungi are unlike plants and animals. In fact they are so different that they are put into ) Common Puffball © Laurie Campbell raindrop falls into the 'nest', the 'eggs' are Fungi also help humans fight disease and are the source of some of our Boletus calopus Lycoperdon perlatum a special kingdom of their own. projected out of the cup and use tiny, sticky Appearing in This puffball mushroom has a top covered most successful antibiotics. They provide food and shelter for many cords to attach themselves to new homes. coniferous and in short spines which quickly rub off leaving Unlike plants, fungi can’t photosynthesize.
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