Pensions, Purchasing- Power Risk, Inflation and Indexation
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Report 2018 Pension Adequacy
PENSION ADEQUACY REPORT 2018 CURRENT AND FUTURE INCOME ADEQUACY IN OLD AGE IN THE EU VOLUME 1 European Commission Directorate-General for Employement, Social Affairs and Inclusion 1049 Brussels BELGIUM Manuscript completed in 2018 Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of the following information. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2018 © European Union, 2018 Reuse is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. The reuse policy of European Commission documents is regulated by Decision 2011/833/EU (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not under the EU copyright, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders. Cover photo: ©Shutterstock PDF ISBN 978-92-79-85657-0 doi:10.2767/406275 KE-01-18-457-EN-N European Commission Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion Social Protection Committee The 2018 Pension Adequacy Report: current and future income adequacy in old age in the EU Volume I Joint Report prepared by the Social Protection Committee (SPC) and the European Commission (DG EMPL) 2018 Acknowledgements The 2018 Pension Adequacy Report (PAR) has been prepared by the Directorate General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion of the European Commission (Unit C2 ‘Modernisation of social protection systems’, headed by Radek Malý (until 31 December 2016) and Ana Carla Pereira), in collaboration with the Social Protection Committee (SPC, chaired by Ulrika Hall) and its Working Group on Ageing Issues (SPC WG-AGE, chaired by Andraž Rangus) and the Indicators Sub-group (chaired by Rudi Van Dam, with Volker Schmitt chairing the discussions on the PAR). -
Gold As a Store of Value
WORLD GOLD COUNCIL GOLD AS A STORE OF VALUE By Stephen Harmston Research Study No. 22 GOLD AS A STORE OF VALUE Research Study No. 22 November 1998 WORLD GOLD COUNCIL CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..............................................................................3 THE AUTHOR ..............................................................................................4 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................5 1 FIVE COUNTRIES, ONE TALE ..............................................................9 1.1 UNITED STATES: 1796 – 1997 ..................................................10 1.2 BRITAIN: 1596 – 1997 ................................................................14 1.3 FRANCE: 1820 – 1997 ................................................................18 1.4 GERMANY: 1873 – 1997 ............................................................21 1.5 JAPAN: 1880 – 1997....................................................................24 2 THE RECENT GOLD PRICE IN RELATION TO HISTORIC LEVELS....28 2.1 THE AVERAGE PURCHASING POWER OF GOLD OVER TIME ................................................................................28 2.2 DEMAND AND SUPPLY FUNDAMENTALS ............................31 3 TOTAL RETURNS ON ASSETS ..........................................................35 3.1 CUMULATIVE WEALTH INDICES: BONDS, STOCKS AND GOLD IN THE US 1896-1996 ....................................................35 3.2 COMPARISONS WITH BRITAIN ..............................................38 -
What Is the Cost of Total Pension Provision and Who Pays the Bill? Cross-National Comparison of Pension Contributions
Kokonaiseläke 2016 Kokonaiseläke FINNISH CENTRE FOR PENSIONS, 09 REPORTS 2016 Katsaus työeläkkeen, kansaneläkkeen ja verotuksen määräytymiseen ja verotuksen kansaneläkkeen työeläkkeen, Katsaus What is the cost of total pension provision and who pays the bill? Cross-national comparison of pension contributions MIKA VIDLUND MARJA KIVINIEMI ANTTI MIELONEN NIKO VÄÄNÄNEN FINNISH CENTRE FOR PENSIONS, 09 REPORTS 2016 What is the cost of total pension provision and who pays the bill? Cross-national comparison of pension contributions MIKA VIDLUND MARJA KIVINIEMI ANTTI MIELONEN NIKO VÄÄNÄNEN Finnish Centre for Pensions FI-00065 ELÄKETURVAKESKUS, FINLAND Telephone +358 29 411 20 E-mail: [email protected] Eläketurvakeskus 00065 ELÄKETURVAKESKUS Puhelin: 029 411 20 Sähköposti: [email protected] Pensionsskyddscentralen 00065 PENSIONSSKYDDSCENTRALEN Telefon: 029 411 20 E-post: fö[email protected] Juvenes Print – Suomen Yliopistopaino Oy Helsinki 2016 ISBN 978-951-691-253-3 (s-b) ISBN 978-951-691-254-0 (PDF) ISSN 1238-5948 (printed) ISSN 1798-7490 (online) Subscribe to our Newsletter (at http://www.etk.fi/en/newsletter/) that present highlights of Finnish pensions and make international comparisons. FOREWORD This report provides new and comprehensive information on pension contribution levels in different European countries. The report is an updated and extended version of previous comparisons published in 2003 and 2008. The comparison is based on country data compiled by the writers of this report. We wish to express our thanks for -
Burgernomics: a Big Mac Guide to Purchasing Power Parity
Burgernomics: A Big Mac™ Guide to Purchasing Power Parity Michael R. Pakko and Patricia S. Pollard ne of the foundations of international The attractive feature of the Big Mac as an indi- economics is the theory of purchasing cator of PPP is its uniform composition. With few power parity (PPP), which states that price exceptions, the component ingredients of the Big O Mac are the same everywhere around the globe. levels in any two countries should be identical after converting prices into a common currency. As a (See the boxed insert, “Two All Chicken Patties?”) theoretical proposition, PPP has long served as the For that reason, the Big Mac serves as a convenient basis for theories of international price determina- market basket of goods through which the purchas- tion and the conditions under which international ing power of different currencies can be compared. markets adjust to attain long-term equilibrium. As As with broader measures, however, the Big Mac an empirical matter, however, PPP has been a more standard often fails to meet the demanding tests of elusive concept. PPP. In this article, we review the fundamental theory Applications and empirical tests of PPP often of PPP and describe some of the reasons why it refer to a broad “market basket” of goods that is might not be expected to hold as a practical matter. intended to be representative of consumer spending Throughout, we use the Big Mac data as an illustra- patterns. For example, a data set known as the Penn tive example. In the process, we also demonstrate World Tables (PWT) constructs measures of PPP for the value of the Big Mac sandwich as a palatable countries around the world using benchmark sur- measure of PPP. -
How Real Is the Threat of Deflation to the Banking Industry?
An Update on Emerging Issues in Banking How Real is the Threat of Deflation to the Banking Industry? February 27, 2003 Overview The recession that began in March 2001 has had a generally benign effect on the banking industry, which remains highly profitable and well capitalized. The current financial strength of the industry is an important buffer against the effects of economic shocks. Nevertheless, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) routinely considers a number of economic scenarios that could develop over the next several quarters to evaluate factors that could result in the erosion in the financial health of individual banks or the industry. One such scenario that could present a major challenge to the banking industry involves deflation. This paper outlines the current debate over deflation, focusing on its potential effect on the banking industry. What is Deflation and How Does It Affect the Economy? Deflation refers to a decline in the general price level, usually caused by a sharp decline in money or credit supply or a severe contraction in the economy.1 Although sometimes used interchangeably, deflation differs from disinflation -- a falling rate of inflation. Although there have been sector-specific downward price adjustments, the U.S. economy has not experienced an outright decline in the aggregate price level since World War II, except for a brief and mild deflation in 1949.2 However, the inflation rate in the U.S. has fallen steadily since the early 1980s. In order to fully understand the effect of deflation on economic output, it is important to differentiate the concept of a "real" value from a "nominal" value. -
Exploring the Role of ICT- Enabled Social Innovation to Support The
Exploring the role of ICT- Enabled Social Innovation to support the modernisation of EU Social Protection Systems Findings and insights from analysis of case studies in fourteen Member States Gianluca Misuraca, Giulio Pasi, Fabienne Abadie, Csaba Kucsera and Marco Virginillo 2017 EUR 28570 EN This publication is a Science for Policy report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication. Contact information: Gianluca Misuraca, Senior Scientist, IESI Project Leader European Commission's Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Growth & Innovation, Seville, Spain Email: [email protected] JRC Science Hub https://ec.europa.eu/jrc JRC106484 EUR 28570 EN PDF ISBN 978-92-79-68102-8 ISSN 1831-9424 doi:10.2760/256658 Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2017 © European Union, 2017 The reuse of the document is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the original meaning or message of the texts are not distorted. The European Commission shall not be held liable for any consequences stemming from the reuse. How to cite this report: Misuraca, G., Pasi, G., Abadie, F., Kucsera, C., Virginillo, M., (2017) 'Exploring the role of ICT-Enabled -
Measuring the Great Depression
Lesson 1 | Measuring the Great Depression Lesson Description In this lesson, students learn about data used to measure an economy’s health—inflation/deflation measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI), output measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and unemployment measured by the unemployment rate. Students analyze graphs of these data, which provide snapshots of the economy during the Great Depression. These graphs help students develop an understanding of the condition of the economy, which is critical to understanding the Great Depression. Concepts Consumer Price Index Deflation Depression Inflation Nominal Gross Domestic Product Real Gross Domestic Product Unemployment rate Objectives Students will: n Define inflation and deflation, and explain the economic effects of each. n Define Consumer Price Index (CPI). n Define Gross Domestic Product (GDP). n Explain the difference between Nominal Gross Domestic Product and Real Gross Domestic Product. n Interpret and analyze graphs and charts that depict economic data during the Great Depression. Content Standards National Standards for History Era 8, Grades 9-12: n Standard 1: The causes of the Great Depression and how it affected American society. n Standard 1A: The causes of the crash of 1929 and the Great Depression. National Standards in Economics n Standard 18: A nation’s overall levels of income, employment and prices are determined by the interaction of spending and production decisions made by all households, firms, government agencies and others in the economy. • Benchmark 1, Grade 8: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is a basic measure of a nation’s economic output and income. It is the total market value, measured in dollars, of all final goods and services produced in the economy in a year. -
STATISTICS BRIEF Purchasing Power Parities – Measurement and Uses
STATISTICS Purchasing power BRIEF parities – measurement 2002 March No. 3 and uses by Paul Schreyer and Francette Koechlin How does one compare economic data between countries that is expressed in units of national currency? And in particular, how should measures of production and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) be converted into a common unit? One answer to this ques- tion is to use market exchange rates. While straightforward, this turns out to be an unsatisfactory solution for many purposes – primarily because exchange rates reflect so many more influences than the direct price comparisons that are required to make In this issue volume comparisons. Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs) provide such a price compari- son and this is the rationale for the work of the OECD and other international organisa- 1 What are PPPs? tions in this field (see chart 1). The OECD publishes new sets of benchmark PPPs every three years, drawing on detailed international price comparisons. Every time a new set of 2 Who uses them? benchmark PPPs is released, this also gives rise to a new set of international compari- 3 How to measure sons of levels of GDP and economic welfare. economic welfare, ... 3 ... the size of economies, ... What are PPPs? 4 ... productivity ? In their simplest form, PPPs are price relatives, which show the ratio of the prices in 5 Comparing price levels national currencies of the same good or service in different countries. A well-known 5 Inter-temporal compari- example of a one-product comparison is The Economist’s BigMacCurrency index, sons: using current presented by the journal as ”burgernomics”, whereby the BigMac PPP is the conversion or constant PPPs rate that would mean hamburgers cost the same in America as abroad. -
The Political Economy of the Bretton Woods Agreements Jeffry Frieden
The political economy of the Bretton Woods Agreements Jeffry Frieden Harvard University December 2017 1 The Allied representatives who met at Bretton Woods in July 1944 undertook an unprecedented endeavor: to plan the international economic order. To be sure, an international economy has existed as long as there have been nations, and there had been recognizable international economic orders in the recent past – such as the classical era of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. However, these had emerged organically from the interaction of technological, economic, and political developments. By the same token, there had long been international conferences and agreements on economic issues. Nonetheless, there had never been an attempt to design the very structure of the international economy; indeed, it is unlikely that anybody had ever dreamed of trying such a thing. The stakes at Bretton Woods could not have been higher. This essay analyzes the sources of the Bretton Woods Agreements and the system they created. The system grew out of the international economic experiences of the previous century, as understood through the lens of both history and theory. It was profoundly influenced by the domestic politics of the countries that created the system, in particular by the United States and the United Kingdom. It was molded by the conflicts, compromises, and agreements among the signatories to the agreement, as they bargained their way up to and through the Bretton Woods Conference. The results of those complex domestic and international interactions have shaped the world economy for the past 75 years. 2 The historical setting The negotiators at Bretton Woods could look back on recent history to help guide their efforts. -
Was the Great Deflation of 1929–33 Inevitable?
Marek A. Dąbrowski “Was the Great De\ ation of 1929–33 inevitable?”, Journal Journal of International Studies , Vol. 7, No 2, 2014, pp. 46-56. DOI: 10.14254/2071-8330.2014/7-2/4 of International Studies c Papers © Foundation of International Was the Great Defl ation of 1929–33 Studies, 2014 © CSR, 2014 inevitable? Scienti Marek A. Dąbrowski Cracow University of Economics Poland e-mail: [email protected] Abstract. Q is paper re-examines the recent and provocative hypothesis that the Great De- Received : June, 2014 \ ation of 1929–33 was an inevitable consequence of the return to the gold convertibil- 1st Revision: ity of currencies at pre-war parities. An alternative hypothesis, that the relative prices September, 2014 of gold tended to gravitate to one another, is put forward in this paper. Q is hypothesis Accepted: October, 2014 is derived from the conventional gold standard model and Cassel’s well known insights on purchasing power of currency. Empirical evidence lends support to the alternative DOI: hypothesis: even though the relative price of gold returned to its pre-war level by 1931, 10.14254/2071- the adjustment process was mainly driven by di[ erences between countries rather than 8330.2014/7-2/4 the absolute deviation from the pre-war level. Keywords: Great De\ ation, international gold standard, purchasing power, real exchange rate JEL Code: F31, F44, N10, E31 INTRODUCTION One of the most intriguing economic phenomena was the Great Depression. Q ere is a myriad of hy- potheses on the causes and nature of the Great Depression, e.g. -
Deflation: Economic Significance, Current Risk, and Policy Responses
Deflation: Economic Significance, Current Risk, and Policy Responses Craig K. Elwell Specialist in Macroeconomic Policy August 30, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R40512 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Deflation: Economic Significance, Current Risk, and Policy Responses Summary Despite the severity of the recent financial crisis and recession, the U.S. economy has so far avoided falling into a deflationary spiral. Since mid-2009, the economy has been on a path of economic recovery. However, the pace of economic growth during the recovery has been relatively slow, and major economic weaknesses persist. In this economic environment, the risk of deflation remains significant and could delay sustained economic recovery. Deflation is a persistent decline in the overall level of prices. It is not unusual for prices to fall in a particular sector because of rising productivity, falling costs, or weak demand relative to the wider economy. In contrast, deflation occurs when price declines are so widespread and sustained that they cause a broad-based price index, such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI), to decline for several quarters. Such a continuous decline in the price level is more troublesome, because in a weak or contracting economy it can lead to a damaging self-reinforcing downward spiral of prices and economic activity. However, there are also examples of relatively benign deflations when economic activity expanded despite a falling price level. For instance, from 1880 through 1896, the U.S. price level fell about 30%, but this coincided with a period of strong economic growth. -
Convergence to Purchasing Power Parity at the Commencement of The
Convergence to Purchasing Power Parity at the Commencement of the Euro Claude Lopez and David H. Papell University of Houston March 2003 We investigate convergence towards Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) within the Euro Zone and between the Euro Zone and its main partners using panel data methods that incorporate serial and contemporaneous correlation. We find strong rejections of the unit root hypothesis, and therefore evidence of PPP, in the Euro Zone for different numeraire currencies, as well as in the Euro Zone plus the United States, with the US dollar as the numeraire currency, starting between 1996 and 1999. The process of convergence towards PPP, however, begins earlier, generally in 1992 or 1993 following the adoption of the Maastricht Treaty. Correspondence to: Department of Economics, University of Houston, TX 77204-5019 Claude Lopez, Tel: (713) 743- 3816, E-Mail: [email protected] David H. Papell, Tel: (713) 743- 3807, E-Mail: [email protected] 1. Introduction The European Union’s (EU) efforts towards monetary and economic stabilization culminated with the commencement of the Euro in January 1999. But, as in the academic sense, the "commencement" involved an end as well as a beginning. Since the abandonment of the Bretton-Woods System in 1971, the EU tried several alternatives (the “Snake” and the European Monetary System) before reaching its goal. As delineated by the Treaty of Maastricht, membership in the Euro required the achievement of five criteria, including inflation convergence and nominal exchange rate stability within its member states. The Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) hypothesis considers a proportional relation between the nominal exchange rate and the relative price ratio, which implies that the real exchange rate is constant over time.