Los Caminos Del Tiple, En Batallas Que Parecen Irremediablemente Perdidas

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Los Caminos Del Tiple, En Batallas Que Parecen Irremediablemente Perdidas CAPITULO SEPTIMO EL TIPLE EN COLOMBIA A PARTIR DE 1800 A. La época de la Independencia B. El tiple a mediados del siglo diecinueve C. Análisis del origen del tiple D. Proceso evolutivo, años 1840-1900 E. Proceso evolutivo a partir de 1900 F. Resumen cronológico Digitalizado por la Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango del Banco de la República, Colombia. A. La época de la Independencia La primera mención que se encuentra en el siglo diecinueve, no recuerda a los tiples por su sonido, sino por su silencio. En efecto, durante la Patria Boba, en Bogotá, José María Caballero anota en su minucioso Diario, para el16 de enero de 1813: "Hoy ha habido un ayuno general mandado por los gobernadores del arzobispado( ... ) Toda la gente está muy devota y fervorosa. En todo este tiempo no se ha oído nj un tiple, ni diversión alguna" (36, p.ll7). Poco después irrumpen las huestes ibéricas de la reconquista, que a sangre y fuego se apoderan del naciente país y siegan con fusilatnientos las vidas de los más prominentes ciudadanos. Policarpa Salavarrieta sucumbe con dignidad frente a la metralla. A su recuerdo de patriota valjente y esforzada, va unida su estela musical como animada bundelera que "con su conversación, su canto ysu guitarra, hacía el encanto de la sociedad" (15). La guerra de independencia origina un fenómeno de migraciones masivas sin antecedentes en la dilatada vida colonial. De un momento a otro, grandes contingentes de varones en edad de luchar, se ven desarraigados de sus campos y aldeas para iniciar extensos peregrinajes. Los viajes, por lo demorados y costosos, habían sjdo hasta entonces patrimonio exclusivo de pocas personas. Se movilizaban los clérigos, los funcionarios y recaudadores de impuestos de la corona, tal cual estudiante, los arrieros y comerciantes, los españoles de nacimiento y crioUos de familia acomodada. El pueblo raso, en cambio, no había tenido más horizonte que el de su solar nativo. El toque de clarín revolucionario modifica toda esta situación. Se desbordan los Límites parroquiales. Entran en contacto gentes y costumbres que nunca antes se habían conocido. Conviven al calor del campamento pastusos y caraqueños, cucuteños y tolimenses, momposmos y marinillos. Campesinos de tierra fría se ven súbitamente transportados a los cañones del Patía o a los llanos de Carabobo. Calentanos del Valle o el Apure remontan la cordillera y soportan los gélidos aires paramunos de Pisba o Pichincha. Pero adonde se encuentren todos ellos, van regando y sembrando la semilla cultural que Uevao consigo, su atávico equipaje de emociones y recuerdos, sus decires, refranes e instrumentos. Simultáneamente, en múltiple proceso de toma y daca, aprenden lo que otros ofrecen, oyen sus romances, coplas, leyendas y cantares, comparten sus experiencias y conocinllcntos, hacen eco del saber popular allí representado en variado mosaico regional. El tiple en Colombia a partir de 1800 109 Digitalizado por la Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango del Banco de la República, Colombia. En este contacto reside la primera noción de unidad. El intercambio de m6.sicas e instrumentos va a irrigar por toda la geografía el germen del folklore. Antes de 1810, Francisco de PauJa Santander es apenas un bien parecido estudiante de provincia en el colegio de San Bartolomé en Bogotá, que de manera romántica galantea a la joven Chepita, hija de un andaluz empleado de la Casa de Moneda. Como el cucuteño sabe "rasguear la guitarra y cantar", además de contar con gran apostura física, no deben pasar inadvertidos sus requiebros (203). Empieza la campaña libertadora. Una crónica de Luis Eduardo Ave llo señala que: Cuando el ejército republicano inició su marcha triunfal a través de los Llanos Orientales (proeza digna de ser cantada en versos de epopeya) en las noches del llano, maravillosamente blancas, tibias y perfumadas con el aroma sensual de las resedas, Bolívar solfa escuchar complacido el ingenuo canto de los soldados llaneros que al son de tiples y al compás de maracas poblaban el ambiente con las notas de su música evocadora del lejano hogar, donde la compañera y el hijo de su alma y de su carne, esperaban llenos de fe el regreso del padre, soldado de la libertad y héroe en gestación (4 ). Con el ingreso victorioso de las tropas libertadoras a Bogotá, después de la batalla de Boyacá, llega también el tiple en manos del general Santander¡ aún se recuerdan las coplas que alegremente cantaba, compuestas por José Félix Merizalde, refiiiéodose a las damas españolas que precipitadamente abandonan la ciudad: Ya salen las emigradas, ya salen todas sin juicio con la noticia que trajo el general Aparicio. Ya salen las emigradas, ya salen todas llorando, detrás de la triste tropa de su adorado Fern,ando. Se asegura que un bambuco, La guaneila, es el ritmo que imprime el ánimo a las tropas de Córdoba para su "paso de vencedores" en la jornada de Ayacucho (23, p. 63). No sería de extrañar. Los aires populares regionales han empezado ya por esas fechas a extenderse y conocerse por todos los confines del territorio grancolombiano. 110 El tiple en Colombia a partir de 1800 Digitalizado por la Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango del Banco de la República, Colombia. El pueblo adivina su nueva libertad para encauzar a su arbitrio la creatividad artística. Porque ya no es necesario aceptar sin beneficio de inventario todo aquello que viene de la península y que ha sido admitido siempre porque sí, sin reflexión ni voluntad. Los patrones culturales importados de la metrópoli ya no pueden ser impuestos de manera oficial. Como sucede siempre y en todas partes, una pequeña minoría de la clase burguesa continuaba volviendo los ojos hacia tierras extranjeras, para buscar allá los moldes y prototipos de un "buen gusto" por imitar o copiar. El pueblo desconoce e ignora esos cánones estéticos. Quiere pensar por cuenta propia, decir lo que desea, a su manera. Pero no puede deshacerse de una herencia laboriosamente incubada por misioneros y gobernantes del prolongado lapso virreina!. Es una herencia que circula por la sangre, se acumula en la conciencia colectiva, permanece enraizada en las fibras del ser y del sentir. El pueblo tiene que recurrir a esa cantera, único recurso de que dispone, para extraer de ella sus recursos expresivos. Los ritmos, cantares e instrumentos que le han sido enseñados, deben colocarse ahora al servicio de un nuevo lenguaje, de una nueva identidad. Es la construcción, con materiales heredados, del nuevo edificio cultural de la patria. La guerra de independencia es fermento y catalizador de ese proceso. Antes de ella, todo viene de afuera. En ella, el pueblo empieza a adquirir la noción de su autenticidad. Después de ella, ya dentro del régimen republicano, se da un nuevo uso a los viejos elementos; se reorientan los rumbos; desaparecen para siempre los valores extraños que no se han incrustado suficientemente dentro del alma colectiva; crecen y prosperan los que tienen algún significado en la necesidad o el afecto. Al principio, como es de esperarse de un pueblo que siempre ha sido llevado de la mano, los pasos son vacilantes. Las primeras manifestaciones artísticas son, y tienen que ser, copiadas de lo anterior. Pero poco a poco se va independizando el arte, como sucedió con la política. Ante la displicencia de los "cultos", galerones, bambucos y torbellinos empiezan a difundirse en círculos cada vez más amplios. Las emociones represadas por el temor a la ira del amo o al ridículo de los compañeros, asoman en cantos que ya tienen aceptación general. Porque el mestizo reconoce en ellos su rostro y su figura. Cada región del continente adquiere fisonomía y originalidad, se distancia paulatinamente de los prototipos ajenos y rubrica el sentir propio. Es el folklore. B. El tiple a mediados del siglo diecinueve Luego de una infancia de varios siglos en que nadie se toma el trabajo de bautizarlo con nombre propio, el tiple adquiere uso de razón durante la gesta emancipadora. Parte de allí un proceso de desarrollo que le permite identificarse a mediados del siglo diecinueve. El tiple en Colombia a partir de 1800 111 Digitalizado por la Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango del Banco de la República, Colombia. Y Llega fmalmente a su mayoría de edad con los años postreros de la misma centuria, cuando adopta de manera defmitiva las características que han de proyectarse hasta nuestros dfas y que lo distinguen de todos los demás tiples del mundo: tamaño mediano, cuerdas metálicas repartidas en cuatro órdenes triplicados, con sendas cuerdas octavadas en medio de los órdenes segundo, tercero y cuarto. Para entender ese proceso, es necesario analizar primero el estado en que se encuentra durante el perfodo 1840-70, de cuando datan las primeras noticias específicas y concretas del instrumento en dibujos, descripciones detalladas, métodos de enseñanza y menciones de carácter lite rario~ Con esa perspectiva, ~e podrá recapitular todo el panorama evolutivo desde los años de la Conquista y, posteriormente, segujr su huella hasta la época ccntenarista en que puede hablarse ya, con propiedad, del tiple colombiano. En 1843 llega a la Nueva Granada el diplomático y pintor inglés Edward W. Mar k. Durante su viaje de Cartagena a Bogotá, demora en Guaduas, estación obligada para los viajeros de esa ruta. El28 de junio de 1845 pinta en acuarela la Plaza de mercado de Guaduas y en ella, por primera vez en la historia plástica de nuestro país, figura el tiple, Un campesino descalzo, de pantalón azul y sombrero alón, tañe con la mano zurda un pequeño cordófono de cuatro clavijas cuyo tamaño contrasta con el inmenso bayetón azul de rayas rojas. En diciembre de ese mismo año, Mark lleva su paleta a Ráquira, Boyacá, donde dibuja un Baile campesino.
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