DOCSLIB.ORG

Albania Andorra Austria Belgium Cyprus Denmark Estonia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Albania Andorra Austria Belgium Cyprus Denmark Estonia An asylum-seeker and her child receive medical assistance at a Fedasil asylum centre in Belgium. Albania Andorra Austria Belgium Cyprus Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Holy See Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Monaco Netherlands Norway Portugal San Marino Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 324 UNHCRGlobalReport2011 Northern, Western and Southern Europe OPERATIONAL HIGHLIGHTS l UNHCR worked closely with European Governments to UNHCR stepped up efforts to support capacity-building, ensure that persons fleeing events in North Africa and solidarity and responsibility-sharing among States in the seeking protection had access to asylum procedures, region. This included the relocation within the EU of 230 particularly in Italy and Malta, where many of those refugees from Malta in 2011 as part of the EUREMA I rescued at sea in the Mediterranean disembarked. In project. addition to those received within European State borders, l UNHCR continued to help strengthen the quality of resettlement places for some 1,370 refugees in North national asylum systems. The conclusions of the Further Africa were identified in 10 European countries. Developing Quality project, which was funded by the l Greece received strong support from UNHCR in its bid to European Union (EU) and involved 12 EU Member States, reform its asylum system. The task was challenging in were presented to Governments and others at a light of the economic crisis in the country. With conference in Brussels in September. UNHCR also important court decisions pointing to the vulnerability of completed a project to improve the quality of the asylum asylum-seekers, notably under the Dublin regulations, system in Sweden. UNHCR / D. TELEMANS UNHCR Global Report 2011 325 l As part of the commemorations of the 50th anniversary of the events in North Africa, receiving nearly 67,000 asylum the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, requests in 2011, or 87 per cent more than in 2010. During UNHCR intensified work with governments on the issue. 2011, a shift was noted from arrivals predominantly at sea Research on statelessness was published in the borders to increasing numbers at the land border between Netherlands and the United Kingdom, and a seminar Turkey and Greece, in the region of Evros. promoting statelessness procedures in Brussels in July saw The economic crisis which hit some European countries the participation of representatives from several particularly hard put pressure on governments to minimize European Governments. Both Belgium and Luxembourg asylum costs. Budget cuts reduced already limited resources have pledged to ratify the 1961 Convention. for legal aid, reception conditions, support for vulnerable l UNHCR found new ways of helping unaccompanied and asylum-seekers and integration. Concerns about the separated children, and began a project in 2011 to identify economic crisis and developments in North Africa and the and assist 550 such children on the move in Greece, Italy Middle East also affected debates on migration in many and France through outreach activities and drop-in countries. The persistence of anti-immigration sentiments centres. reduced political will to maintain or improve asylum space. There has been a decline from years past in the number l The launch of the second phase of a joint resettlement of people entering Europe by irregular means, including project with IOM and ICMC aimed at building local through smuggling or trafficking, yet public discourse often capacity for the reception and integration of refugees. made little distinction between asylum-seekers and irregular Seventeen countries participated and shared their migrants without protection needs. Stricter border control experiences, knowledge and expertise on resettlement. and migration management by States in the region can affect An important development in this regard was Germany’s access to territory and asylum procedures for persons in need announcement of a new annual resettlement quota of 300 of international protection. places. UNHCR worked closely with government counterparts and a wide range of partners at both national and European Working environment levels. Strong links with national NGOs were maintained in all countries, while ties with OSCE have helped UNHCR to Countries in this subregion continued to receive the vast focus on hate-crime reporting and monitoring and responses majority of asylum claims in Europe. The overall number of to victims of trafficking, among other issues. In addition to applications in 2011 was slightly higher than in 2010. While well-established liaison with the Council of Europe on there has been a decline in the number of applications in human rights issues for asylum-seekers and refugees, some countries, others, such as the Baltic States, have seen UNHCR also cooperated with the Council’s institutions to significant increases. increase awareness of integration and durable solutions. While a relatively modest proportion of all the people The EU’s commitment to establish a Common European fleeing North Africa came to Europe, the largest rise Asylum System has been a key driver of asylum policy in the recorded in 2011 related to arrivals from Tunisiaand Libya. region. In this regard, the Court of Justice of the EU is gaining Southern Europe saw the largest relative increase driven by increasing importance in the interpretation of regional 326 UNHCR Global Report 2011 NORTHERN, WESTERN AND SOUTHERN EUROPE refugee law,as is the European Court of Human Rights, which aimed at countering prejudice and racism were implemented produced a number of key decisions in 2011 on asylum matters. in Greece and Italy. In addition to its engagement with the courts, UNHCR Stateless persons were also the focus of awareness-raising has worked closely with institutions of the European Union, actions. Discussions and analytical reports targeted as well as specialized agencies, such as the European Asylum policy-makers, while public events were held in the Support Office, the European Agency for the Management Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Spain to demonstrate of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the the impact of statelessness on peoples’ lives. EU Member States (FRONTEX) and the Fundamental Rights Agency. The overall aim has been to promote £ Access to territory and the quality of asylum UNHCR’s protection objectives and respect for international systems and European law on asylum. While significant differences persisted in recognition rates Access to territory via land and sea borders remained an issue for asylum-seekers among European countries, there was of major concern to UNHCR. Following the arrival of some acceptance of the need to ensure consistency and quality in 56,000 people from North Africa, mostly in Italy,UNHCR standards of treatment in order to ensure the viability of a worked closely with governments to identify those in need of Common European Asylum System. Reception conditions protection. In Italy,UNHCR strengthened its presence in continued to cause concern in some countries, with many locations with new arrivals and participated in the additional asylum-seekers homeless or destitute. In addition, the increased eligibility commissions established to respond to the surge in use of detention, sometimes in inappropriate conditions and on arrivals from North Africa. UNHCR also engaged new grounds not regulated by law,required further attention. partners to campaign for timely rescue at sea, but despite these efforts, an estimated 2,000 people lost their lives seeking to Achievements and impact cross the Mediterranean to Europe. UNHCR continued its liaison work with FRONTEX, Throughout 2011, UNHCR sought to ensure access to territory monitoring joint operations and conducting operational and asylum procedures, resettlement in European countries and visits to selected airports across the EU. Access to European integration of beneficiaries of international protection. territory at land borders was part of UNHCR’s focus in the Baltic countries, where border monitoring agreements were £ Building support for refugee protection put in place with partners in Lithuania and Latvia. UNHCR engaged with European institutions and UNHCR’s offices in Europe capitalized on the national authorities to strengthen the legal and practical commemorations of the Refugee and Statelessness protection framework. As part of these efforts, UNHCR Conventions during the year, to highlight the particular conducted a comparative study of the application of Article situation of asylum-seekers, refugees, stateless persons and 15c of the EU Qualification Directive relating to persons others of concern. In addition to rolling out globally the “1” fleeing indiscriminate violence in armed conflict. The final Campaign, UNHCR in Europe portrayed 60 years of refugee report, protection through the life stories of 60 refugees in Europe since 1951. Awareness of refugee issues was promoted in all , was widely acknowledged by States and other capitals through WorldRefugee Day. Projects specifically stakeholders. Budget and expenditure in Northern, Western and Southern Europe | USD PILLAR 1 PILLAR 2 Country Refugee Stateless programme programme Total Belgium Regional Office1 Budget 12,354,702 1,306,944 13,661,646 Expenditure 11,067,994 1,264,087 12,332,081 Italy Regional Office2 Budget 18,920,412 81,473 19,001,885 Expenditure 13,873,225 71,144 13,944,369 Spain Budget
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dr. Robert Elsie Like with Unsophisticated
    INTRODUCTION Faïk bey Konitza (1875-1942) was one of the great figures of Albanian intellectual culture in the early decades of the twentieth century and was no doubt the first Albanian whom one might consider to have been a real European. Konitza was born on 15 March 1875 in the now village of Konitsa in the Pindus mountains in northern Greece, not far from the present Albanian border. After elementary schooling in Turkish in his native village, he studied at the Jesuit Saverian College in Shkodra which offered him not only some instruction in Albanian but also an initial contact with central European culture and Western ideas. From there, he continued his schooling at the French- language Imperial Galata secondary school in Constantinople. In 1890, at the age of fifteen, he was sent to study in France where he spent the next seven years. After initial education at secondary schools in Lisieux (1890) and Carcassonne (1892), he registered at the University of Dijon, from which he graduated in 1895 in Romance philology. After graduation, he moved to Paris for two years where he studied mediaeval French, Latin and Greek at the Collège de France. He finished his studies at Harvard University in the United States, although little is known of this period of his life. As a result of his highly varied educational background, he was able to speak and write Albanian, Italian, French, German, English and Turkish fluently. Konitza's stay in France, a country of long-standing liberal democratic traditions, was to have a profound effect on him and he was able to acquire and adopt the patterns of Western thinking as no Albanian intellectual had ever done before him.
    [Show full text]
  • Customary Laws, Folk Culture, and Social Lifeworlds: Albanian Studies in Critical Perspective Albert Doja
    Customary Laws, Folk Culture, and Social Lifeworlds: Albanian Studies in Critical Perspective Albert Doja To cite this version: Albert Doja. Customary Laws, Folk Culture, and Social Lifeworlds: Albanian Studies in Critical Perspective. Luka Breneselovic. Spomenica Valtazara Bogišića o stogodišnjici njegove smrti [Gedächt- nisschrift für Valtazar Bogišić zur 100. Wiederkehr seines Todestages], Beograd: Sluzbeni & Institute of Comparative Law, vol. 2, pp. 183-199., 2011. halshs-00692739 HAL Id: halshs-00692739 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00692739 Submitted on 1 May 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Customary Laws, Folk Culture, and Social Lifeworlds: Albanian Studies in Critical Perspective A D The Institute of Comparative Law in Belgrade launched this year a Festschrift in honour of Valtazar Bogišić (1834–1908), a jurist, law historian and folklorist. His most notable works are researches on family structure and he is primarily known as a codifier of civil law in Montenegro, which he prepared on the basis of a voluminous questionnaire.1 One of his main informants was the leader of the Kuci lineage, at the border of Montenegro and Albania and reputed of Albanian stock.
    [Show full text]
  • The Call for Albanian Civic Unity in Gjergj Fishta's The
    V (2018) 1, 203–214 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Ovaj rad dostupan je za upotrebu pod licencom Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 međunarodna. Ismet BUJUPAJ UDK 821.18.09 Fishta, G.-13 University of Prizren Faculty of Philology DOI: https://doi.org/10.29162/ANAFORA.v5i1.8 Rruga e Shkronjave, nr. 1 20 000 Prizren Izvorni znanstveni članak Republic of Kosovo Original Research Article [email protected] Primljeno 3. veljače 2018. Received: 3 February 2018 Prihvaćeno 10. svibnja 2018. Accepted: 10 May 2018 “ALWAYS BAYRAM, ALWAYS EASTER”: THE CALL FOR ALBANIAN CIVIC UNITY IN GJERGJ FISHTA’S THE HIGHLAND LUTE Abstract Gjergj Fishta’s verse narrative, Lahuta e Malcis (ca. 1907) is often regarded as the national epic of Albanians. The epic produces a fresh vision of the shared cultural identity of Albanians by telling the story of their struggle for independence blended with elements of regional and local culture which had never before entered into high literary language. The paper argues that Fishta creates a national epic not just by the events he narrates in the poem but also by the language and imagery he uses. The poem’s language puts Albanian modes of expression into high literature, depicts Muslim and Christian Albanian practices in a manner that emphasizes their common ground, and utilizes Albanian folklore such as the mythological creatures called zana and ora, which lie outside both the Christian and Muslim religions, but are closely associated with the land. In emphasizing the Albanian land, language, and culture, Fishta’s epic poem crafts a civic Albanian identity that embraces Albanian religious diversity and transcends sectarian identifications.
    [Show full text]
  • Albania 2020 Report
    EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 6.10.2020 SWD(2020) 354 final COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Albania 2020 Report Accompanying the Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions 2020 Communication on EU Enlargement Policy {COM(2020) 660 final} - {SWD(2020) 350 final} - {SWD(2020) 351 final} - {SWD(2020) 352 final} - {SWD(2020) 353 final} - {SWD(2020) 355 final} - {SWD(2020) 356 final} EN EN Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 3 1.1. Context 3 1.2. Summary of the report 4 2. FUNDAMENTALS FIRST: POLITICAL CRITERIA AND RULE OF LAW CHAPTERS 8 2.1. Functioning of democratic institutions and public administration reform 8 2.1.1 Democracy 8 2.1.2. Public administration reform 14 2.2.1. Chapter 23: Judiciary and fundamental rights 18 2.2.2. Chapter 24: Justice, freedom and security 37 3. FUNDAMENTALS FIRST: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND COMPETITIVENESS 51 3.1. The existence of a functioning market economy 51 3.2. The capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union 57 4. GOOD NEIGHBOURLY RELATIONS AND REGIONAL COOPERATION 59 5. ABILITY TO ASSUME THE OBLIGATIONS OF MEMBERSHIP 62 5.1. Chapter 1: Free movement of goods 62 5.2. Chapter 2: Freedom of movement of workers 64 5.3. Chapter 3: Right of establishment and freedom to provide services 64 5.4. Chapter 4: Free movement of capital 65 5.5. Chapter 5: Public procurement 67 5.6. Chapter 6: Company law 69 5.7. Chapter 7: Intellectual property law 70 5.8.
    [Show full text]
  • Lahuta E Malcís and Its National Identity
    Interdisplinary Journal of Research and Development “Alexander Moisiu“ University, Durrës, Albania Vol (I), No.2, 2014 __________________________________________________________________________________________________ RESEARCH ARTICLE Lahuta e Malcís and its national identity Alma DEMA Faculty of Education, “Aleksandër Moisiu”, University Durrës E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The topic will be focused into the illumination of some national aspects of the monumental masterpiece of Padre Gjergj Fishta Lahuta e Malcís, which creation has had the aim to unify the north and the south of Albania into the concept and incarnation of national identity. This unification it was treated as a social, psychical-social, nation, ethnic, economic and political necessity. Under the symbolic of a unique and autochthones musical instrument such as lahuta (the lute) and the oriented toponymic definition of the highland, the topic aims to show up Gjergj Fishta’s efforts, so-called the Omer of Albania and the national undertones of the whole ep. Also, will be brought the intellectual and proved sight of view of best and cultivated thinkers of the epoch upon the topic, we are trying to discuss on, so that to give to our judgment an originated and direct support. To reach the concrete and permanent conclusions the work aims to comment, to analyze, to investigate and to conclude about the ep into the components which include its Albanian autochthon national identity. The methods we will precede will be the descriptive, the investigative and the analytic one. Key words: lahuta (the lute) the national identity, the passport, autochthon, Pater Gjergj Fishta. Introduction Lahuta e Malcis, has been considered as the only unification of the poem.
    [Show full text]
  • Empowering Women in Politics Empowering Women in Politics Empowering Women in Politics
    Empowering Women in Politics Empowering Women in Politics Empowering Women in Politics This publication was supported by: Disclaimer The views and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the OSCE Presence in Albania. 2 Empowering Women in Politics Foreword Ambassador Florian Raunig, Head of OSCE Presence in Albania Interviews 1. Ms Mimi Kodheli 2. Ms Voltana Ademi 3. Ms Albana Vokshi 4. Ms Rajmonda Balili 5. Ms Evis Kushi 6. Ms Nushe Hoxhaj 7. Ms Felek Ibrahimi 8. Ms Arjana Pupa 9. Ms Sanije Batku 3 Empowering Women in Politics 4 Empowering Women in Politics Foreword This is the second edition of the OSCE Presence in Albania’s publication “Women in Politics”. It contains interviews with some of the most distinguished Albanian women in politics including Ms Mimi Kodheli, the first female Albanian Minister of Defence and Ms Voltana Ademi, the first female major of Shkodra. Both Minister Kodheli and Major Ademi made their leap into politics from successful professional careers. Two distinguished women parliamentarians, Ms Evis Kushi and Ms AlbanaVokshi, are also given the chance to talk about their experiences and the challenges of gender equality. The mayor of Patos, Ms Rajmonda Balili, who won her second mandate in 2015, talks about her achievements and future plans. Ms Nushe Hoxhaj, Ms Felek Ibrahimi, Ms Sanije Batku and Ms Arjana Pupa, strong women from different regions of the country who have been part of local government, civil society and political life share their experiences also on how the National Platform for Women changed their lives.
    [Show full text]
  • REVIEW of CULTURAL POLICY in ALBANIA Report Prepared by Mr
    Strasbourg, 31 August 2000 CC-CULT (2000) 54A [PF: CC-Cult/21e réunion/document/ECC-CULT(2000)54A] COUNCIL FOR CULTURAL CO-OPERATION CULTURE COMMITTEE 21st meeting Strasbourg, 19 (9H30) – 21 (17H00) September 2000 (room 5) CULTURAL POLICY IN ALBANIA PART I: CONTRIBUTION FROM THE ALBANIAN AUTHORITIES PART II: REVIEW OF CULTURAL POLICY IN ALBANIA Report prepared by Mr. Peter Inkei DRAFT AGENDA, ITEM 9.1 DRAFT DECISION: The Committee - took note of the national and experts’ reports on cultural policy in Albanian; - congratulated the authors of the national report and the experts for their excellent work and thanked the Albanian delegation for its co-operation; - invited the Secretariat to assist them in implementing the recommendations arising from this analysis. CC-Cult(2000)54A 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I : GUIDE TO THE CULTURAL POLICY OF THE ALBANIAN STATE Preface by the Minister of Culture, Youth and Sports 7 The Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports 9 Cultural heritage 11 Books 24 Arts 31 Film 35 National Centre of Folklore Activities 38 International Culture Centre 40 Peace Bell 41 PART II: REVIEW OF CULTURAL POLICY IN ALBANIA Report prepared by Mr. Peter Inkei Foreword 46 Recommendations 48 Introduction 52 Past and present 53 Cultural policy 54 Identity of Albanian national culture 57 Budget 58 National institutions 59 International Cultural Centre 60 Protection of monuments 60 Museums 64 Libraries 65 Artistic projects 65 Fine arts 66 Theatre 68 Music 70 Folklore 71 Cultural industries 72 Books 73 Film 74 Municipal culture 77 The case
    [Show full text]
  • Third Report Submitted by Albania Pursuant to Article 25, Paragraph 1 of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
    Strasbourg, 10 January 2011 ACFC/SR/III(2011)001 THIRD REPORT SUBMITTED BY ALBANIA PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 25, PARAGRAPH 1 OF THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES Received on 10 January 2011 ACFC/SR/III(2011)001 THE THIRD REPORT Presented by THE REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA Pursuant to Article 25, paragraph 1, of THE FRAME CONVENTION OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE FOR PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES Tirana, Janury 2011 2 ACFC/SR/III(2011)001 Contents Page I. Introduction 3 – 4 II. Legal and organizational actions undertaken by the Republic of 4 - 25 Albania for the purpose of enforcing the results of the Second Cycle of M onitoring. III. Measures undertaken by the Albanian government related to 25 - 53 fulfillment of obligations derived from each article of the Convention. ABBREVIATIONS OM Ombudsman EU European Union GDP General Directorate of Prisons GDSP General Directorate of State Police RED Regional Education Directorate RDPVF Regional Directorate of Public Vocational Formation IPDE Institutions of Penal Decision Execution PC Penal Code CPP Code of Penal Procedure MFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs MJ Ministry of Justice MI Ministry of Interior MHS Ministry of Health Service MES Ministry of Education and Science MLSAEO Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities MTCYS Ministry of Tourism, Culture, Youth and Sports SAA Stabilization-Association Agreement NPO Non-Profitable Organizations NPISAA National Plan for Implementation of Stabilization-Association Agreement ICS Internal Control Service UNDP United Nation
    [Show full text]
  • ENGLISH LANGUAGE INFLUENCE in the 21St CENTURY ALBANIA
    PROBLEMS OF EDUCATION IN THE 21st CENTURY Volume 33, 2011 41 Pfeiffer, S. I., & Cundari, L. (1999). Interagency collaboration: Recurring obstacles and some possible ENGLISH LANGUAGE INFLUENCE IN THE solutions. Special Services in the Schools, 15(1), 109-123. 21st CENTURY ALBANIA AND ENGLISH Prom, M. (1999). Measuring perceptions about inclusion. Teaching Exceptional Children, 31(5), 38-42. LOANS IN THE ALBANIAN LANGUAGE Reddy, L. A. (1999). Inclusion of disabled children and school reform: A historical perspective. Special Services in the Schools, 15(2), 3-24. Reid, D. K., & Valle, J. W. (2005). A������������������������������������������������������������������ constructivist perspective from the emerging field of disability studies. In FOSNOT, C. T. (Ed.), Constructivism: theory, perspective, and practice. New York: Teachers Irena Pata Kapo College Press. University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania E-mail: [email protected] Shevelin, M. & O’Moore, A. M. (2000). Creating opportunities for contact between mainstream pupils and their counterparts with learning difficulties. British Journal of Special Education, 27(1), 29-34. Abstract Skirtic, T. M., Harris, K. R., & Shriner, J. G. (2005). Special Education Policy and Practice, Accountability, Instruction and Social Challenges. Georgia, GA: Love Publications. The intake of English lexis in the Eastern Europe countries has been increasing considerably since the end of their political, social and cultural isolation. Having one of the most severe and violent political Taylor, N., Miller. J., & Vinjevold, P. (2003). Getting schools working, Cape Town: Pearson Education. systems Albania was probably more eager to accelerate the exchanges with the ‘outer world’ and its integration in Europe. Thus adapting to the international context English language was, and still is, Tomlinson, C.
    [Show full text]
  • A13 Roma Community in Albania: Albanians' Perceptions and Their Identity
    JEL: A13 ROMA COMMUNITY IN ALBANIA: ALBANIANS' PERCEPTIONS AND THEIR IDENTITY Elisabeta Osmanaj, PhD in Pedagogy, Associate Professor, Education Sciences Faculty, Social Sciences Department, "Aleksandër Xhuvani" University, Elbasan, Albania Abstract: The Roma community was early settled in Albania around the XV century. UN has known them as a linguistic minority and legally compels the states, where they live to recognize them. In this research study based on the historical data analysis, the researcher has the intention to bring a clear picture of the Roma community situation in Albania, how they have come to this land and how they view Albanians. From the analysis of historical data and arguments drawn from important documents in the country, some misguided ideas and concepts have been analyzed for the Roma and the top executives of the state of Albanians. Roma diversity is other characteristic of this community preserved over the centuries. The color of this community make it very special in relation to the society, where they live, but this is also the reason for discrimination at certain historical moments. The report that Roma have with the local population in Albania has never been conflicting, but the local population has never accepted the Roma as an equal part. To overcome the barriers, we need to know, from this conclusion of this research study is this: to be informed as much about the history of the Roma, their way of life and their diversity. Keywords: Roma community, diversity, perception, meckare, kabugi, roma, gipsy INTRODUCTION In the territory of Albania, alongside Albanians, there are also other ethnic groups such as Greeks, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Vlachos, Roma and Egyptians.
    [Show full text]
  • Consolidation of Democracy-Albania
    varied transitions are delimited from one another, on the one hand, by the launching of onsolidation of Democracy: Albania processes of dissolution of an authoritarian C regime and, on the other, by the installation of NAJADA TAFILI some form of democracy, the return to some form of authoritarian rule, or the emergence of INTRODUCTION a revolutionary alternative. The end of the Cold War and the Linz and Stepan argue that a set of dismantlement of the Soviet Union led the prerequisites are needed for a country to pass majority of former totalitarian and communist from an authoritarian to a consolidated countries in the Soviet System to a process of democratic regime. The authors state that opening up, best described by Samuel there should exist a state with uncontested Huntington as part of a “third wave of borders; a social and political environment democracy.” This third wave introduced the conducive to the growth of civil society; a concept of democracy as a process: it moves functioning and respected political society; the from a break up of an authoritarian regime, rule of law; a usable bureaucracy; and an through transition, and towards democratic institutionalized economic society.2 For the consolidation. Former communist countries in purpose of this paper, I will focus on four of Eastern Europe are part of this third wave. these proposed prerequisites needed to While most of these countries have arguably introduce a democratic regime: a functioning achieved the successful consolidation of and respected “political society,” meaning democracy, this has not been the case with parties and other institutions for choosing Albania, where a vast array of issues continues leaders and policies; a fair and free to hold the nation back and prevents the electoral system, meaning a system of consolidation of democracy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Highland Lute
    The Carl Beck Papers in Russian & Matthew C. Curtis East European Studies Number 1808 Petar II Petrović Njegoš and Gjergj Fishta: Composers of National Epics The Carl Beck Papers in Russian & East European Studies Number 1808 Matthew C. Curtis Petar II Petrović Njegoš and Gjergj Fishta: Composers of National Epics Matthew C. Curtis holds an M.A. in Russian and East European Studies, special- izing in Balkan Literatures from Indiana University’s Russian and East European Institute, and a B.A. in linguistics from Brigham Young University. He is currently a linguistics Ph.D. student in the department of Slavic and East European Languages and Literatures at The Ohio State University. His interests include Balkan, compara- tive, and historical linguistics, social linguistics, language standardization, religion, and issues of national identity in language and literature. His fi rst experiences with Balkan languages and cultures came as a missionary for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, when he stayed in Albania from 1999-2001. Matthew Curtis continues a lifetime engagement with people from all over the Balkans and their languages and cultures. He lives in Columbus, Ohio with his wife Barbie and their children. He may be contacted at [email protected]. No. 1808, October 2007 © 2007 by The Center for Russian and East European Studies, a program of the University Center for International Studies, University of Pittsburgh ISSN 0889-275X Image from cover: “Ringjallje”-Acrylic on canvas, 80x98 cm. Xhevahir Kolgjini, 1991. The Carl Beck Papers Editors: William Chase, Bob Donnorummo, Ronald H. Linden Managing Editor: Eileen O’Malley Editorial Assistant: Vera Dorosh Sebulsky Submissions to The Carl Beck Papers are welcome.
    [Show full text]