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BURKAS, BOOKS, AND BLOGS: SELLING A STORY OF MIDDLE EASTERN DEMOCRACY IN THE U.S. by KRISTEN L. MCAULIFF (Under the Direction of Vanessa B. Beasley) ABSTRACT This dissertation is an examination of American media discourses pertaining to democracy and feminism in Iraq and Afghanistan during the U.S.-led military conflicts. The major focus is the relationship between the representations of gender and democracy. The project scrutinizes the ways that gender norms have influenced perceptions of democracy and the ways that democracy has influenced what are believed to be acceptable gender behaviors. Through an analysis of texts from both news media and popular media, this dissertation asks how stories of Iraqi and Afghan women are presented and how gender, looked at through a performative lens, reveals something that is otherwise unspoken in our conceptions of democracy. I focus on three representations of rituals that are deemed democratic and investigate the way these representations portray democratic and gendered rituals during wartime. I pursue a close textual analysis of three case studies—the photographs of the Iraqi election of 2005, the 2007 book Kabul Beauty School, and the blog Baghdad Burning— concluding that they offer three distinct instances of gendered, ritualized democracy. In the first case study chapter, which examines photographs after the 2005 elections in Iraq, the images are very focused on markers of both democracy and femininity. The captions and uses of the photographs suggest that the two themes are seen as complimentary. The second case study, which is a memoir about the beauty industry in Afghanistan, is explicitly about female empowerment and less obviously about democracy promotion. By contrast, the third case study, which looks at a popular blog written by an Iraqi woman, contains recognizable discussions of democracy but an emphasis on gendered bodies is not readily apparent. Analysis of these texts allows for a better understanding of the interplay between these rituals and behaviors. INDEX WORDS: Feminism; democracy; war; vernacular; media; critical rhetoric; Middle East BURKAS, BOOKS, AND BLOGS: SELLING A STORY OF MIDDLE EASTERN DEMOCRACY IN THE UNITED STATES by KRISTEN L. MCCAULIFF B.A., Central Michigan University, 2002 M.A., Wake Forest University, 2004 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2009 © 2009 Kristen L. McCauliff All Rights Reserved BURKAS, BOOKS, AND BLOGS: SELLING A STORY OF MIDDLE EASTERN DEMOCRACY IN THE U.S by KRISTEN L. MCCAULIFF Major Professor: Vanessa B. Beasley Committee: Chris Cuomo Thomas Lessl Jennifer Samp Roger Stahl Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia December 2009 DEDICATION Andrew Douglass Shermeta iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project grew out of a fascination with the United States media coverage of Muslim women during the time of the military conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. I was intrigued by the amount of books, movies, news stories, and photographs that bombarded American audiences. I began my analysis in Vanessa Beasley’s seminar and under her tutelage as an advisor the project began to take shape. I can say with complete certainty that without her support, guidance, and suggestions this dissertation would never have come to fruition. In addition to being a great scholar, she is a fantastic person and it has been a complete joy to work with her for the past three years. I am honored to have been in her inaugural class of PhD advisees. I have been fortunate throughout my time at the University of Georgia as I have worked with a variety of scholars who have all been intellectually generous. I send sincere thanks to John Murphy at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champagne who wrote letters on my behalf and served as a sounding board for me throughout the dissertation project—tasks he did not have to perform but did so while also being entertaining and witty. Thanks, too, to Thomas Lessl who is a great editor and always gives thoughtful feedback. He is a great example of a writer and teacher and I am grateful for the opportunity to have worked with him in both capacities. Kelly Happe and Roger Stahl also provided valuable contributions on this project and have served as excellent exemplars of young scholars. The University of Georgia is lucky to have them both. I am also very thankful for my time in the Institute for Women’s Studies and to Chris Cuomo for giving me the opportunity. Finally, I cannot say enough about our graduate coordinator, Jennifer v Samp, who is supportive, organized, and extremely stylish! I am immensely grateful that she stepped in and provided such great feedback on my project. I’ve also been fortunate to be surrounded by amazing, talented, and supportive colleagues while in Athens. I came to the University of Georgia to work with the best faculty in the country but I did not expect to find such great friends. I am constantly amazed by the fantastic work being done by fellow graduate students. They are an inspiring group. I am indebted to the rhetoric writing group for giving such great feedback and lots of laughs during our monthly sessions. Thanks to Eric Jenkins and David Cisneros who have been with me from the beginning offering support and friendship. We have had a great four years and I look forward to teaching their articles and theories in my future classes. And, from the bottom of my heart, I cannot thank Nicole Hurt enough for being an amazing colleague, friend, and support system. I would not have made it through without her energy, editing, and therapeutic emails. Our friendship knows no bounds and I can’t wait for many more years to come. Last but not least, I want to thank my family for giving me the emotional support, financial resources, and attitudinal hutzpah to pursue a PhD. My parents, Kathy and Barry McCauliff, have never wavered in their belief in my ability and their support of my dreams. My sisters: Kourtney, Maggie, and Caitrin, are always there to give me love and reassure me that no one cares that I have a PhD. My grandmother, Marge Parks, is an amazing combination of strength and grace that I can only hope to achieve. My in-laws: Douglass, Beth, Peter, Lesley, Alison and Cagney, are the best a woman could ask for. They never cease to ask about my scholarship, send books they think I will find interesting, and express their support. And, even though it is a gesture that pales in comparison to all he has given me, I dedicate this project to my partner Drew. Thank you for agreeing to take the journey with me and being loving and vi supportive every step of the way. Words cannot express my gratitude. I sparkle and bubble over each day. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................................................................................v CHAPTER 1 Interrogating Feminism After 9/11 ................................................................................1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................1 Methodological Assumptions....................................................................................6 Public Performance: Gender and Democracy ...........................................................9 Post-9/11: What in the [Gendered] World is Going On............................................9 Chapter Preview ......................................................................................................23 2 VIEWING DEMOCRACY.........................................................................................27 Introduction .............................................................................................................27 The Visual Present: Photographing Democracy in Iraq..........................................33 Suffrage Past: Establishing the Ritual of Female Suffrage .....................................49 Conclusion: Why Women’s Bodies ........................................................................59 3 WRITING DEMOCRACY IN AFGHANISTAN.......................................................66 Introduction .............................................................................................................66 Constituting Democracy: The Beauty Industry.......................................................72 Selling the Skills of Domestic Femininity ..............................................................78 Conclusion: Why Women’s Bodies ........................................................................85 4 BLOGGING DEMOCRACY IN IRAQ ......................................................................92 viii Introduction .............................................................................................................92 Constituting Democracy: The Politics of Blogging ................................................95 The Rhetoric of Riverbend ....................................................................................102 Conclusion: Why Women’s Bodies ......................................................................119 5 CONCLUSIONS: LOOKING AHEAD ....................................................................123 Introduction ...........................................................................................................123 Gender and Democratic Performance in a Time of War.......................................126