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The Role of Biofuels, Electrofuels and Electricity in the Transformation of the Transport Sector

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The Role of Biofuels, Electrofuels and Electricity in the Transformation of the Transport Sector Biofuel and electrification, do we need both? The role of biofuels, electrofuels and electricity in the transformation of the transport sector Maria Grahn Fysisk Resursteori, Institutionen för Rymd- geo- och miljövetenskap, Chalmers tekniska högskola 2018-04-26 Different fuels and vehicle technology options in different transport modes? Liquid fuels ICEV, HEV Aviation (petro, methanol, (internal combus- Fossil ethanol, tion engine vehicles (oil, natural biodiesel) and hybrids) Shipping (short) gas, coal) Methane Shipping (long) (biogas, SNG, FCV Biomass (fuel cell vehicles) natural gas) Road (short) (cars, busses, Solar, Hydrogen distribution trucks) BEV, PHEV wind etc Production (battery electric of electro Electrolysis vehicles) Road (long) fuels (long distance trucks and busses) Water CO2 Inductive and conductive Rail Electricity electric (train, tram) ENERGY SOURCES ENERGY CARRIERS VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES TRANSPORT MODES Example of biofuels and conversion processes Electricity Cellulose & Combustion Lignin e.g. wood, black Hydrogen liquor, grass Gasification to syngas Fischer-Tropsch Fuels Starch (CO and H2) e.g. wheat, corn, DME potatoes Anearobic (Dimethyleter) digestion to biogas Sugar Methanol Fermentation Oil of sugar Methane e.g. rapeseed, palmoil, soy Ethanol Pressing and esterification Rest flows FAME (Fatty acid methyl e.g. straw, sawdust, ester, eg RME) manure, sludge, Hydrotreating food waste of vegetable oil HVO BIOMASS CONVERSION PROCESS ENERGY CARRIER Which fuel is best? Depends on… Energy balance and climate impact Coal-based DME, diesel Conventional gasoline, diesel Ethanol (wheat, sugerbeet) Ethanol Biodiesel (cellolose, (FAME, HVO) sugarcane) Wood-based DME, diesel Biogas (manure) Well-to-wheel energy expended and greenhouse gas emissions for different fuel production pathways, assuming technology matureness by year 2020. All biofuel options are plotted as neat products. Pathways differ depending on different primary energy sources (e.g., farmed wood, waste wood, straw, corn, wheat, sugarbeet, sugarcane, municipal waste, manure), different types of added energy to the conversion process (e.g., renewable, natural gas, lignite coal), and different co-products (e.g., animal feed, biogas, electricity). Source: CONCAWE, Eucar, Joint Research Centre. Land efficiency Bäst värde bruttoutbyte Cellulosa till metan. Bäst värde nettoutbyte. Average net (netto) and gross (brutto) biofuels produced per hectare and year, on average arable land, in southern Sweden (Götalands södra slättbyhgder). Translation of the analyzed biofuel option from the left: wheat-ethanol, wheat-biogas, sugarbeet-ethanol, sugarbeet-biogas, rapeseed methyl esther, pasture-biogas, corn-biogas, willow- ethanol, willow-Fischer-Tropsch-diesel, willow-DME/methanol, willow-biomethane, poplar-ethanol, poplar-Fischer-Tropsch-diesel, poplar-DME/methanol, poplar-biomethane. Börjesson P. 2007. ”Produktionsförutsättningar för biobränslen inom svenskt jordbruk” [Production conditions of bioenergy in Swedish agriculture] and ”Förädling och avsättning av jordbruksbaserade biobränslen” [Conversion and utilisation of biomass from Swedish agriculture]. Two reports (Lund reports No 61 and 62) included as Appendix to ”Bioenergi från jordbruket – en växande resurs” [Appendix to Bioenergy from Swedish agriculture – a growing resource], Statens offentliga utredningar 2007:36. Jordbrukets roll som bioenergiproducent Jo 2005:05. Available at http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c6/08/19/74/5c250bb0.pdf. Multicriteria analysis Climate impact, energy efficiency, land use efficiency, fuel potential/feedstock availability, vehicle adaptivity, cost, infrastructure (top score = 5) Många höga betyg på DME Updated version exist where also HVO and Electricity are included, both showing very good results. Contact Patrik Klintbom for more information. Volvo, 2007. Climate issues in focus. Publication No 011-949-027, 01-2008 GB, Available at http://www.volvogroup.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/Volvo%20AB/values/environment/climate_issues_in_focus_eng.pdf. Another multi-criteria analysis Best value biomethane Source: Tsita K.G, Pilavachi P.A. (2013). Evaluation of next generation biomass derived fuels for the transport sector. Energy Policy 62: 443–455. Common results from different fuel comparisons • Forest-based fuels show better results than crop-based fuels. • Biomethane, HVO and DME often comes up as top candidates. • Electricity sometimes not included in the comparisons. • It is difficult to find alternative fuels that can compete with oil-based fuels when it comes to WTW energy balance. – Obviuos when knowing that more input energy always are needed when converting a solid feedstock compared to a liquid feedstock. – Maybe energy balance is of less importance if/when renewable electricity (solar, wind) domintates the electricity mix. • Coal-based fuels emit double the CO2 compared to oil-based fuels. • There are more renewable options available for substituting fossil diesel than gasoline. New types of fuels? Electrofuels Heavy alcohols and ethers Ammonia? Example of blendable chemicals in fossil diesel (fit into EN590) A strategy for introducing 0-100% renewable components into fossil diesel without changes in infrastructure or vehicles. Analysed in the ongoing project ”Future Fuels” Production of Other hydrogen Carbon dioxide options (H ) CO electrofuels 2 2 Water (H2O) Hydrogen El Electro- (H2) CO2 from air lysis and seawater CO2 from combustion H Heat 2 How to utilize or Synthesis reactor (e.g. Biofuel store possible Sabatier, Fischer-Tropsch) 5-10 €/tCO2 production future excess CO2 Biomass electricity (C H O ) Electrofuels Biofuels 6 10 5 Methane (CH4) How to substitute fossil Methanol (CH3OH) How to utilize based fuels in the the maximum of transportation sector, DME (CH OCH ) 3 3 carbon in the especially aviation and Higher alcohols, e.g., Ethanol (C H OH) globally limited shipping face 2 5 amount of challenges utlilzing Higher hydrocarbons, e.g., Gasoline (C8H18) biomass batteries and fuel cells. Production cost different electrofuels, 2030 assuming most optimistic (low), least optimistic (high) and median values (base) Production costs have the Parameters assumed for 2030, 50 MW potential to lie in the order of reactor, CF 80%. 100 €/MWh (low) or 160-180 Interest rate 5% €/MWh (base) in future Economic lifetime 25 years (similar to the most expensive Investment costs: biofuels). Alkaline electrolyzers 700 (400-900) €/kWelec Methane reactor €/kWfuel 300 (50-500) Methanol reactor €/kWfuel 500 (300-600) DME reactor €/kWfuel 500 (300-700) FT liquids reactor €/kWfuel 700(400-1000) Gasoline (via meoh) €/kWfuel 900(700-1000) Electrolyzer efficiency 66 (50-74) % Electricity price 50 €/MWh el Costs for electrolyser CO capture 30 €/tCO 2 2 and electricity dominate O&M 4% Water 1 €/m³ Electrolyser Electricity Fuel synthesis and CO2 capture uncertainties installation & indirect costs Brynolf S, Taljegård M, Grahn M, Hansson J. (2018). Electrofuels for the transport sector: a review of production costs. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 81 (2) 1887-1905. Production cost e-methanol depending on capacity factor Production cost found in literature Fossil fuels 40-140 Methane from anaerobic digestion 40-180 Methane from gasification of 70-90 lignocellulose Methanol from gasification of 80-120 lignocellulose DME from gasification of lignocellulose 90-110 Ethanol from maize, sugarcane, wheat 70-345 and waste Production costs may lie FAME from rapeseed, palm, waste oil 50-210 in the order of 100-150 HVO from palm oil 134-185 EUR/MWh in future Synthetic biodiesel from gasification of 120-655 lignocellulose Synthetic biogasoline from gasification 90 of lignocellulose Future production of electrofuels have the potential to compete with the most expensive biofuels Brynolf S, Taljegård M, Grahn M, Hansson J. (2018). Electrofuels for the transport sector: a review of production costs. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 81 (2) 1887-1905. Annual cost electro-diesel in ICEV (blue) vs hydrogen in FC (green) Trucks Cars km per year km per year Common Common for for cars long-distance trucks Trucks: H2+FC lowest tot cost (over 30,000 km/yr) Cars: E-diesel+ICEV lowest tot cost (up to 30,000 km/yr) Main findings Source: Grahn . M. (2017) Can - Expensive investments dominates at low use, expensive fuel dominates at large use. electrofuels in combustion - Electro-diesel can be competitive when vehicles have a short driving range per year. engines be cost-competitive to - Hydrogen has advantages when vehicles have long driving distances per year. hydrogen in fuel cells? Conference proceedings, - The concept of electro-diesel in ICEVs seem to be cost-competitive to H2-FC for cars. TMFB, Aachen, 20-22 June. Production cost electro-hydrogen (left) and electro-methanol (right) assuming that there is a market for excess heat and oxygen from the electrolysers. Production costs compared to natural gas based hydrogen, Production costs compared to natural gas based which is assumed can be bought for 50 €/MWh. methanol, which is assumed can be bought for 72 €/MWh. Production cost electro-hydrogen [€/MWh] Production cost electro-methanol [€/MWh] 500 174 50 35 51 66 81 500 485 133 76 95 115 134 CAPEX CAPEX 400 434 117 68 88 107 127 400 135 38 29 45 60 75 (25 yr) (25 yr) 300 95 26 23 39 54 70 300 383 102 61 80 100 119 kWel / kWel / € 200 333 87 53 73 92 112 € 200 55 14 17 33 48 64 Electrolyser Electrolyser 100 15 2 12 27 42 58 100 282 71 46 65 85 104 0 10 20 30 40 50 Electricity price €/MWh 0 10 20 30 40
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