Index

Abernethy, Thomas G. 273, 279, 290, 324, 345 Great Emigration 272, 281 abortion 306, 457–9 gubernatorial election of 1991 373 Ackia, battle of 32 health 201–2, 360 actors 265–6 Johnson, Jr. administration 325 Adam, Bidwell 230, 237 Mabus administration 371–2 Adams, John 54 mid-twentieth century 342 Adams, John Quincy 81, 89, 90 music 257 Adams, Robert H. 82 poetry 255–6 Afghanistan conflict 461 population trends 331, 353–4, 355, 356 African Americans poverty 362 1927 flood 226, 227–9 presidential election of 2008 431 1950s 283, 285 progressive “rednecks” 207 Allain administration 370 recent political trends 365, 367, 378 antebellum 109–14, 119 Reconstruction 153–5, 156, 157, 158, 159, Bailey administration 278 161, 163–4, 165, 166 Bilbo administration 213, 280 religion 199–200, 201, 297, 298, 299, 303–5 Coleman administration 292, 293 Republican party 170, 229, 324, 325 congressional elections of 2003 430 Roosevelt, Franklin D. administration 279 Constitution of 1890 176–8, 181 Russell administration 220 Democratic party 170, 181, 290, 325, 326–7, Second Reconstruction 309 348, 425 sharecropping 188–9 education 194–5, 196, 197–9, 278, 288–90, statewide elections of 2011 433 381–7, 392, 393, 395,COPYRIGHTED 396 suffrage MATERIAL 279, 280 farm owners 332, 333 twentieth-century transitions 343 Finch administration 347 twenty-first century 460 fine arts 262–3, 264 327 first judge 370 Waller administration 343–4 Fordice administration 375 White’s second administration 288–90, 291 free blacks 114 Williams administration 326 Great Depression 236 Winter administration 367, 369

Mississippi: A History, Second Edition. Westley F. Busbee, Jr. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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World War II 276, 280–1 American party (“Know-Nothing” party) 128 Wright administration 279, 285 American Revolution 42–4 see also Ames, Adelbert 153, 162, 163, 164–5, 166, Agnew, Spiro T. 327 171, 373 Agricultural and Industrial (A&I) Board 278, Anderson, Albert C. 229 294, 310, 337, 338, 414 Anderson, Gary 429 Agricultural Bank 105 Anderson, James Craig 454 Agricultural Board 236 Anderson, John B. 368 agricultural high schools 231–2 Anderson, Phyliss J. 460 Agricultural Service Department 235 Anderson, Reuben 370 Agricultural Stabilization and Anderson, Tom 373 Conservation Service (earlier Anderson, Walter Inglis 264 Agricultural Adjustment Antoine, Kevin 377 Administration) 241–2, 243 aquaculture 404 agriculture Archie, Lonzo 447 1950s 283 Armstrong, David 370 antebellum 101, 102–3 Arnold, Mrs. J. E. 223 Barnett administration 310 Articles of Confederation 47 Bilbo administration 214 artists 263–4 British period 41 Asian Americans 354–5 Civil War 147 athletics 283, 285, 351–3 Conner administration 237 Atkins, Joe 296 n. 1 early twentieth century 187–90 Audubon, John James 263 French period 35 Autry, James A. 330 Great Depression 241–2 Avants, Ernest 455 recent trends 402–8 aviation 339–40, 419–20 Reconstruction 156–7 Ayers, Jake, Sr./Ayers case 395–6 Spanish period 49–51 twentieth-century transition 331–4 Bailey, Francis 57 White administration 244–5 Bailey, Thomas L. 230, 238, 270, 277–9, 285 Whitfield administration 224–5 Ballet Magnificat 266 World War II 275–6, 280 Ballet 266 Alcorn, James Lusk 129, 155–6, 159, 162, 163, Bank of Mississippi 75, 76 164–5, 169 Bankhead Act (1916) 214 Alcorn State University (earlier Alcorn banking 400–2 Agricultural and Mechanical Baptists 297–8, 453 College) 116, 181, 196, 231, 393 antebellum 117, 118, 119 Alexander, C. H. 211 General Missionary Baptist Association 200 Alexander, Margaret Walker 249, health care 305–6 250, 255 race relations 303, 304–5 Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Spanish period 51 Education 386 women 305 Allain, William A. “Bill” 367, 369–71 Barbour, Haley 254, 368, 374, 420, 428–9, 430, American Indians 10–11 431, 436, 437, 438, 443–4, 446, 447, 451, British period 38–9, 40, 41, 42–3 453, 457, 459 French period 25, 35 Barbour, William, Jr. 367 late seventeenth century 14–21 Barkley, Alben William 243 population trends 354–5 Barksdale, Ethelbert 173, 174 Spanish explorers 10, 12–14 Barksdale, James and Sally 391 Spanish period 47–8 Barksdale, William 129 statehood 80, 81, 84 Barnett, Ross Robert 288, 291, 293, 309–18, Territorial period 57, 60, 63, 64, 65 319, 320, 322, 325, 327–8 see also specific tribes Barrett, Margaret 377

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Barrett, Richard 347, 366, 455 Bonnie Blue flag 134 Barry, William 135 borders 2 BAWI (balancing agriculture with British period 37 industry) program 244, 245, 275, 337, Spanish period 45–7, 52 338, 339, 413 statehood 71–2 Bailey administration 277, 278 Territorial period 55 Coleman administration 294 Boswell, Henry 202, 213, 359 Johnson administration 271–2 Bouligny, Francis 48 White’s first administration 294 Bourbons 170–4 White’s second administration 288 constitution of 1890 176–7 Wright administration 285 economic conditions 190 Bayou Pierre 47 education 195 Beasley, Daniel 65 end of 185 Beauregard, Pierre G. T. 135, 137 geography and 8 Beeman, Joseph H. 176 populists and 175 Belhaven University 197, 199, 266, 395 primary election law 184 Bell, John 133, 134 progressive “rednecks” 205, 206, 207 Bell, Percy 224 Bowen, David R. 337, 345, 346, 367, 368 Bennett, Marshall 429 Bowen, John S. 143 Bethel AME Church 298 Bowers, Sam 320, 321, 322 Biddle, Nicholas 95 n. 4 Bowie, Jim 109 Biden, Joseph R., Jr. 431, 434 Bowlin, Bill 373 Bienville, Jean Baptiste le Moyne, Sieur Boyd, Richard A. 388 de 26–7, 28, 29–33, 34 Bradford, A. B. 99 Biggers, Neal B. 303, 395 Bradley, Jaye 446 Bilbo, Theodore G. 212 Brady, Thomas P. 343, 380 n. 1, 385–6 Barnett’s admiration of 309 Bragg, Braxton 137, 138, 144 Democratic nomination 285 Bramlett, Leon 369 first administration 213–16, 217, 220, Bramlette, David C. 427 n. 3 229–32, 234, 288 Brandon, Gerard C. 78, 79, 80–4, 85 gubernatorial election of 1923 224 Breckinridge, John C. 133, 134, 137 Johnson’s defeat of 270 Brewer, Earl Leroy 209, 211–13, 226, 285 Russell trial 223, 224 Brice’s Crossroads 144–5 second administration 234–6, 237, 395 Briggs, Eddie 374, 376, 377 as senator 211, 242–3, 272, 280 British colonial expansion 26, 27, 32 Biloxi 27, 28 British period 37–44, 464 Biloxi Indians 21 British Petroleum (BP) oil spill 445–6, 460 Black, John 82 Brooks, Janice Broome 363 Black, Roy Herbert 326 Brooks, Preston 129 Black Code 156 Brown, Albert G. 93, 97–9, 122, 123, 127 Blackburn, Billy 429 Brown, John 128, 131, 133, 135 Blackmon, Barbara 378, 429 Brown, Troy D. 426 Blair, George 373 Brown, Walter 345 Blanton, Barbara 376 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas Blind, School for the 358 (1954) 289, 290, 293, 312, 385–6 Blommart, John 43 Browne, Montfort 39–40 blue dog Democrats 425 Bruce, Blanche Kelso 158, 159, 169, 174 Blue Mountain College 197 Brunini, Joseph 304 Bodron, Ellis 345 Bryan, William Jennings 181 boll weevils 189–90, 210, 225, 334 Bryant, Dewey Phillip “Phil” 374, 378, Bolls, John 51 429, 430, 432–3, 438, 446, 447, 448, 450, Bond, Willard F. 213, 226, 238, 240 457, 459 Bonner, Sherwood 199 Buchanan, James 129

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Buell, Don Carlos 136, 137 Chapel of the Cross, Madison County 297 Bullen, Joseph 118 Charles IV, King of Spain 52 Bullock, Joe 338 charter schools 452 Burkitt, Frank 176, 181, 182 Chase, Salmon P. 148 Burling, Walter 103 Chata and Chickasa, legend of 17 Burnham, Tom 388 Cheney, Richard 430 Burr affair 61–3 Chester, Peter 40–1, 43 Busbee, Sarah Pauline Simmons 255 Chickasaws 17, 18, 20–1 Bush, Fred 338 American Revolution 42–3 Bush, George H. W. 372, 373, 375, 426, 429 French period 32–3 Bush, George W. 426, 428, 430, 431 Spanish period 47 Butler, Andrew Pickens 129 statehood 84 Butler, Benjamin F. 137 Childers, Travis W. 431 Butler, Carl 345 Childs, Joshua 109 Butts, John 454 17, 18, 19–20 Byrd, Harry F. 318 casinos 374 population trends 354–5 Cadillac, Antoine Laumet de la Mothe 29–30 statehood 76–8, 81, 83, 84, 85 Cage, Harry 82 Territorial period 61 Cain, Mary D. 288, 291 twenty-first century 440 Caldwell, Isaac 109 Churches of Christ 299 Calhoon, S. S. 177 Citizens’ Council 289, 293, 303, 313, 316, Calhoun, John C. 76, 124 320, 343 California, sectionalism 122, 124 Civil Rights Act (1964) 320, 322, 324 n. 5, 386 Caller, James 65 civil rights movement 455–6 Cameron, John E. 347 1950s 285–6 camp meetings 118 anti-Semitism 301 Canada 23–4, 26, 28–9, 30, 32 Barnett administration 312–18 Capers, Charlotte 294 Coleman administration 292, 293, 295 capitol 90, 91, 93, 182, 184, 294 Johnson, Jr. administration 319–25 Cardoza, Thomas W. 165, 166, 194 presidential election of 1952 290, 291 Carmichael, Gil 345, 346, 366 religion 303, 323 Carmichael, Stokely 315 Second Reconstruction 327–8 Carondelet, Francisco Luis Hector de 47, 52 Tougaloo College 198 carpetbaggers 158–9, 164 White’s second administration 291 Carter, Hodding 227, 322 Williams administration 326 Carter, Jimmy 148, 347–8, 368 Civil Rights Museum 369, 456 Cartier, Jacques 23–4 Civil War 135–50 casinos 306–7, 353, 374, 411–12, 445 peace movement 145–7 Cass, Lewis 124 Civil Works Administration (CWA) 241 Casteel, Homer H. 220 Civilian Conservation Corporation (CCC) 241 Castillo, Julio Del 429 Claiborne, Ferdinand L. 61, 62, 65, 66 catfish 404, 406 Claiborne, J. F. H. 199 Catholics see Roman Catholics Claiborne, William Charles Cole 59–61, 63, 64 Centenary College 116 Clark, Charles 146–7, 148, 150 Chakchiumas (Chocchumas) 21 Clark, Daniel 51 Chalmers, James R. 144, 158 Clark, Eric 376, 429 Chambers, Henry C. 109 Clark, Robert G., Jr. 325, 367, 368, 369, Champion’s Hill, battle of 143 370, 430 Chance et al. v. Mississippi State Textbook Clark, Thomas D. 252 Rating and Purchasing Board 383 Clay, Henry 84, 90, 91, 97 Chaney, James Earl 320, 455 Clayton, G. T. 97 Chaney, Mike 430, 433, 444 Cleveland, Grover 173, 174, 181

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Clinton, Bill 375, 376, 377, 426 Creeks 39, 64, 65–6 Clinton, Hillary 431 crime 454–6 Cloud, Adam 51 Critz, Frank A. 207 Coate, Arlon 368 Crosby, Peter 165 Cochran, Thad 345, 346, 348, 370, 373, 424, Crozat, Anthony 29–30 427, 431 culture 247–68 Coffee, John 81, 84 American Indians 14 Colbert, Jean Baptiste 25 Cumberland (Presbyterian) Church 118 Colbert, Levi 84 Curtis, Richard 51 Cole, Ricky L. 426, 430 Cole, William, J. 367 Dahmer, Vernon 321, 322 Coleman, James Plemon 289, 291–5, 319 Dale, George 347, 374, 429 Collier, James W. 242 Dancing Rabbit Creek 81, 85, 354 Collins, Ross A. 214, 220, 223, 242, 245, 280 Danks, Dale 371 Collins, Thomas 372 Dantin, Maurice 346, 348, 371 Colmer, William M. 273, 280, 345 Dantzler family 335 Columbus, Christopher 10, 11 Darby, Matthew Whitten 454 communications 341–2 Davis, Alexander K. 165, 166 Compromise of 1850 126, 127 Davis, Greg 431 Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 312–13, Davis, Jefferson 97, 98, 122, 126, 127, 129, 314, 316, 320, 323 130, 135 Congressional Reconstruction 157–65 Beauvoir residence 148, 184, 443 Conner, Martin Sennett “Mike” 213, 223, 224, Civil War 137, 140, 147, 148, 150 229, 230, 237–40, 242, 244, 245, 270, 277 Davis, John 226 Connor v. Finch (1976) 367 Davis, Joseph E. 177 Constitutional Unionist party 133 Davis, Reuben 146 convict leasing 172, 180, 208 de la Beckwith, Byron 316, 326, 343, 437 Cook, Tom 345 De Soto, Hernando 12–13, 21 Coolidge, Calvin 226, 229 Deaf, School for the 358 Cooperative Extension Service 242 Deaton, Charles 366 Corinth 136–7, 138 Declaration of Rights (constitution of 1817) 73 “Corridor” program 414, 415 Dedmon, Deryl 454 corruption, legal and judicial 436–7 DeLaughter, Bobby 437 cotton 404–6, 407 Delta (Yazoo Basin, Mississippi–Yazoo Alluvial antebellum 102–3 Plan) 4, 8–9 Bilbo’s second administration 236 Delta State University (earlier Delta State Civil War 147 Teachers College) 226, 230–1, 393 Conner administration 237 Democratic party 90 early twentieth century 189, 190 1928 presidential election 236 Reconstruction 156–7 1950s 285–7 Spanish period 50, 51 African Americans 170, 181, 290, 325, Territorial period 66, 67 326–7, 348, 425 twentieth century transition 332, 333 antebellum 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 Whitfield administration 224–5 Bailey administration 279 World War II 275 Barnett administration 318 Council of Federated Organizations Bilbo administration 230 (COFO) 316, 322 Bourbons 170–4, 184, 190 counties 357 Coleman administration 292, 294 Courts, Gus 291, 313 Delta counties 9 Cox, Harold 320 Finch administration 347 Cox, James 221 Great Depression 242 Coxe, Daniel 1, 26, 28 Johnson, Jr. administration 324, 325 creation science 302 Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 324

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Noel administration 210–11 Eastland, James O. 272–3, 279, 287, 289, 290, Populism 181 293, 318, 325, 343, 345, 348, 371 progressive “rednecks” 205–6, 207 Eaton, John 81 recent political trends 365–6, 367, 368, 378 Eaves, John Arthur, Jr. 377, 430 Reconstruction 153, 159, 160, 161, 163, Eaves, John Arthur, Sr. 346, 366, 371 165–7 Ebbers, Bernard J. 411 Russell administration 221 economy secession 132, 133 American Indians 16 Second Reconstruction 328 antebellum 105–6 sectionalism 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129 Barnett administration 310–11 supremacy 169–70 Bilbo’s second administration 235–6 twenty-first century 425, 434–5, 437–8, Brewer administration 211–12 451, 459 British period 41–2 Waller administration 343 Civil War 147–9 Williams administration 325 Coleman administration 294 Winter administration 367 Conner administration 237–8 World War II 270, 272, 277 early twentieth century 187–93 Wright administration 279 Fordice administration 374 Dennis, David 323, 324, 432 Longino administration 184 Dent, Hayes 375 mid-twentieth century 342 Dent, Louis 162 recent trends 400–23 Department of Archives and History 184 Reconstruction 156–7, 163 Department of Bank Supervision 401 Russell administration 221 Department of Banking and Consumer Spanish period 49–51 Finance 401 state financial difficulties (1890s) 181–2 Department of Health 358, 360 Territorial period 66–7 Department of Human Services (DHS) twentieth century 337–8 362–3, 457 twenty-first century 442–9 Deposit Guaranty National Bank 401, 402 Whitfield administration 224 Dewey, Thomas E. 287 World War II 275–6 Dickson, David 72, 78, 81 n. 4, 92 Wright administration 285 Disciples of Christ 117, 118 education 286, 287, 290, 303, 318, 427 African Americans 194–5, 196, 197–9, 278, Dole, Robert 376 288–90, 381–7, 392, 393, 395, 396 Doss, Evan 348 agricultural and mechanical colleges 189 Douay, Father Anastase 27 antebellum 98, 111–12, 115–17 Douglas, Stephen A. 133, 134 Bailey administration 277, 278 Dowdy, Wayne 368, 369, 370, 372, 373 beginnings of public education 194–5 Doxey, Wall 236 Bilbo’s first administration 213–14 drama 256–7 Bilbo’s second administration 230–2 Du Bois, W. E. B. 220 Brewer administration 212 duels 108–9 British period 42 Dukakis, Michael 372 Civil War 149 Dunbar, William 42, 50, 51, 52 Conner administration 237, 239–40 Duncan, Stephen 85 constitution of 1890 180–1 DuPree, Johnny 432 constitutional amendments 349 DuPuy, Aaron, III 429 convention of 1868 160 Durnford, Elias 40 early twentieth century 194–9 Dye, Bradford J. “Brad”, Jr. 338, 344, 346, 367, evolution 302 374, 430 Fordice administration 374 Johnson administration 270–1, 272 East Mississippi State Hospital 202 Longino administration 184 Eastland, Hiram 371 Noel administration 210

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education (cont’d) Faulkner, William C. 106, 109, 193, 199, 251–2 Reconstruction 163–4 Fawcett, Fran 368 Russell administration 221 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation school prayers 302–3 (FDIC) 241, 401 Second Reconstruction 328 Federal Reserve Act (1914) 401 sectionalism 123, 128 Federal Surplus Commodities sex education 306 Corporation 242 slaves 111–12 Federalist party 56, 57, 59, 61, 62, 67, 89 Spanish period 51 feminist movement 305 state financial difficulties (1890s) 182 fiction 249–52 statehood 77–8, 80 Fillmore, Millard 129 twenty-first century 449–53 Finch, Charles C. “Cliff” 254, 343, 346–8, 402 Vardaman administration 207 fine arts 262–4 White’s second administration 288–90 “First Mississippi Plan” 166, 167 Whitfield administration 226 First National Bank 401 Williams administration 327 Fisher v. Allen (1837) 109 Winter administration 369 Fitch, Lynn 433 Wright administration 279, 285 flags 134, 183 see also higher education Fletcher, Bettye Ward 363 Education Reform Act (1982) 369, 371, Flournoy, Robert W. 159 387–92 Flournoy, Thomas 64 Edwards, John 430 “flush times” 100–6 Eggleston, Beroth B. 159, 160 Folsom, “Chief” David 43, 81 Eisenhower, Dwight D. 290, 290, 294 Fondren, Louis 433 electric power 341, 413 Fontaine, Charles D. 128 Eliot, John 40 Foote, Henry S. 85, 97, 98, 109, 126–7 Elizabeth Female Academy 75, 115 Ford, Aaron L. 292 Ellicott, Andrew 52 Ford, Gerald 348 Ellis, Powhatan 81 n. 4, 82 Ford, John 70, 71 Ellzey, Lawrence Russell 242 Ford, Timothy Alan “Tim” 372, 375 eminent domain 447 Fordice, Kirk 306, 307, 373–7, 412, 432, 438 Emmerich, Oliver 322 forestry energy resources 340–1, 412–14 Noel administration 210 environment 460 twentieth-century revival 335–7 Episcopalians 299 Whitfield administration 224 Equal Rights Amendment 305 Forrest, Nathan Bedford 138–41, 144–5 Espy, Mike 370, 371, 372, 375, 430 Fort Louis 29 evangelicals 118, 119 Fort Maurepas 27–8 Everett, Edward 133 Fort Nogales 47, 48 Evers, Charles 326, 343, 348, 369 Fort Panmure (earlier Fort Rosalie) 30, 38, Evers, Medgar W. 281, 316, 316, 326, 343, 40, 43 437, 455–6 France evolution 201, 226, 302 American Revolution 43 royal family 170 Fair Employment Practices Committee rulers 463 (FEPC) 280 Territorial period 60 Falkner, William C. 193, 199 see also French period Farm Security Administration 242 Franklin, Aretha 257 Farmar, John 38 Franklin, Lester C. 224, 236 Farmers’ Alliance 175, 176 Franklin, Webster “Webb” 368, 369, 370, 371 Farmers’ Home Administration (earlier Franklin Academy 77, 115 Resettlement Administration) 242 free blacks 114 Farragut, David 136, 137 Freedmen’s Bureau 153–4, 155, 156, 157

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314, 456 Green, Thomas M. 56, 59 322–3, 324 Green, Tomie 438 Freedom Trail 456 Greenback party 175–6 Freeman, Morgan 265 Greenleaf, David 51 Fremont, John C. 129 Grierson, Benjamin 143, 144 French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War) 33 Griffin, Charles H. 326, 327, 345 French explorers 23–6 Griggs, Richard 165 French period 23–36, 464 Grimball, John A. 93 Frierson, John F. 220 Guion, Isaac 52 Fugitive Slave Law (1850) 126, 127 Guion, John 126 furniture making 409 Gulf Intracoastal Waterway 419 Gulfport 419, 443 Gaines’ Trace 103 Gulfport Central Labor Union 310 Galloway, Charles B. 201, 303 gun laws 439–40 Gálvez, Bernardo de 43, 47, 48 Gunn, Philip 434 gambling 306–7, 353, 374, 411–12, 445 Guyot, Lawrence 324 Gaming Road Program 415 Gwin, William M. 109 Gandy, Evelyn 309, 319, 344, 346–7, 366, 367, 369 Haile, William 79, 81 n. 4 Gardoqui, Diego de 47 Hall, Robert S. 236 Gartin, Carroll 291, 309, 319, 324 Halleck, Henry 137–8 gas 225–6, 340–1, 412–13 Hamer, Fannie Lou 322–3, 324 Gatling Gun law 165 Hamill, Thomas 461 Gayoso, Manuel de 45, 48, 52, 56 Hamilton, Alexander 89 George, James Z. 172, 173–4, 177 Hampstead Academy 115–16 George II, King of Great Britain 32 Hannah, John 52 George III, King of Great Britain 37, 43 Harding, Warren 221, 226 Georgia 46, 49 Harpe, Wiley “Little” 57 Gholson, Samuel J. 93 Harper, Gregg 431, 432, 434 Gibson, Andy 439, 440 Harper, Ken 375 Gilchrist, Ellen 255 Harper’s Ferry 131, 133, 134 Gill, Joel L. 431, 433 Harrison, Byron Patton “Pat” 217, 221, 226, Gillem, Alvan C. 153, 160, 161, 162 236, 240, 242–3, 244, 245, 272, 273 Gillespie, G. T. 303 Harrison, William Henry 93 Goldwater, Barry M. 324 Harvey, Paul 375 Goodman, Andrew 320, 455 Hawks, Bill 378 Gordon, Marcus 455 Hayes, Rutherford B. 167 Gore, Albert, Jr. 426 Hayes–Tilden Compromise 167 Gore, Thomas P. 176, 181 health and disease government American Indians 13–14, 16 American Indians 16, 19, 20–1 Bilbo administration 213 British period 38, 39, 41 Brewer administration 211 constitution of 1817 73–4 religion 305–6 constitution of 1832 86–7 sectionalism 123 French period 34 smallpox 238 Spanish period 48 twentieth century 201–3, 358–60 governor’s mansion 90, 96, 344 twenty-first century 457–9 Grand Prè, Carlos de 43, 48, 51 typhoid 182 Grant, Ulysses S. 161–2, 163, 164, 165, 166 yellow fever 171, 182 Civil War 136, 137–43, 148 Helms, Jesse 315 Great Britain 63, 64, 66, 67–8 Henderson, John 93 Great Depression 191, 234–46, 335, 401 Hennepin, Louis 1, 25 n. 3 Greeley, Horace 164 Henry, Aaron 281, 316, 323, 324, 343, 386

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Herdahl, Lisa 302–3 indigo 50, 102 Herring, Jim 346, 366 Industrial Bill of Rights (Barnett higher education 392–8 administration) 310 Bilbo’s second administration 230–2, 237 industrial development 190–1, 337–8, 408–10 Conner administration 237, 239 infant mortality 360, 457 early twentieth century 195–9 Ingalls, Robert I. 245, 275 Russell administration 221 Ingalls Shipbuilding Corporation 245, 275, highways see roads 338, 410 Hill, James 165 initiative and referendum 212–13 Hill, Tracella Lou O’Hara 433 Irby, Stuart C., Jr. 307 Hinds, Thomas 66, 75, 76, 78, 81 n. 4, 82 Hinds County 77 J. J. White Lumber Company 243 Hinduism 300 J. J. White Memorial Presbyterian Church 243 Hinson, Jon 348, 368 Jackson Hogan, Joe 394 Ballet Guild 266 Holladay, Charles E. 347, 388 Capitol Street 215, 274 Holland, Steve 431 Galloway United Methodist Church 304 Holmes, David 62, 63, 64, 66, 72, 75, 78, Military Highway 103 79–80 Paramount Theatre 283 Holton, J. C. 244 Prairie 4 home schooling 387, 450 selection as capital 78 homestead exemption law (1938) 245, 270 theaters 265 homosexuality 306 truck stop 416 Hood, Jim 429, 430, 433, 438, 439, 440, 459 War Memorial 217 Hood, John B. 145 Jackson, Andrew 51, 66, 76, 78, 80–1, 82, 84, Hooker, John Lee 258, 259 90–1, 92, 94–1, 105 Hoover, Herbert 227, 236, 242 Jackson School of Law 394 Hosemann, Delbert 377, 430, 433, 439 Jackson State University 197, 393–4, 396 hospitals 201–2, 358–9 Jacksonian Democrats (Democratic Houston, Samuel 93, 121 Republicans) 76, 80, 84, 90, 91, 92 Howard, Nathan G. 85 James, Newton 244 Howard, Oliver O. 153 Jay, John 47 Howard, Perry 290 Jefferson, Cicero 85 Howard, T. R. M. 386 Jefferson, Thomas 50, 59, 61, 63, 89 Howorth, Lucy Somerville 224 n. 4, 240–1 Jefferson College 72, 75, 115, 116, 149 Hull, Marie 264 Jeffersonian Republicans 56, 59, 67, 72, 89–90 human services 362–3 Jewish population 300–1 Hume, Alfred 201, 230 Jim Crow regime 176, 181, 183, 220, 255, 276, Humphrey, Hubert H. 324, 327 281, 291, 293, 303, 309 Humphreys, Benjamin G. 155, 156, 160, 226 Johnson, Andrew 150, 152–3, 154, 155, Hunt, Abijah 109 156, 157 Hunter, Narsworthy 59 Johnson, Henry L. 388 Hurricane Camille 334, 336, 339, 360 Johnson, Herchel V. 133 Hurricane Katrina 412, 437, 442–5, 446 Johnson, Lyndon Baines 318, 324, 328 Hutchins, Anthony 42, 43, 56, 59 Johnson, Paul Burney, Jr. 280, 285, 288, Hyde-Smith, Cindy 433 291, 309, 315, 319–25, 326, 327–8, 338, 344, 371 Iberville, Pierre le Moyne, Sieur d’ 26–9, 30 Johnson, Paul Burney, Sr. 217, 237, 244, 270–3, illegal immigration 447–8 277, 288, 319, 371, 395 illegitimacy 457 Johnson, Pete 270–1, 371, 373, 374 illiteracy 383–4, 386–7, 391, 450 Johnson, Robert 258 immunizations 359–60 Johnson, William 114 income levels 421–2, 448, 449 Johnston, Albert Sidney 136, 140

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Johnston, Erle 293, 318 Lackey, Henry L. 437 Johnston, Garvin 344, 386, 388 Ladner, Heber 344, 367 Johnston, Joseph E. 143, 144, 150 Lafayette, Marquis de 78 Johnston, Oscar G. 220 Lake, William A. 109 Johnstone, George 38–9 Lamar, Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus 129, 135, Joliet, Louis 24 167, 169, 170, 172–4 Jolly, E. Grady 427 n. 3 land grants 48–9 Jordan, Bill 375 Lane, Joseph 133 Jordan, Daniel P., III 459 Lattimore, William 67–8, 70–1, 72, 78 Jordan, David 454 Lauren Rogers Museum of Art 263 Judaism 117, 118 Law, John 30–1 judiciary laws Brewer administration 212 agricultural lien law (1876) 188–9 constitution of 1817 74 American Indians 16 constitution of 1832 85, 87, 88 anti-industry legislation 190 constitution of 1890 179–80 education 117 junior colleges 231–2, 392 free blacks 114 Junkin, John 367 guns 439–40 “Jim Crow” 176, 181, 183, 220 Kansas–Nebraska Act (1854) 128 personal liberty 127 Kate Freeman Clark Art Gallery 263 Poindexter Code 76 Kearney, Carrie Belle 222, 223, 224 primary election law (1902) 184 Kefauver, Estes 294 Reconstruction 156 Kelley, Oliver H. 175 right to work 310 Kelo v. City of New London (2005) 447 slave 113 Kemper brothers 61, 64 tort reform 435–6 Kenna, Edgar Douglas 244 see also specific laws Kennard, Clyde 282 n. 1, 293 Lea, Luke 125 Kennedy, John F. 315, 318, 319 League of Nations 221 Kennedy, Robert 314 Leake, Walter 75, 78–9 Kerlerec, Louis Billouart de 33 Lecompton Constitution 128, 129 Kerry, John 430 Lee, George 313 Kidd, Winston 440 Lee, Herbert 313 Killen, Edgar Ray (“Preacher Killen”) Lee, Ray 327 320–2, 455 Lee, Robert E. 150 King, B. B. 258 Leflore, Greenwood 81, 82 King, Benjamin R. 175 legislature King, Clennon 293, 368 antebellum 98 King, Edwin 316, 325 constitution of 1817 73 King, Hampton 344 constitution of 1832 85, 86–7, 90 King, Martin Luther, Jr. 315, 347, 455 constitution of 1890 178–9 Kirksey, Henry J. 346, 348, 367, 374 Longino administration 184–5 Knight, Bianca 353 Reconstruction 160 Knight, Etheridge 353 Lemos, Manuel Gayoso de 47 Knight, Newton 146 LeSueur, Clinton B. 427 n. 4 Knox, Bishop 302 Lewis, Clark 176 Knox, Rush H. 236 Lewis, Jerry Lee 260 Korean War 287 Libertarian party 377 Ku Klux Klan 141, 161, 164, 313, 320–2, libraries 350–1 454, 455 life expectancy 457 Lincoln, Abraham 133, 134 La Salle, Sieur de 1, 25–6, 27 assassination 148, 150 labor unions 310 Civil War 135, 136, 137, 147, 152

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Link, Theodore C. 184 Mathews, George 63 literacy 197–9 Matthews, Joseph W. 99, 122–4, 125 illiteracy 383–4, 386–7, 391, 450 Mays, Samuel 57 and suffrage 177, 181 McAllister, L. L., Jr. 325 literature 248–57 McBeath, J. M. 214 Litton Industries, Inc. 338 McBride, Eddie 345 livestock business 403–4 McCain, John S., III 431 Long, Huey P. 270 McCarthy, Eugene 348 Long, James 92 McCarthy, Henry 134 Longino, Andrew Houston 183–5, 195, 220 McClernand, John 142 Lopez, Narcisco 126 McCoy, William Joseph “Billy” 380 Lott, Trent 345, 346, 348, 368, 369, 372, 373, McDaniel, Chris 424 375, 426, 427, 428, 430, 431, 437–8 McDowell, Irvin 160 Louis XIV, King of France 23, 25, 27, 29 McGehee, Dan 279 Louis XV, King of France 32 McGovern, George 345 Louisiana McKinley, William 181 French period 23–4, 25, 27, 29–31, 32, 33, 35 McLaurin, Anselm J. 174, 176, 182–3, 184, Territorial period 64 195, 210 Louisiana Purchase 60–1, 64 McLemore, Lester Burl 368 Love, Mark P. L. 230 McMillan, Roy 306 Lowrey, Bill G. 236 McNutt, Alexander G. 93–5, 98, 109 Lowrey, Mark Perrin 197 McRae, John J. 127–9 Lowry, Robert 171–2, 174, 175, 176, 375 McVeay, Jimmy 367 Luckett, William “Bill” 432 McWillie, William 129–31 lumber industry Mead, Cowles 61, 62, 67, 72, 75, 79 twentieth century 190–1, 335–6 Medicaid 459 twenty-first century 409 Meredith, James H. 281, 314–15, 319, 345, 395 Whitfield administration 224 Meridian Lumpkin, Samuel E. 277, 288, 290 Museum of Art 263 Lutherans 117, 118 Threefoot Building 239 Lynch, Charles 84, 90, 91, 92–3 Weidmanns Restaurant 351 Lynch, James D. 159, 160, 162 Methodists 298 Lynch, John R. 158, 161 African Americans 200 antebellum 117, 119 Mabila, Battle of 12–13 health care 306 Mabus, Ray 306, 370, 371–3, 391, 438 race relations 304 MacKinen, Robert 38 women 305 Maddox, Henry 294 Mexico Maddox, Lester 348 Texas’s independence 92–3 Madison, James 55, 63, 64, 89 War with 98, 121–3 magnolia, selection as state’s official flower 184 Miller, Mrs. Balfour 240 Magnolia flag 134 Millsaps, Reuben Webster 197 Manning, Archie 352 Millsaps College 197, 394–5 manufacturing 408–10, 420 Minor, Bill 279, 369, 386 Mara, Thalia 266 Minor, Paul 437 Marketing Council 337 Minor, Stephen 52 Marquette, Father (Père) Jacques 1, 24 Miró, Esteban 47, 48 Marschalk, Andrew 67 Mission Mississippi 305 Marshall, John 62 Mississippi Adequate Education Program Martin, Philip 355, 460 (MAEP) 451 Mason, Samuel 57, 60, 103 Mississippi Art Association 262 Mason, William L. 335 Mississippi Art Colony 262 maternity mortality rate 360 Mississippi Arts Commission 266–7

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Mississippi Arts Festival 262 Mitchell, Jerry 455 Mississippi Association for Teachers (earlier Mobile tribe 12 n. 4 Mississippi Association for Teachers and Mobley, Mary Anne 265 Colored Schools) 383 Molpus, Dick 370, 372, 375, 376 Mississippi Ballet International, Inc. 266 Mondale, Walter 370 Mississippi Bank 80, 82 Money, Hernando de Soto 224 Mississippi Baptist Hospital 202 Monroe, James 71, 73, 75, 89 116, 197, 394 Monroe County 77 Mississippi Commission on School Montgomery, G. V. “Sonny” 325, 326, 345, 346, Accreditation 383 367, 368, 369, 372, 373, 376–7 Mississippi Company 30–1, 34, 35 Montgomery, Isaiah 177 Mississippi Department of Transportation Moore, Amzie 281, 313, 314 (MDOT) 415, 416 Moore, Dorothy 258 Mississippi Economic Council 322 Moore, Joe A. 318 Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party Moore, Michael “Mike” 371, 373, 374, 446 (MFDP) 322–3, 324 Moran, Connie 433 Mississippi Gaming Commission 306, 307, 412 Morgan, Jacob B. 93 Mississippi Gulf Coast Ballet 266 Morris, Willie 386 Mississippi Gulf Coast Community Morse, Stanford E., Jr. 319 College 392 Moses, Robert Parris 313, 323, 324 Mississippi Highway Safety Patrol 244, 344 Mount Locust 58 Mississippi Industrial College 196–7 Murphree, Dennis 137, 224, 225, 226, 227, Mississippi Married Women’s Property Act 229, 230, 270, 273, 277 (1839) 109 Museum of Mississippi History 456 Mississippi Museum of Art 262, 263 museums 262, 263, 456 Mississippi Opera 262 Musgrove, David Ronald “Ronnie” 363, 376, Mississippi Poetry Society 254 377–8, 420, 428, 431, 434, 438 Mississippi Power and Light Company Mushulatubbee 76, 81 (MP&L) 225, 341, 413 music 257–62 Mississippi Power Company 341, 413 Muskie, Edmund 327 Mississippi River 5 1890 flood 182 Nanih Waiya Indian mound 17, 19, 20 1927 flood 226–9, 231 Napoleon Bonaparte 58, 60, 63, 170 De Soto 13 Nashville Convention (1850) 126 French explorers and colonists 24, 25, 26, 27 Natchez District ports 418 American Revolution 43 Mississippi Southern College (later University British period 40, 41 of Southern Mississippi) 272 Spanish period 44, 45–52 Mississippi State Hospital (Whitfield) 202 statehood 70, 80 Mississippi State University (earlier Territorial period 65 Agricultural and Mechanical Natchez–Fort Stephens Road 103 College) 171, 181, 196, 393, 394 Natchez Indians 15, 18–19, 30, 31–2 Mississippi Symphony Orchestra (earlier Natchez town 40, 48, 56, 73, 75 Jackson Symphony Orchestra) 261 Natchez Trace 57, 58, 60, 76, 103 Mississippi Theatre Association 265 National Association for the Advancement of Mississippi University for Women (earlier Colored People (NAACP) 312, 323, 343 Mississippi State College for Barnett administration 316 Women) 196, 221, 393, 394 Coleman administration 292 Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan school prayers 302 (1982) 394 statewide elections of 2011 433–4 Mississippi v. (1979) 367 White’s second administration 288, 291 Mississippi Valley University 393, 394 National Republicans 84, 90 Mississippi Works program 450 National Union Republican Party 162

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National Voter Registration Act (1993) 374 Pearl Harbor 273 Native Americans see American Indians Pearl River 5, 28 natural gas 225–6, 340–1, 412–13 dam 310, 311 New Deal 229, 240–6, 270, 275, 280, 338, 401 Pearl River Convention 70–1 New Madrid earthquakes 65 Pease, Henry R. 194 New Orleans pellagra 211, 227 Battle of 66 Pemberton, John Clifford 138, 140, 141, French period 31, 35 142, 143 Spanish period 47, 48 Pentecostals 299–300 Newman, Clarence D. “Buddie” 367, 372 church integration 305 Newton, Scott 429 early twentieth century 200–1 Nissan Motor Company 420, 447, 449 women 305 Nixon, Richard M. 290, 294, 318, 327, Percy, LeRoy 207, 210–11, 252 345, 428 Percy, William Alexander 227, 252 Noel, Edmond F. 207, 209–11, 382 Périer, Étienne Boucher de la 31 Norwood, Ashley 433 Perkins, John 305 nullification controversy 90–1 Peters, Ed 437 Nullifiers 90–2, 95 Pettus, John Jones 131, 132–3, 134–5, 146, Nunnelee, Alan 431, 434 147, 148 Nutt, Rush 103 philanthropy 453–4 Phillips, Max 429 O’Shea Study 230 Phillips, Rubel L. 319, 326 Oakland College 116, 149 Pickering, Charles W. “Chip”, Jr. 347, 348, 377, Obama, Barack H. 431, 434 427, 430, 431, 437 Office of Federal–State Programs 337 Pickering, Stacey E. 430, 433 Oglethorpe, James 32 Pierce, Franklin 127, 128 Ohr, George 263–4 Pilgrimage concept 240 Ohr–O’Keefe Museum of Art 263 Pinckney, Thomas 52 oil 340–1, 412 Pittman, Edwin Lloyd 347, 367, 371 BP oil spill 445–6, 460 planters 108–9 Old Capitol Museum 263 Planters’ Bank 82, 96, 105, 123 Ord, Edward 157 Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) 183 Osband, Embury D. 150 Plummer, Franklin E. 82, 85 Ostend Manifesto 128 poetry 253–6 Poindexter, George 62, 63, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70, Palazzo, Steven 431, 434 72, 73, 75–8, 80, 82, 91, 92, 109 Palin, Sarah H. 431 politics Panic of 1837 105 antebellum 89–99 pardons 438 Barnett administration 318 Parker, Mack Charles 293 Bilbo’s second administration 236 Parker, Mike 372, 376, 377 Civil War 145–7 Partnership for a Healthy Mississippi 446 Coleman administration 294–5 Pascagoula 419 Finch administration 347–8 Pascagoula River 7, 8 Great Depression 242–4 Pascagoula Indians 21 Johnson administration 272–3 Patrick, Bill 347 national political party history 89–90 Patrons of Husbandry (the Grange) 175, 176 Noel administration 210–11 Patterson, Howard 345 recent trends 365–79 Patterson, Robert B. 289 statehood 82 Patterson, Steve 374, 437 Territorial period 67–8 Patton, James 78 twenty-first century 425–35 Patton, William S. 155 Waller administration 345–6 Patty, Robert C. 177 White’s first administration 245

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White’s second administration 288, 290 Presley, Elvis 260, 265, 284 Whitfield administration 226 Prewitt, Rufus K. 176, 183 Williams administration 326–7 Price, Cecil Ray 322 Wright administration 279–80 Price, Leontyne 261 Polk, James K. 97, 98 Price, Sterling 138 Polk, Leonidas 144 prisoner-of-war (POW) encampments 274 Pontotoc Treaty 84 private colleges 197–9, 394–5 Pope, John 137 private health care 201–2 Pope, Piercy S. “Crazy” 52 private schools 450 population progressive “rednecks” 205–26 antebellum 94, 101–2 prohibition 302 British period 41 Bilbo administration 213 Civil War 133 Noel administration 209 French period 34–5 World War II 276 Great Depression 236 Wright administration 279 racial changes, 1800–2010 483–4 see also temperance movement rural decline 402–3 public education see education Second Reconstruction 309 public health see health and disease sectionalism 127 Public Service Commission 294 Spanish period 48 Public Works Administration (PWA) 240, 244 statehood 83–4 Pushmataha 66, 76, 81, 83 Territorial period 67, 70 total, 1800–2010 482 Quin, Percy E. 242 twentieth century 353–8 Quitman, John A. 85, 87, 92, 93, 97, 98, 122, twenty-first century 453 124–6, 131 Populism 174–6 1920s 221–3 race constitution of 1890 176–7, 179, 180–1 population changes, 1800–2010 483–4 geography and 8 see also African Americans paradox 181 “Radical” Reconstruction 157–65 progressive “rednecks” 207 Radical Republicans 154–5, 157 Port Gibson radio 284, 341 Bank 106 railroads 417–18 Church of 301 Bourbons 171, 173 Civil War 143 Civil War 149 Porter, David D. 142, 143 constitution of 1890 180 Posner, Phillip 456 early twentieth century 192–3 poultry 403–4, 405 Reconstruction 157, 164 poverty 361–3, 448 sectionalism 127–8 antebellum 106 statehood 84 education and 451 twentieth-century transitions 339 Powers, Joseph N. 207 Vardaman administration 208 Powers, Ridgely C. 162, 163, 164 Ramsay, Claude 386 Prather, Lenore 370 Rankin, Christopher 78, 79 Pray, P. Rutilius R. 85 Rankin, John 280, 290 Prentiss, Seargent S. 85, 93, 94, 97, 109 Reagan, Ronald 368, 370, 372, 373, 428, 429 Presbyterians 298–9 Reconstruction antebellum 117, 118, 119 Congressional or “Radical” 157–65 church integration 305 end of 165–7 early twentieth century 200 presidential 152–7 race relations 304 second 308–29 Spanish period 51 recreation 283–4, 350–3 women 305 Red Cross 227

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Reed, Jack 371 Roberts, Alton Wayne 320 Reeves, Tate 429, 430, 433, 459 Robinson Road 103 Reform party 429, 433 Rodgers, Jimmie 259–60 regional redistribution, late twentieth Rodney, Thomas 62 century 356–8 Rogers, Frank M. 127 Rehabilitation Commission 235 Roman Catholics 299 Reliance Manufacturing Company 243 antebellum 117, 118 religion 296–307 French period 34 American Indians 14–15, 19, 20, 21 health care 306 antebellum 117–19 race relations 304 British period 42 Spanish period 51 civil rights movement 303, 323 Romney, Willard Mitt 434 Civil War 149 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 238, 272, 279 early twentieth century 199–201 Fair Employment Practices Committee 280 French period 34 New Deal 240, 242, 243, 244, 270, 280 revivals 118 World War II 273 slavery 112, 117, 118, 119 Roosevelt, Theodore 207, 208, 209 social gospel 201, 301–7 Ross, Jim Buck 331, 344 Spanish period 51 reservoir 310, 311 twenty-first century 453–4 Rowland, Dunbar 76, 184, 252–3 Republican party 89–90 Runnels, Hiram G. 84, 90, 91–2, 95, African Americans 170, 229, 324, 325 109, 124 Allain administration 370 Rural Electrification Administration Bennett administration 318 (REA) 242, 245 Clinton’s impeachment 377 Rush, James H. 202 Coleman administration 294 Russell, Lee M. 213, 220–3, 224 Johnson, Jr. administration 324–5 Russell, Richard B. 290 Radical Republicans 154–5, 157 Rust College 197 recent political trends 366, 367, 368, 378 Ryan, Paul 434 Reconstruction 158–9, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166 sales tax 238–9, 240 Russell administration 221 Santa Anna, Antonio López de 121, 122 secession 132, 133, 134 Sargent, Winthrop 52, 56–9 Second Reconstruction 328 Sauvole de la Villantry, Jean 27, 28, 29 sectionalism 128 savings and loan (S&L) crisis 401–2 twentieth-century transitions 343 scalawags 158–9, 163, 164 twenty-first century 424–6, 434–5, 437, 438, Schwerner, Michael Henry 320, 455 451, 459 Scopes, John 201, 226 Revels, Hiram Rhodes 158, 159, 161, 163, 200 Scott, Abram M. 84, 90, 92 Rex Theatre 284 Scott, Dred 129, 133 Rice, Greek 244 Scott, Winfield 122, 127 Ripley Railroad Company 193 Scruggs, Richard “Dickie” 436–7 rivers 5–7 Seale, Fames Ford 455 Roach, Elizabeth 115 secession 125–6, 127, 131, 132–5 roads 414–16 repeal 153, 155 antebellum 103–4 “Second Mississippi Plan” 178 Bilbo’s first administration 214, 215 sectionalism 7–8, 121–31 Bilbo’s second administration 231 antebellum 94, 98 early twentieth century 192 statehood 84 Russell administration 221 Selah, W. B. 304 twentieth-century transitions 338–9 Severance Tax law (1940) 335 White administration 244 Shadd, I. D. 165 Wright administration 285 sharecropping 188–9, 331

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Sharkey, William L. 80, 85, 124, 126, 153, 154, Bilbo administration 213 155–6 Brewer administration 211–12 Shattuck, David O. 96 British period 41–2 Sherman, William T. 141–2, 144 Civil War 149 Shiloh, battle of 136–7 Russell administration 220–1 Ship Island 136 Spanish period 51 shipbuilding 245, 275, 338 Whitfield administration 226 Shows, Clifford Ronald “Ronnie” 377, 427 World War II 276 Shreve, Henry 105 Soil Conservation Service (earlier Soil Erosion Shriver, Sargent 345 Service) 242 Sillers, Walter 286, 287, 289, 290, 324, 367, 393 soil regions 3–4 Simmons, William J. 316 Somerville, Nellie Nugent 222–3, 224 Simpson, Steve 433 Soulé, Pierre 128 Singletary, Britt 367, 368 Southern Association of Colleges and Skipwith, Fulwar 63–4 Secondary Schools (SACS) 196, 210, 230, Slaughter-Harvey, Constance 344 239, 272, 383, 393, 394 slavery “Southern Manifesto” (1956) 293, 294 abolition 153–5 Sovereignty Commission 293, 303, 316–18, 344 antebellum 92, 94, 98–9, 100, 101–3, Spain 106–14 American Revolution 43–4 British period 39, 41 Mexican revolution 93 Civil War 147 rulers 463 constitution of 1817 74 Territorial period 60, 61, 63, 64 constitution of 1832 86, 87, 113 Spanish–American war (1898) 183, 216–17 convict leasing 172 Spanish colonial expansion 26, 27 French period 31, 34 Spanish explorers 10, 11–14 geography and 7 Spanish period 45–53, 464 religion 112, 117, 118, 119 Spanish Succession, War of (Queen Anne’s scripture 303 War) 29, 30 secession 133 Sparkman, John 290 sectionalism 123, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131 Spell, Lester 429, 430 Spanish period 51 sports 283, 285, 351–3 statehood 69, 71, 79, 80, 83 standard of living, twenty-first century Territorial period 67 448–9 War with Mexico 122 Standard Oil 310, 339 Slocum, Henry 144 Stansel, Horace 231, 244 Smith, A. J. 144–5 State Board of Health 202, 203 Smith, Alfred E. 236 State Highway Department 338 Smith, Frank Ellis 281, 287, 318, 345, 366 Bilbo’s first administration 214 Smith, George 244 Bilbo’s second administration 231 Smith, Hazel Brannon 322 Russell administration 221 Smith, Kirby 150 White administration 244 Smith, Larkin 372–3 Wright administration 285 Smith, William Sooy 144 State Insane Hospital 202, 226, 285 Smith–Hughes Act (1917) 213 State Rights Party 126 Smith Robertson Museum and Cultural State Tax Commission 214–16 Center 263 statehood 69–88 Smith v. Allwright (1944) 279, 280 steamboats 104–5 Smylie, James 118 Stennis, John C. 279, 280, 287, 293, 294, 324, Snider, J. B. 244 327, 348, 368, 370, 372, 429 social environment 350–64 Stennis, John Hampton 348 American Indians 15–16, 19–21 Stephens, Alexander H. 135 antebellum 106–14 Stephens, Hubert D. 223, 236, 240, 242

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Stevenson, Adlai 290, 294 textile industry 409 Stewart, Duncan 75 theater 265, 283–4 Stone, Ben 345 Thomas, Samuel 153–4 Stone, John M. 165, 166–7, 171, 177, 181–2 Thompson, Bennie 375, 376, 427 n. 4, 430, Stone v. Farmers Loan and Trust Co. (1886) 431, 434 171 n. 2 Thompson, Jacob 93, 98, 129 Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Thompson, Richard 388 (SNCC) 312, 313, 314, 316, 322, 323 Three Chopped Way 103 Sturdivant, Mike 369, 371 Thurmond, Strom 286, 287, 318, 427, 437 Sturgis, Samuel D. 144 Tilden, Samuel J. 167, 169 suffrage Till, Emmett 291, 293 African Americans 279, 280, 313, 315–18, tobacco 49–50, 102, 446 320, 322–3, 324, 325, 326 Tollison, Gray 453 Reconstruction 157 Tonty, Henri de 25, 26, 27, 28 women’s 220, 221, 222–3, 224, 232 tort reform 435–6 Sullens, Frederick 229, 271 Tougaloo College 197, 198 Sullivan, Charles L. 309, 318, 319, 326, Toulmin, Harry 61, 62, 64, 70 343, 348 Toyota Motor Manufacturing 420, 436 Summer, Albioun F. 344, 367 transportation 414–20 Sumner, Charles 129, 172–3 antebellum 103–5 Swan, James E. “Jimmy” 325, 343 Civil War 149 Swayze, James 118 early twentieth century 191–3 Swayze, Samuel 42 education and 382, 389–90 Swayze family 51 equipment 410 symbols of Mississippi 481 mid-twentieth century 275 Reconstruction 157 “Tax Payers’ Convention” 165–6 Russell administration 221 taxation statehood 84 Bilbo administration 214–16 twentieth-century transitions 338–40 Conner’s sales tax 238–9, 240 see also specific forms of transportation forestry 335 Trethewey, Natasha 254, 256 sales tax 238–9, 240 Trotter, John F. 85 twenty-first century 446 Truman, Harry S. 279, 285, 287, 290 White administration 245, 246 Tubb, Jackson M. 278, 385 Whitfield administration 224 Tuberculosis Sanatorium 202, 359 Taylor, Gene 372, 373, 375, 427 n. 4, 430, 431 Tuck, Amy 376, 378, 429, 434 Taylor, Richard 141, 150 Tucker, Tilghman M. 96, 97 Taylor, Zachary 122, 124, 125 Tupelo, battle of 32 Tecumseh 64, 65 Turner, Edward 93 Teel, Wes 437 Tuscaluza 12 telephones 341 Tyner, Mitch 428 television 284–5, 341–2 temperance movement 201 Underwood, Felix J. 237, 358 McLaurin administration 183 unemployment 448–9 women 222, 225 Union Bank 94–7, 105 see also prohibition Union Democrats 127 Tenn–Tom Waterway 418–19 Union Party 126 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) 341 United Auto Workers (UAW) 449 Territorial period 52, 54–68, 464 United States Bank 105 Texas United States Corps of Engineer’s Waterways antebellum 92–3, 98 Experiment Station, Vicksburg 229 war with Mexico 121–2 universities 393–4 Textbook Rating and Purchasing Board 383 see also higher education; specific universities

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University Museums 263 Welty, Eudora 57, 248, 250–1, 261 University of Mississippi (UM, “Ole West Feliciana Railroad Company 84 Miss”) 116, 393, 394, 395 West Florida antebellum 94, 97 n. 7, 98 annexation 63–4 Bilbo’s second administration 230 British period 37–43 civil rights movement 314–15 statehood 70 Coleman administration 293 West, Absalom M. 146, 176 early twentieth century 196 West, Cato 56, 59, 61, 73 funding 396 Wheat, Roy M. 327 Lyceum 196 Wheeler, William R., Jr. 375 medical school 285 Whig party 90 World War II 274 antebellum 91–2, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97–8, 99 University of Southern Mississippi (earlier Reconstruction 153, 155, 159, 160, 165 Mississippi Southern College) 210, sectionalism 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129 293, 393 statehood 84 urban growth 355–6 Whitaker, Clyde 375 White, Hugh L. (Tennessee Whig) 93 Van Buren, Martin 93 White, Hugh Lawson Van Dorn, Earl 137, 138 congressional elections of 1940 272 Van Dorn, Peter A. 78 death 324 Vandiver, J. S. 244 first administration 242, 243–6, 278 Vardaman, James Kimble 206–9, 210, 211, 217, gubernatorial election of 1931 237, 270 221, 223, 224, 280, 288 second administration 287–90, 291, 294 Vaudreuil, Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis de 33 White, John James 243 Veterans Administration 385 Whitfield, Henry L. 195, 201, 202, 207, 210, Vicksburg Campaign 137, 138–43, 148 221, 224–6, 229, 230, 232, 335 Vicksburg riots (1874) 165 Whitfield, James 126 Vietnam war 327 Whitfield, John 437 Vietnamese Americans 354 Whitney, Eli 51 Voice of Cavalry Ministries (VOC) 305 Whitten, Jamie L. 273, 279, 318, 324, 345, 346, voter identification 438–9 348, 367, 368, 372, 373, 375 Voting Rights Act (1965) 320, 324 n. 5, 325, Whittington, Will M. 287, 318 368, 374, 439 Whitworth College 115 Wicker, Roger F. 375, 427 n. 4, 430, 431, 434, Walker, Prentiss L. 324, 325, 326 437, 455 Walker, Robert J. 85, 91–2, 93, 97, 129 Wildmon, Donald E. 306 Wallace, George C. 327 Wilkinson, James 47, 52, 60–1, 64, 103 Waller, Carroll Overton 344 Willard, Frances 222 Waller, William Lowe 325, 342–6, 347, 348, William Carey College 197 366, 371, 375, 430 Williams, Benjamin 259 Walter, Harvey W. 131 Williams, Charlie 377 Walthall, Edward C. 172, 174, 177, 182 Williams, John Bell 279, 318, 324, 325–8, 337, War of 1812 64–6, 70, 89 343, 345, 386 War with Mexico 98, 121–3 Williams, John Sharp 209, 217, 221, 223 warfare, American Indians 16, 20–1 Williams, Liles B. 368, 369 see also specific wars Williams, Otis 255, 259, 322–3 Washington, Booker T. 207, 220 Williams, Robert 61–3 Washington, George 52 Williams, Tennessee 257, 284 water transportation 339, 418–19 Williams, Thomas Hickman 97 Watergate 345 Williams, Thomas Hill 75, 81 n. 4, 97 n. 7 Waters, Muddy (McKinley Morganfield) 258–9 Williams v. Mississippi (1898) 183 Watkins, Troy B. 326 Willing, James 43 Weill, Jeff 454 Willis v. Fordice (1994) 374

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Wilmot Proviso 122, 123, 124, 125 suffrage and the Nineteenth Wilson, Louis Hugh 269 Amendment 220, 221, 222–3, 224, 232 Wilson, T. Webber 236 twentieth-century transitions 343 Wilson, Woodrow 211, 221 Waller administration 344 Windsor 108 World War I 216 Winfrey, Oprah 266 World War II 276, 277 Wingate, Henry T. 427 n. 3 Women’s Christian Temperance Union Winstead, W. Arthur 273, 279, 318, 324 222, 225 Winter, Elise 261 Wood, Thomas J. 153 Winter, William Forrest 261, 286, 294–5, 309, Wood, Walker 244 325–6, 343, 346, 365–9, 370, 371, 386, Woodward, Ellen Sullivan 240–1 387, 456 Word, Thomas J. 93 Wolfe, Karl and Mildred 262 Works Progress Administration (WPA) 241, Wolfe, Oscar 287 243 women World War I 216–17 antebellum 109 World War II 269–81 Civil War 149, 150 WorldCom 410, 411 as congressional candidates 222, 223, 224 Wright, Fielding L. 244, 277, 278, 279, 285–7, congressional elections of 2003 430 291, 292, 293, 385, 393 education 115, 116, 149, 196, 197, 384, 396 Wright, Richard 249–50 employment 310 first judge 370 Yancey, William L. 133 first gubernatorial candidate 288 yellow dog Democrats 425 first lieutenant governor 347 yeoman farmers 106–7 Great Depression 240–1 Yerger, Edward M. 129 gubernatorial elections (1923) 224 Young v. (1997) 374 religion 305 rights 222–3 Zellnor, Robert 313

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