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Venom Gland Transcriptomic and Proteomic
toxins Article Venom Gland Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analyses of the Enigmatic Scorpion Superstitionia donensis (Scorpiones: Superstitioniidae), with Insights on the Evolution of Its Venom Components Carlos E. Santibáñez-López 1, Jimena I. Cid-Uribe 1, Cesar V. F. Batista 2, Ernesto Ortiz 1,* and Lourival D. Possani 1,* 1 Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico; [email protected] (C.E.S.-L.); [email protected] (J.I.C.-U.) 2 Laboratorio Universitario de Proteómica, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (E.O.); [email protected] (L.D.P.); Tel.: +52-777-329-1647 (E.O.); +52-777-317-1209 (L.D.P.) Academic Editor: Richard J. Lewis Received: 25 October 2016; Accepted: 1 December 2016; Published: 9 December 2016 Abstract: Venom gland transcriptomic and proteomic analyses have improved our knowledge on the diversity of the heterogeneous components present in scorpion venoms. However, most of these studies have focused on species from the family Buthidae. To gain insights into the molecular diversity of the venom components of scorpions belonging to the family Superstitioniidae, one of the neglected scorpion families, we performed a transcriptomic and proteomic analyses for the species Superstitionia donensis. The total mRNA extracted from the venom glands of two specimens was subjected to massive sequencing by the Illumina protocol, and a total of 219,073 transcripts were generated. -
A Redescription and Family Placement of Uintascorpio Perry, 1995 from the Parachute Creek Member Of
ARTÍCULO: A REDESCRIPTION AND FAMILY PLACEMENT OF UINTASCORPIO PERRY, 1995 FROM THE PARACHUTE CREEK MEMBER OF THE GREEN RIVER FORMATION (MIDDLE EOCENE) OF COLORADO, USA (SCORPIONES: BUTHIDAE) Jorge A. Santiago-Blay, Michael E. Soleglad & Victor Fet Abstract: The monotypic genus Uintascorpio Perry, 1995 from the Parachute Creek Member of ARTÍCULO: the Uinta Basin in the Green River Formation, Colorado, USA (Middle Eocene; ap- A redescription and family proximate age 48 Ma) is redescribed and placed in the family Buthidae (parvorder placement of Uintascorpio Perry, Buthida). The placement of this fossil in the Buthidae is supported by the diagnostic 1995 from the Parachute Creek carination of the pedipalp, metasoma, and other morphological details. This fossil is the Member of the Green River most ancient known record of the Buthidae in the New World and the oldest North Formation (Middle Eocene) of American scorpion fossil since Carboniferous. The existence of Uintascorpio halandra- Colorado, USA sorum reflects a long Cenozoic history of buthid evolution in North America. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) Key words: Scorpiones, Buthidae, Uintascorpio, Uintascorpio halandrasorum, Middle Eocene, morphology, Uinta Basin, Green River Formation, Colorado, USA. Jorge A. Santiago-Blay Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121 Redescripción y asignación familiar de Uintascorpio Perry, 1995 del and Department of Entomology, Eoceno Medio de Colorado, EEUU (Scorpiones: Buthidae) National Museum of Natural History, Resumen: Smithsonian Institution, El género monotípico Uintascorpio Perry, 1995 de Parachute Creek, en la Cuenca de P.O. Box 37012, Uinta, localizada en la Formación Green River, Colorado, Estados Unidos (Eoceno Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA Medio; edad aproximada 48 Ma) se redescribe y se asigna a la familia Buthidae (par- [email protected] vorder Buthida). -
Tityus Asthenes (Pocock, 1893)
Tityus asthenes (Pocock, 1893) by Michiel Cozijn Fig. 1:T.asthenes adult couple from Peru, top: ♀, down: ♂ M.A.C.Cozijn © 2008 What’s in a name? Tityus asthenes has no generally accepted common name, but they are sometimes sold under names like “Peruvian black scorpion” or as other species like Tityus metuendus (Pocock, 1897). Etymology: The name ‘asthenes’ in apposition to the generic name (Tityus) literally means weak or sick in ancient Greek, but it refers to ‘a thin or slender habitus’ in this case. M.A.C.Cozijn © 2011 All text and images. E-mail :[email protected] 1 Fig.2: part of South and Central America (modified) © Google maps 2011 Distribution Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Peru (1). Natural habitat T.asthenes is a common element of the tropical forests of Eastern Amazonia. T.asthenes can be found on tree trunks, but also on the forest floor under fallen logs and other debris, aswell as in the rootsystems of large trees. They are more common in rural areas. In Costa Rica the species is considered rare (Viquez, 1999). Most of the specimens in the hobby circuit originate from Peru, leading me to believe it is rather common in that country. Venom The LD50 value of the venom is 6.1 mg/ kg, and this value seems rather high when compared to T.serrulatus Lutz & Mello 1922 (0.43 Zlotkin et al, 1978) or T.bahiensis Perty 1833 (1.38, Hassan 1984). A study in Colombia revealed that systemic effects occurred mostly in children. Eighty patients where studied, of which fourteen sought medical help in a hospital. -
Aspartic Acid Isomerization Characterized by High Definition
toxins Article Aspartic Acid Isomerization Characterized by High Definition Mass Spectrometry Significantly Alters the Bioactivity of a Novel Toxin from Poecilotheria Stephen R. Johnson 1,2,* and Hillary G. Rikli 3 1 Carbon Dynamics Institute LLC, Sherman, IL 62684, USA 2 Chemistry Department, University of Illinois Springfield, Springfield, IL 62703, USA 3 College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, University of Illinois Springfield, Springfield, IL 62703, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 2 March 2020; Accepted: 23 March 2020; Published: 25 March 2020 Abstract: Research in toxinology has created a pharmacological paradox. With an estimated 220,000 venomous animals worldwide, the study of peptidyl toxins provides a vast number of effector molecules. However, due to the complexity of the protein-protein interactions, there are fewer than ten venom-derived molecules on the market. Structural characterization and identification of post-translational modifications are essential to develop biological lead structures into pharmaceuticals. Utilizing advancements in mass spectrometry, we have created a high definition approach that fuses conventional high-resolution MS-MS with ion mobility spectrometry (HDMSE) to elucidate these primary structure characteristics. We investigated venom from ten species of “tiger” spider (Genus: Poecilotheria) and discovered they contain isobaric conformers originating from non-enzymatic Asp isomerization. One conformer pair conserved in five of ten species examined, denominated PcaTX-1a and PcaTX-1b, was found to be a 36-residue peptide with a cysteine knot, an amidated C-terminus, and isoAsp33Asp substitution. Although the isomerization of Asp has been implicated in many pathologies, this is the first characterization of Asp isomerization in a toxin and demonstrates the isomerized product’s diminished physiological effects. -
Scorpion Toxin Peptide Scaffolds
Toxins 2013, 5, 2456-2487; doi:10.3390/toxins5122456 OPEN ACCESS toxins ISSN 2072-6651 www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins Article Evolution Stings: The Origin and Diversification of Scorpion Toxin Peptide Scaffolds Kartik Sunagar 1,2,†, Eivind A. B. Undheim 3,4,†, Angelo H. C. Chan 3, Ivan Koludarov 3,4, Sergio A. Muñoz-Gómez 5, Agostinho Antunes 1,2 and Bryan G. Fry 3,4,* 1 CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; E-Mails: [email protected] (K.S.); [email protected] (A.A.) 2 Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal 3 Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; E-Mails: [email protected] (E.A.B.U.); [email protected] (A.H.C.C.); [email protected] (I.K.) 4 Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia 5 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; E-Mail: [email protected] † These authors contributed equally to this work. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-400-193-182. Received: 21 November 2013; in revised form: 9 December 2013 / Accepted: 9 December 2013 / Published: 13 December 2013 Abstract: The episodic nature of natural selection and the accumulation of extreme sequence divergence in venom-encoding genes over long periods of evolutionary time can obscure the signature of positive Darwinian selection. -
Exploring the Evolution and Terrestrialization of Scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones) with Rocks and Clocks
Howard, R., Edgecombe, G. D., Legg, D., Pisani, D., & Lozano- Fernandez, J. (2019). Exploring the evolution and terrestrialization of scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones) with rocks and clocks. Organisms Diversity and Evolution, 19(1), 71-86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127- 019-00390-7 Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record License (if available): CC BY Link to published version (if available): 10.1007/s13127-019-00390-7 Link to publication record in Explore Bristol Research PDF-document This is the final published version of the article (version of record). It first appeared online via Springer at https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-019-00390-7 . Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher. University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research General rights This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/red/research-policy/pure/user-guides/ebr-terms/ Organisms Diversity & Evolution (2019) 19:71–86 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-019-00390-7 REVIEW Exploring the evolution and terrestrialization of scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones) with rocks and clocks Richard J. Howard1,2,3 & Gregory D. Edgecombe2 & David A. Legg4 & Davide Pisani3 & Jesus Lozano-Fernandez5,3 Received: 3 August 2018 /Accepted: 2 January 2019 /Published online: 6 February 2019 # The Author(s) 2019 Abstract Scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones Koch, 1837) are an ancient chelicerate arthropod lineage characterised by distinctive subdi- vision of the opisthosoma and venomous toxicity. The crown group is represented by over 2400 extant species, and unambiguous fossil representatives are known at least from the Cretaceous Period. -
Expression, Delivery and Function of Insecticidal Proteins Expressed by Recombinant Baculoviruses
Viruses 2015, 7, 422-455; doi:10.3390/v7010422 OPEN ACCESS viruses ISSN 1999-4915 www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses Review Expression, Delivery and Function of Insecticidal Proteins Expressed by Recombinant Baculoviruses Jeremy A. Kroemer 1,2, Bryony C. Bonning 1 and Robert L. Harrison 3,* 1 Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; E-Mails: [email protected] (J.A.K.); [email protected] (B.C.B.) 2 Current location and contact information: Monsanto Company, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA 3 USDA-ARS Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Invasive Insect Biocontrol & Behavior Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-301-504-5249; Fax: +1-301-504-5104. Academic Editor: John Burand and Madoka Nakai Received: 25 November 2014 / Accepted: 15 January 2015 / Published: 21 January 2015 Abstract: Since the development of methods for inserting and expressing genes in baculoviruses, a line of research has focused on developing recombinant baculoviruses that express insecticidal peptides and proteins. These recombinant viruses have been engineered with the goal of improving their pesticidal potential by shortening the time required for infection to kill or incapacitate insect pests and reducing the quantity of crop damage as a consequence. A wide variety of neurotoxic peptides, proteins that regulate insect physiology, degradative enzymes, and other potentially insecticidal proteins have been evaluated for their capacity to reduce the survival time of baculovirus-infected lepidopteran host larvae. Researchers have investigated the factors involved in the efficient expression and delivery of baculovirus-encoded insecticidal peptides and proteins, with much effort dedicated to identifying ideal promoters for driving transcription and signal peptides that mediate secretion of the expressed target protein. -
Marine Drugs ISSN 1660-3397 © 2006 by MDPI
Mar. Drugs 2006, 4, 70-81 Marine Drugs ISSN 1660-3397 © 2006 by MDPI www.mdpi.org/marinedrugs Special Issue on “Marine Drugs and Ion Channels” Edited by Hugo Arias Review Cnidarian Toxins Acting on Voltage-Gated Ion Channels Shanta M. Messerli and Robert M. Greenberg * Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA Tel: 508 289-7981. E-mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Received: 21 February 2006 / Accepted: 27 February 2006 / Published: 6 April 2006 Abstract: Voltage-gated ion channels generate electrical activity in excitable cells. As such, they are essential components of neuromuscular and neuronal systems, and are targeted by toxins from a wide variety of phyla, including the cnidarians. Here, we review cnidarian toxins known to target voltage-gated ion channels, the specific channel types targeted, and, where known, the sites of action of cnidarian toxins on different channels. Keywords: Cnidaria; ion channels; toxin; sodium channel; potassium channel. Abbreviations: KV channel, voltage-gated potassium channel; NaV, voltage-gated sodium channel; CaV, voltage-gated calcium channel; ApA, Anthopleurin A; ApB, Anthopleurin B; ATX II, Anemone sulcata toxin II; Bg II, Bunodosoma granulifera toxin II; Sh I, peptide neurotoxin I from Stichodactyla helianthus; RP II, polypeptide toxin II from Radianthus paumotensis; RP III, polypeptide toxin III from Radianthus paumotensis; RTX I, neurotoxin I from Radianthus macrodactylus; PaTX, toxin from Paracicyonis actinostoloides; Er I, peptide toxin I from Entacmaea ramsayi; Da I, peptide toxin I from Dofleinia armata; ATX III, Anemone sulcata toxin III; ShK, potassium channel toxin from Stichodactyla helianthus; BgK, potassium channel toxin from Bunodosoma granulifera; AsKS, kalciceptine from Anemonia sulcata; HmK, potassium channel toxin from Heteractis magnifica; AeK, potassium channel toxin from Actinia equina; AsKC 1-3, kalcicludines 1-3 from Anemonia sulcata; BDS-I, BDS-II, blood depressing toxins I and II Mar. -
Geological History and Phylogeny of Chelicerata
Arthropod Structure & Development 39 (2010) 124–142 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Arthropod Structure & Development journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/asd Review Article Geological history and phylogeny of Chelicerata Jason A. Dunlop* Museum fu¨r Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity at the Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstraße 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany article info abstract Article history: Chelicerata probably appeared during the Cambrian period. Their precise origins remain unclear, but may Received 1 December 2009 lie among the so-called great appendage arthropods. By the late Cambrian there is evidence for both Accepted 13 January 2010 Pycnogonida and Euchelicerata. Relationships between the principal euchelicerate lineages are unre- solved, but Xiphosura, Eurypterida and Chasmataspidida (the last two extinct), are all known as body Keywords: fossils from the Ordovician. The fourth group, Arachnida, was found monophyletic in most recent studies. Arachnida Arachnids are known unequivocally from the Silurian (a putative Ordovician mite remains controversial), Fossil record and the balance of evidence favours a common, terrestrial ancestor. Recent work recognises four prin- Phylogeny Evolutionary tree cipal arachnid clades: Stethostomata, Haplocnemata, Acaromorpha and Pantetrapulmonata, of which the pantetrapulmonates (spiders and their relatives) are probably the most robust grouping. Stethostomata includes Scorpiones (Silurian–Recent) and Opiliones (Devonian–Recent), while -
Part XXIV. Leiurus (Buthidae), with Description of Leiurus Gubanensis Sp
Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Part XXIV. Leiurus (Buthidae), with description of Leiurus gubanensis sp. n. František Kovařík & Graeme Lowe May 2020 — No. 309 Euscorpius Occasional Publications in Scorpiology EDITOR: Victor Fet, Marshall University, ‘[email protected]’ ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Michael E. Soleglad, ‘[email protected]’ TECHNICAL EDITOR: František Kovařík, ‘[email protected]’ Euscorpius is the first research publication completely devoted to scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Euscorpius takes advantage of the rapidly evolving medium of quick online publication, at the same time maintaining high research standards for the burgeoning field of scorpion science (scorpiology).Euscorpius is an expedient and viable medium for the publication of serious papers in scorpiology, including (but not limited to): systematics, evolution, ecology, biogeography, and general biology of scorpions. Review papers, descriptions of new taxa, faunistic surveys, lists of museum collections, and book reviews are welcome. Derivatio Nominis The name Euscorpius Thorell, 1876 refers to the most common genus of scorpions in the Mediterranean region and southern Europe (family Euscorpiidae). Euscorpius is located at: https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/ Archive of issues 1-270 see also at: http://www.science.marshall.edu/fet/Euscorpius (Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia 25755-2510, USA) ICZN COMPLIANCE OF ELECTRONIC PUBLICATIONS: Electronic (“e-only”) publications are fully compliant with ICZN (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature) (i.e. for the purposes of new names and new nomenclatural acts) when properly archived and registered. All Euscorpius issues starting from No. 156 (2013) are archived in two electronic archives: • Biotaxa, http://biotaxa.org/Euscorpius (ICZN-approved and ZooBank-enabled) • Marshall Digital Scholar, http://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/. -
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Mesobuthus eupeus morphometric in Fars province Original article A Morphometric Study of Mesobuthus eupeus (Scorpionida: Buthidae) in Fars Province, Southern Iran Mohammad Ebrahimi1, MSc; Abstract Marziyeh Hamyali Ainvan2, Background: Scorpions are a group of poisonous invertebrates 1 MSc; Mohsen Kalantari , PhD; that are widely distributed in the Middle East countries including 1 Kourosh Azizi , PhD Iran. They cause serious injuries and death to humans and domestic animals in Fars province. These arthropods are settled in subtropical regions of the province. Methods: In this study, a total of 35 out of 430 Mesobuthus eupeus, including 15 males and 20 females, were selected, and then their major morphometric characteristics including the whole body length, pedipalp length, length and width of carapace, leg segments, abdomen, and tail segments, as well as the size of the poison gland, pectinal organ length, and pectinal tooth count were measured using a Collis-Vernier caliper scale. Results: The measurements of different body parts were bigger 1Research Center for Health in females than in males, except that pectinal tooth count in males Sciences, Institute of Health, (26.93mm±.88) was greater than that in females (22.20±1.00). Department of Medical Entomology The number of simple eyes on each side did not differ between and Vector Control, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; males and females. Other features showed to be higher for 2Department of Epidemiology, females than males. Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Conclusion: The results of the main morphometric features Ilam, Iran showed that the mean scores of the characters, except for the Correspondence: pectinal tooth count, in female M. -
A Morphometric Study of Mesobuthus Eupeus (Scorpionida: Buthidae) in Fars Province, Southern Iran
Mesobuthus eupeus morphometric in Fars province Original article A Morphometric Study of Mesobuthus eupeus (Scorpionida: Buthidae) in Fars Province, Southern Iran Mohammad Ebrahimi1, MSc; Abstract Marziyeh Hamyali Ainvan2, Background: Scorpions are a group of poisonous invertebrates 1 MSc; Mohsen Kalantari , PhD; that are widely distributed in the Middle East countries including 1 Kourosh Azizi , PhD Iran. They cause serious injuries and death to humans and domestic animals in Fars province. These arthropods are settled in subtropical regions of the province. Methods: In this study, a total of 35 out of 430 Mesobuthus eupeus, including 15 males and 20 females, were selected, and then their major morphometric characteristics including the whole body length, pedipalp length, length and width of carapace, leg segments, abdomen, and tail segments, as well as the size of the poison gland, pectinal organ length, and pectinal tooth count were measured using a Collis-Vernier caliper scale. Results: The measurements of different body parts were bigger 1Research Center for Health in females than in males, except that pectinal tooth count in males Sciences, Institute of Health, (26.93mm±.88) was greater than that in females (22.20±1.00). Department of Medical Entomology The number of simple eyes on each side did not differ between and Vector Control, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; males and females. Other features showed to be higher for 2Department of Epidemiology, females than males. Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Conclusion: The results of the main morphometric features Ilam, Iran showed that the mean scores of the characters, except for the Correspondence: pectinal tooth count, in female M.