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Facultad De Ingeniería En Geología Y Petroleos I ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA EN GEOLOGÍA Y PETROLEOS CARACTERIZACIÓN GEOLÓGICA Y LITOLÓGICA DE LOS DEPÓSITOS LAHÁRICOS DE MERA, PROVINCIA DE PASTAZA PROYECTO PREVIO A LA OBTENCIÓN DEL TÍTULO DE INGENIERO GEÓLOGO PEDRO ALEJANDRO ESPÍN BEDÓN DIRECTORA: MSC. PATRICIA ANN MOTHES 2014 II DECLARACIÓN Yo Pedro Alejandro Espín Bedón, declaro que el trabajo aquí descrito es de mi autoría; que no ha sido previamente presentado para ningún grado o calificación profesional; y, que he consultado las referencias bibliográficas que se incluyen en este documento. La Escuela Politécnica Nacional, puede hacer uso de los derechos correspondientes a este trabajo, según lo establecido por la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, por su Reglamento y por la normatividad institucional vigente. Pedro Al ejandro Espín Bedón III CERTIFICACIÓN IV DEDICATORIA V CONTENIDO DECLARACIÓN ...................................................................................................................................... I CERTIFICACIÓN .................................................................................................................................. III DEDICATORIA ..................................................................................................................................... IV CONTENIDO .......................................................................................................................................... V FIGURAS ............................................................................................................................................ X TABLAS ............................................................................................................................................ XV RESUMEN ........................................................................................................................................... XVI ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ XVII CAPÍTULO I ............................................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 ANTECEDENTES ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2 JUSTIFICATIVOS ............................................................................................................... 2 1.3 OBJETIVOS ......................................................................................................................... 2 1.3.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL ............................................................................................... 2 1.3.2 OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS ....................................................................................... 2 1.4 ALCANCE ........................................................................................................................... 3 1.5 METODOLOGÍA ................................................................................................................ 4 1.6 ESTUDIOS ANTERIORES ................................................................................................. 4 1.7 UBICACIÓN Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LA ZONA .................................................... 8 1.7.1 UBICACIÓN ................................................................................................................ 8 1.7.2 MORFOLOGÍA E HIDROLOGÍA ............................................................................ 10 1.7.3 ACCESO .................................................................................................................... 10 1.7.4 ASPECTO SOCIAL Y ECONÓMICO ...................................................................... 11 CAPÍTULO II ........................................................................................................................................ 12 MARCO GEOMORFOLÓGICO, GEOLOGÍA REGIONAL Y LOCAL ......................................... 12 2.1 GEODINÁMICA ACTUAL DE LOS ANDES DEL NORTE .................................................... 12 2.2 GEOLOGÍA REGIONAL ............................................................................................................ 14 2.2.1 CORDILLERA OCCIDENTAL ........................................................................................... 16 2.2.2 VALLE INTERANDINO ..................................................................................................... 17 VI 2.2.3 CORDILLERA REAL .......................................................................................................... 20 2.2.4 ZONA SUBANDINA ........................................................................................................... 23 2.2.5 CUENCA ORIENTE ............................................................................................................ 25 2.3 VOLCANISMO PLIOCUATERNARIO DEL ECUADOR ........................................................ 25 2.3.1 CORDILLERA REAL .......................................................................................................... 26 2.3.2 CORDILLERA OCCIDENTAL ........................................................................................... 27 2.3.3 VALLE INTERANDINO ..................................................................................................... 28 2.3.4 TRAS ARCO ......................................................................................................................... 28 2.4 PROBABLES FUENTES VOLCÁNICAS ................................................................................. 29 2.4.1 VOLCÁN TUNGURAHUA ................................................................................................. 31 2.4.1.1 Avalancha de Escombros del Tungurahua 30ka AP (DAE-30ka AP) .......................... 32 2.4.1.2 Avalancha de Escombros del Tungurahua-3 ka AP (DAE-3 ka AP) ............................. 33 2.4.2 VOLCÁN HUISLA ............................................................................................................... 35 2.4.2.1 Avalancha de Escombros Huisla .................................................................................... 36 2.4.3 VOLCÁN CARIHUAIRAZO ............................................................................................... 38 2.4.3.1 Avalancha de Escombros 1 (DAE-1) ............................................................................. 38 2.4.3.2 Avalancha de Escombros 2 (DAE-2) ............................................................................. 39 2.4.3.3 Avalancha de Escombros 3 (DAE-3) ............................................................................. 40 2.4.3.4 Avalancha de Escombros 4 (DAE-4) ............................................................................. 42 2.4.4 VOLCÁN CHIMBORAZO .................................................................................................. 43 2.4.4.1 Avalancha de Escombros de Riobamba (DAE-R) ......................................................... 45 2.4.5 CERRO QUINUALES .......................................................................................................... 47 2.4.5.1 Avalancha de Escombros 1 (DAE-1) ............................................................................. 48 2.4.5.2 Avalancha de Escombros 2 (DAE-2) ............................................................................. 48 2.4.6 VOLCÁN EL ALTAR .......................................................................................................... 51 2.4.6.1 Avalancha de Escombros del Altar ................................................................................ 52 2.5 GEOLOGÍA LOCAL ................................................................................................................... 54 2.5.1 LA FORMACIÓN MERA .................................................................................................... 56 CAPÍTULO III ....................................................................................................................................... 61 CONTEXTO TEORICO. ................................................................................................................... 61 3.1 LAHARES ................................................................................................................................... 61 VII 3.1.1 GÉNESIS .............................................................................................................................. 61 3.1.2 CLASIFICACIÓN ................................................................................................................ 62 3.1.2.1 Lahares Primarios ........................................................................................................... 62 3.1.2.2 Lahares Secundarios ....................................................................................................... 62 3.1.3 COMPORTAMIENTO DE LOS LAHARES: AGUAS ABAJO ......................................... 63 3.1.4 EROSIÓN Y AUMENTO DE VOLUMEN (BULKING) .................................................... 65 3.1.5 PROCESOS DE SEGREGACIÓN POR DENSIDAD Y TAMAÑO DE PARTÍCULA ..... 67 3.1.6 DILUCIÓN Y TRANSFORMACIÓN AGUAS ABAJO ..................................................... 69 3.1.7 PROCESOS DE DEPOSICIÓN ...........................................................................................
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