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Facultad De Ingeniería En Geología Y Petróleos ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA EN GEOLOGÍA Y PETRÓLEOS Depósitos volcánicos del Pleistoceno Tardío en la cuenca de Ambato: caracterización, distribución y origen PROYECTO PREVIO A LA OBTENCIÓN DEL TÍTULO DE INGENIERO GEÓLOGO JORGE PATRICIO ORDÓÑEZ OBANDO [email protected] DIRECTOR: Dr. Minard Hall [email protected] Quito, Septiembre 2012 DECLARACIÓN Yo Jorge Patricio Ordóñez Obando, declaro que el trabajo aquí descrito es de mi autoría; que no ha sido previamente presentado para ningún grado o calificación profesional; y, que he consultado las referencias bibliográficas que se incluyen en este documento. La Escuela Politécnica Nacional, puede hacer uso de los derechos correspondientes a este trabajo, según lo establecido por la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, por su Reglamento y por la normatividad institucional vigente. _________________________ Jorge Ordóñez O. CERTIFICACIÓN Certifico que el presente trabajo fue desarrollado por Jorge Patricio Ordóñez Obando, bajo mi supervisión. Dr. Minard L. Hall DIRECTOR DE PROYECTO AGRADECIMIENTOS Este trabajo fue realizado con mucho sacrificio, esfuerzo y sobretodo tiempo. Quiero agradecer muy comedidamente a los Doctores Minard Hall por haber dirigido este proyecto y Pablo Samaniego por su valiosa colaboración. Ambos supieron tenerme paciencia y enseñarme que los volcanes son mucho más que solo montañas. Gracias por los momentos de camaradería, por los consejos y sobre todo por sus enseñanzas. A las personas que colaboraron desinteresadamente en el desarrollo de esta investigación, sin ningún orden en particular, Jorge Bustillos, Patricio Ramón, Benjamín Bernard, Daniel Andrade, Gorki Ruiz, Silvana Hidalgo, Patty Mothes, Francisco Herrera (de la U. Central), etc. Si olvido mencionar a alguien, lo siento. A mi familia, especialmente a mis padres y a mis hermanos por todo su infinito amor, su confianza, sus enseñanzas, por darme fuerzas a cada momento, por ayudarme a levantarme cuando he caído, por enseñarme a ser humilde y vivir honestamente. A mis amigos de Geología, que entre risas, comidas, cervezas, deporte y demás, supieron brindarme su amistad sincera y desinteresada a lo largo de mi paso por las aulas de la Facultad. Gracias por aguantarme tantos años Chivis, gracias también al Jonathan, al Gordo, al Fabián, a la Angie, la MaFer, el Daniel P., al Chavito, al Fernando, la Juana, la Mercy y a todos los demás. No voy a olvidarme de mis otros panas de Prepo, la Karlita, el Andrés y el Cristian, por tantos y tantos momentos de juerga en aquellos tiempos en que todos éramos inmortales, ahora no se… A mis profesores de Geología, que supieron compartir sus conocimientos académicos y sus consejos. A pesar que las diferencias ideológicas con algunos, supe aprender valiosas experiencias que me servirán en mi vida profesional y personal. Quiero expresar un muy sincero agradecimiento a todo el personal administrativo y de servicios del Departamento de Geología, especialmente a Xime Flores y Venus Mayorga por haberme ayudado tantas y tantas veces, sobretodo la Xime, quien es FUNDAMENTAL en la Facultad. No por estar al final es la menos importante, sino todo lo contrario, GRACIAS LAURA, habernos encontrado y conocido fue inesperado en mi vida, pero ahora todo tiene sentido para mi: hay que unir los puntos hacia atrás… Gracias por tu amor y tu comprensión. i ÍNDICE GENERAL Capítulo Página ÍNDICE GENERAL ...................................................................................................i ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS ............................................................................................ iv ÍNDICE DE TABLAS ............................................................................................. xii ÍNDICE DE MAPAS .............................................................................................. xiii ÍNDICE DE ANEXOS ........................................................................................... xiii RESUMEN ............................................................................................................ xv ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... xvi CAPÍTULO 1 ...........................................................................................................1 Introducción ..........................................................................................................1 1.1 ANTECEDENTES............................................................................................... 1 1.2 JUSTIFICATIVOS ............................................................................................... 2 1.3 OBJETIVOS Y ALCANCES ................................................................................ 2 1.4 METODOLOGÍA ................................................................................................. 4 1.5 ESTUDIOS ANTERIORES ................................................................................. 5 1.6 UBICACIÓN Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LA ZONA DE ESTUDIO ..................... 7 1.6.1 Ubicación ..................................................................................................... 7 1.6.2 Morfología ................................................................................................... 8 1.6.3 Acceso......................................................................................................... 9 1.6.4 Aspecto social y económico ......................................................................... 9 CAPÍTULO 2 ......................................................................................................... 11 Marco Geomorfológico y Geología Regional .................................................... 11 2.1 GEOLOGÍA REGIONAL ....................................................................................11 2.1.1 La Cuenca Oriente y la Zona Sub-Andina ...................................................11 2.1.2 La Cordillera Real .......................................................................................13 2.1.3 El Valle Interandino.....................................................................................14 2.1.4 La Cordillera Occidental .............................................................................15 2.1.5 La Costa .....................................................................................................17 2.1.6 El Bloque Amotape-Tahuín (BAT) y la Cuenca Alamor-Lancones (CAL) ....18 ii 2.2 GEODINÁMICA ACTUAL DE LOS ANDES DEL NORTE ..................................19 2.3 VOLCANISMO PLIO-CUATERNARIO EN ECUADOR ......................................20 2.3.1 Cordillera Occidental ..................................................................................21 2.3.2 Valle Interandino .........................................................................................23 2.3.3 Cordillera Real ............................................................................................24 2.3.4 Tras-Arco ....................................................................................................25 2.4 GLACIACIONES DURANTE EL CUATERNARIO TARDÍO ...............................26 2.4.1 Período de la Máxima Glaciación Tardía (LGM, 30 – 14 ka) .......................27 2.4.2 Período Tardiglaciar o Younger Dryas (YD, 12 – 10 ka) .............................27 2.4.3 Período Neoglaciar (NG, 5 ka – Presente) ..................................................28 CAPÍTULO 3 ......................................................................................................... 30 Contexto Teórico ................................................................................................. 30 3.1. LAS AVALANCHAS DE ESCOMBROS Y SUS DEPÓSITOS ............................30 3.2. LOS DOMOS VOLCÁNICOS Y SU COLAPSO GRAVITACIONAL ....................35 3.3. ACTIVIDAD EXPLOSIVA: LAS ERUPCIONES PLINIANAS Y SUB-PLINIANAS, Y SUS DEPÓSITOS ..........................................................................................37 CAPÍTULO 4 ......................................................................................................... 40 Geovolcanología del Pleistoceno Tardío en el Sur y Suroccidente de Ambato .............................................................................................................................. 40 4.1 DESCRIPCIÓN Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LOS DEPÓSITOS VOLCÁNICOS 40 4.1.1 El Substrato ................................................................................................40 4.1.1.1 La Formación Latacunga .............................................................................. 41 4.1.1.2 La Ignimbrita Chalupas ................................................................................. 44 4.1.2 La Estratigrafía Volcánica en la Cuenca Sur de Ambato .............................46 4.1.2.1 Avalancha de Escombros 1 (DAE-1) .......................................................... 47 4.1.2.2 Tefra Pumítica 1 (TP-1) ................................................................................ 54 4.1.2.3 Flujos piroclásticos de bloques y ceniza inferiores (DFBC-Inf) .............. 61 4.1.2.4 Avalancha de escombros 2 (DAE-2) .......................................................... 67 4.1.2.5 Flujos piroclásticos de bloques y ceniza superiores (DFBC-Sup) ......... 72 4.1.2.6 Tefra Pumítica 2 (TP-2) ................................................................................ 74 4.1.2.7 Avalancha de escombros 3 (DAE-3) .........................................................
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