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Warfare in Guernica, Shanghai, and Ethiopia in the 1930S by Rachel Anstett, Jonah Cline, and Tara Hardesty Guernica What Happened?

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Warfare in Guernica, Shanghai, and Ethiopia in the 1930S by Rachel Anstett, Jonah Cline, and Tara Hardesty Guernica What Happened? Warfare in Guernica, Shanghai, and Ethiopia in the 1930s By Rachel Anstett, Jonah Cline, and Tara Hardesty Guernica What Happened? -On April 26th, 1937 German troops bombed the village of Guernica -Carried out by the Condor Legion Places Involved -Guernica, Spain, Spain (Nationalists), Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy Strategies Used the gathering of village in the market on a Monday, to their advantage Attacked from above, using bombers and aircraft Main strategy was to use terror bombing, then on top of that use machine guns of fighter pilots to shoot down any person that tried to escape First Guernica was bombed for two hours by war- planes, and then used aerial bombardment, to practice blitzkrieg The Nazis had developed a method of attacking in waves; first with heavy bombs, then a second wave with smaller bombs to hit any standing targets, followed by incendiaries to set fire to the city, then swooping in with machine guns to shoot anyone trying to put out the fires. Aims Guernica was seen as the last place that stood between the Nationalists and Bilbao, which was the key to bringing the war in North Spain to an end The Nationalists were backed by German and Italian support, and wanted to support the rise of Francisco Franco They used Spain as a testing ground for their latest planes and to perfect their ability to conduct bombing raids. The object of the bombardment was seemingly the demoralization of the civil population and the destruction of the cradle of the Basque race By using terror bombing the hope was to try and break the enemy, out of fear of the civilian population Weopanry There were three types of aircraft used - Heinkel 1115s and Junker 52s for bombing purposes, and Heinkel 51s for machine-gunning. Luftwaffe bombers -Elektrons mixed with high explosives burned down that ancient Basque capital to extensive loss of life. Bombs (heavy and incendiary) and grenades Junker 52- top left, Heinkel 115- top right, Elektrons- Bottom Cities Burned or Damaged Town of Guernica in the Basque country Spain Use of Science and Technology Used German planes that were probably the most advanced throughout the Spanish Civil War Radios play a big part for the first time. Newspaper reporters used technological improvements to get their stories out more quickly Civilian Involvement Basques fought Franco and his army until they were over- come by Basque Nationalists, who fought with Franco even after the civil war Number of civilian deaths has been debated for a long time, because it was partly used as propaganda, but has recently been determined as between 200- 300 people Pablo Picasso’s anti-war painting, Guernica Shanghai Shanghai in the 1930s ‘Paris of the East’, 6 million in population and 6th largest city in world- international Divided into three parts without true consolidated executive authority, technically General Chiang Kai-shek and Zhang Xueling International Settlement, French Concession, and Chinese Municipality of Greater Shanghai Japan and Anglo-Saxons wanted control over settlement’s affairs Machukuo The Japanese gained control of South Machurian Railway and presence grew larger Sept 18, 1931- Japanese army detonated bomb near railway- The Mukden Incident- and blamed Chinese soldiers as pretext to invade Manchuria 1932- Manchukuo was proclaimed “independent state” with Puyi as leader- former leader, Zhang, resigned- yet real authority was by Japanese military officials who used state as base for military expansion and to increase Japanese production The League of Nation demonstrated inability to deal with aggression- 10 months just on resolution, which Japan immediately defied, and exited alliance with LoN The First Battle of Shanghai Chinese demonstrators, mainly students- “Kill all Japanese” and boycott of goods Jan 28, 1932- Japanese carrier aircraft bombed Shanghai, continued setting residential fires Mainly attacking Chapei's North Station Chinese 19th Route Army and 5th Army resisted until retreat on March 2 LoN forced Shanghai Ceasefire Agreement which demilitarized Shanghai and limited police The Communist Party of China (CPC) Zhang oversaw campaigns against CPC with Northeast Army Zhang realized surge of Chinese nationalism and need to focus on Japanese military aggression June 1936-CPC and Zhang make secret agreement to work as United Front Dec 12, 1936- Chiang detained and forced to agree to end of campaigns and Japanese factions in government The Marco Polo Bridge Incident Southwest of Beiping, July 7, 1937- Japanese troops demanded entrance into Wanping, however, the Chinese Garrison denied Japanese entrance- two sides began fighting Chinese government did not make concessions due to pressure from the Japanese Skirmish escalated, and on August 9, 1937, open war The Second Battle of Shanghai First of 22 Battles in the Second Sino-Japanese War Mainly limited to Japan and China Germany became involved when Chiang attempted to dispel Soviet warlords, needed a foreign backer This backer, Erich Ludendorff sent 25 advisors to train Chinese soldiers, notably artillery school and 88th division created 60% of Chinese war material was imported from Germany The rest of the West did not become involved- “just the natives fighting” Why Shanghai- Chiang wanted to show off Chinese resistance in front of international audience (Sihang Warehouse resistance) + river-rich countryside was not tactically advantageous to Japanese The Second Battle of Shanghai (ctd.) Japanese army was focused on gaining control of North China Less militaristic Japanese navy and marines attacked NRA attempted eradicate IJA in downtown Shanghai Bombing of Shanghai- destruction of Cathay Hotel and shopping district on the Bund- heavy evacuations Chinese lacked heavy weapons and experience, though greater numbers and defensive morale Japanese were superior in artillery, aircraft, and tanks Japanese launched amphibious attack north of city in September on Jiangsu coast, moving south Heavy casualties were a blow to Japanese morale Second amphibious attack- Hangzhou Bay- relying on stealth, south of city caused Chiang to withdraw Chinese- 187,000-300,000 casualties, Japanese-report 9,100 dead The Second Battle of Shanghai (ctd.) China’s weaponry- 7.92 mm German Mauser rifles and hand grenades,7.9 mm Czech Model 26 light machine gun, and 7.92 mm Maxim water-cooled machine guns Japan’s weaponry- bolt-action 6.5 mm Type 38 Arisaka rifles tipped with 20-inch bayonets, 6.5 mm Type 11 light machine guns and several 50 mm Type 89 grenade launchers, 7.7 mm Type 92 heavy machine guns and 70 mm Type 92 artillery howitzer 8-inch naval guns, 75 mm to 150 mm guns in 3d IJA Division’s artillery regiment, Type 92 wheeled armored cars mounting 7.7 mm machine guns and a few Type 94 tankettes (small, lightly armored, fully tracked vehicles) with 6.5 mm machine guns/ Sihang warehouse filled with bullets, top left Japanese soldiers marching, top right Zhabei district on fire in Shanghai, bottom Effects: The Road to the Rape of Nanjing and WWII Japanese soldiers furious at being defied by “inferior race” that they originally believed would be easy to overcome En route to capital Nanjing, which was undefended December 1937- raped and pillaged city until late January Exact numbers are not agreed upon, but common consensus is that thousands of noncombatant girls and women were raped International Safety Zone created by Westerners Germans lost faith in Chinese “superiority” to Japanese, and alliances set due to this The Battle of Shanghai was instance of urban warfare five years before Stalingrad Continued toward World War II in the Pacific Theater Ethiopia What Happened? Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935 after a border incident in December of 1934 that gave Benito Mussolini, an Italian prime minister, an excuse to invade. Since Ethiopia had such an ill-armed and poorly trained army, Italy was able to take over and win relatively quickly. The countries involved were primarily Italy and Ethiopia. When Ethiopia went to the League of Nations for help because it couldn't protect itself against the Italian Empire, the League of Nations voted to impose economic sanctions against Italy. However, these sanctions were ineffective because they had a general lack of Places Involved support. Therefore, Ethiopia was on its own, forcing the struggle to stay between Italy and Ethiopia. Strategies Ethiopia Didn't have a large amount of strategy because soldiers were just trying to defend themselves, rather than push back, especially since they didn't have the strength to push back aggressively. Italy See right Italian aims included expansion. As it shared a border with Italy and was very behind in technology, Ethiopia was an easy target. Aims The majority of civilian involvement was from Ethiopia, considering most of their army was made of untrained or poorly trained civilians. Italy, on the Civilian other hand, had little to no civilians in their army due to the fact that they had the power to train Involvement their army. Cities Burned or Damaged Many villages were attacked and villages in the east were bombed by Italy. No cities in Italy were attacked in this process. The use of science and technology in Italy included The Use of mustard gas, about 450 air planes, and guns. On the other side, guns were used but they did not have Science and military airplanes Technology.
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