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Not out of Greece Decolonisation by challenging the false history of science C. K. Raju A tentative outline of 5 lectures Lecture 1: The stock model of the history of science Terminology: I begin by clarifying that “West” and “White” both refer to a state of the mind,1 and not to a direction in space or the color of the skin. Many black thinkers such as Fanon2 have struggled to understand what “white” means given that many people with black skins start thinking like whites. The concept of the West is a cultural concept used by historians such as Spengler3 and Toynbee4 to understand history. It is also a strategic concept used by modern-day military strategists, such as Huntington,5 as I have discussed.6 Stock model of history of science: The “stock model” of the history of science glorifies whites: all science is attributed to early Greeks and then to Europeans after the renaissance. Though the Greeks are mostly from Alexandria in Africa, they are invariably portrayed as white. As a recent article claimed, much mathematics is the work of dead white men. Examples of this “stock model” from Wikipedia accounts glorifying figures such as Euclid, Archimedes, Claudius Ptolemy. Copernicus, Newton, as the creators of mathematics, astronomy, and science. Examining the sources: Primary, secondary, and tertiary source. Wikipedia as an unreliable tertiary source. Some other accounts from secondary sources Egypt,7 China,8 Arabia9, India,10 and the non- West11 generally. Pyramids and calendars in South America. What resources are required to get back to to primary sources? 1 “the most potent weapon in the hands of the oppressor is the mind of the oppressed”, Steve Biko, I write what I like, ed. Aelred Stubbs C. R., African Writers Series, 1997 (also Heinemann, Oxford, 1987), p. 62. 2 Frantz Fanon, Black skins, white masks, trans. C. L. Markmann, foreword Homi K. Bhabha and Ziauddin Sardar, Plut Press, 2008. 3 Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the West, vol. I, Form and Actuality, trans. C. F. Atkinson, George Allen & Unwin, London, 1926. 4 Arnold J. Toynbee, A Study of History, abridgement in 2 vols. by D.C. Somervell, Oxford University Press, 1957. 5 Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, Viking, New Delhi, 1997. 6 C. K. Raju, The Eleven Pictures of Time, Sage, 2003, chp. 3 and the term “West” in the glossary. 7 M. Clagett, Ancient Egyptian science: A source book. 3 Vols, especially vol. 3 Ancient Egyptian mathematics. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1999. 8 Joseph Needham, The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China, esp. vol. 2, abridged by Colin A. Ronan, Cambridge Univ. press, 1981. 9 Salim T.S. Al-Hassani ed. 1001 Inventions: Muslim Heritage in Our World (2nd ed.). Foundation for Science Technology and Civilization, London, 2011. 10 C. K. Raju, Cultural Foundations of Mathematics, Pearson Longman, Delhi, 2007. Also, Is Science Western in Origin? Multiversity Penang, Daanish Books Delhi 2009. Reprint Other India Bookstore, 2014. 11 Helaine Selin ed., Encyclopedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in NonWestern Cultures. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordecht, 1997, Springer 2008, Springer (online) 2014. Lecture 2: Political consequences of the stock model Relation to racism. The first moral justification for slavery was the Biblical “curse of Kam”, and this justification was being mentioned in books12 published shortly before the American Civil War, and the declaration of emancipation. However, after the organized slave trade, many blacks turned Christian, and given also the rise of science, moral justification based on “science” came to be preferred. Since the Greeks were portrayed as white, this history of science was used to project black/brown/yellow people as inferior, and morally justify slavery. Common examples of Western academic consensus in support of racism: Kant, Hume, Mill etc. Relation to colonialism: This stock history of science was used by Macaulay to declare that all or most science is Western. On this ground, Macaulay in 1835 declared the West as “immeasurably superior” in science13 and imposed Western education on the colonised arguing that the colonised needed it for the sake of science. Who needed colonial education: the colonised or the coloniser? The colonised were gullible and believed that the colonisers were actually working for the benefit of the colonised, and not their own benefit. In fact, it was the colonisers who were militarily insecure and afraid of revolts. Colonial education was imposed because the colonisers needed it as a way to curb revolts. The same Macaulay in an 1848 speech to British parliament14 argued at length that education for the British poor was the best means to exorcise the spectre of revolution that then haunted Europe. The first Western universities were set up in India shortly after the Indian revolt of 1857. How does colonial indoctrination capture the mind? Evidently, Macaulay understood that Western education creates a slave mentality, and makes the ruled submissive to the rulers. Why does Western education enslave the mind? If we examine its history, we find that Western education was a church monopoly until 1870, when the first bill for secular school education was introduced in Britain. Until that date the church controlled Western education, not only that provided by countless missionary schools, but ALL Western universities (such as Oxford and Cambridge) which were founded by the church, remained under church control. The church, too, invested in that education for its own benefit, not the benefit of the educated. Church education was designed to produce missionaries in the service of the church. The job of a missionary is to sell church dogmas which may be contrary to commonsense, like virgin birth, and remain firm in his belief in the teeth of opposition. Accordingly, the missionary mindset due to church education created a person who (a) trusts authority above commonsense, and uses that to cling to church dogmas, and (b) is deeply prejudiced against all critics, and denounces them without ever engaging with the critique. Given the church state alliance, colonial education was a slight variant: it taught trust in Western authority, not church authoirity. Hence, as a consequence of colonial indoctrination, the colonially educated learn to trust the West and are deeply prejudice against the non-West. They develop an inferiority complex in relation to the West, and can be observed to blindly mimic the West, and accept all things Western, carrying this mimicry to an absurd extent. 12 Josiah Priest, Bible Defence of Slavery...and A Plan of National Colonization Adequate to the Entire Removal of Free Blacks, by Rev. W. S. Brown, Louiseville, Kentucky, William Bush, 1851. 13 T. B. Macaulay, Minute on Education, 1835. The Minute may be found online on many sites, such as http://www.languageinindia.com/april2003/macaulay.html. 14 T. B. Macaulay, Speech to the House of Commons, 18 April 1847. Miscellaneous Writings and Speeches of Lord Macaulay, vol. IV, Speeches of Lord Macaulay, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2170/2170-h/2170-h.htm#2H_4_0031. Lecture 3: Resistance to colonialism To challenge the racist and colonial claims of “superiority”, it is important to contest this stock history of science. Resistance to false history. Resistance to racism let to some earlier critiques of the stock history of science. The counter-claims that black Egyptian achievements were appropriated to the white Greeks. A brief account of George James,15 Cheikh Anta Diop,16 Martin Bernal,17 etc. Summary of responses to these critiques: Mary Lefkowitz18 et al. The new critique 1: The above critiques are inadequate since they they do not connect to the history of science (the reason cited for colonial education), and Greek glorification persists in the history of science. Further, both critics and supporters have totally failed to take into account the origins of racist and colonial history in earlier false history fabricated by the church, and also the imperial concerns to maintain those fabrications today. Thus, ever since its marriage to the state, in the 4th c., the church used false history to “prove” its superiority. The first church historian Eusebius wrote an extravagant hagiography of Constantine. The next church historian, Orosius, unabashedly used false history to denigrate “pagans”. This Christian triumphalist model of history as a means of glorifying supporters, and denigrating opponents became the model of history down to Toynbee and Fukuyama. During the Crusades this history went ballistic, and was applied against Muslims. At that time, numerous texts were translated from Arabic into Latin. This translation was made theologically correct by advancing the fantastic conjecture that all secular knowledge in Arabic texts was the work of early Greeks. Where was the knowledge hiding all those centuries? A story of the “dark ages” was invented to “explain” that this knowledge was lost to Christian Europe, but was retained in the safe custody of Muslims, and hence was a rightful Christian inheritance. This history was boosted during the Inquisition, when knowledge was imported from all parts of the world, including India, and China, but its non-Christian origins were denied for fear of persecution. Examples are Copernicus and his heliocentric model (due to Ibn Shatir), Mercator and his chart (copied from Chinese star maps, using Indian trigonometric values), Newton and the calculus (imported from India). Another term “renaissance” was invented to explain the sudden spurt in purported European creativity. The new critique 2: Racist historians did not begin ab initio but appropriated this long legacy of false history by a simple trick: an easy change of categories. The purported early Greek authors instead of being regarded as “friends of Christians” were regarded as whites! (Though it remains a mystery how the color of the author's skin can be deduced from a text!) That is, claims of Greek achievements in science, a fiction of Crusading history against Muslims, was repackaged and reused by racist historians against blacks.

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