Anti-predator Adaptations

1. Avoiding Detection

1.1 Staying out of sight- living in caves, underground, or being ______

1.2 - using materials, coloration, or illumination for ______

1.3 Masquerade- hide in ______as inedible objects

1.4 Apostatic selection- to look different from members of an ______species that serves as a food source

2. Warding Off Attack

2.1 Startling the predator- suddenly displaying to ______or distract a predator, thus giving an opportunity to ______

2.2 Pursuit-deterrent signals- behavioral signals used to convince predators not to ______them. Example- gazelles jump high with stiff legs and an arched back (called ______). This is thought to signal to predators that they have a high level of ______and can outrun the predator.

2.3 Playing dead-a form of ______in which an animal mimics its own dead body, feigning death to avoid being attacked by predators seeking live prey.

2.4 Distraction- distract their attackers by ejecting a mixture of chemicals, which mimics food or otherwise ______predators, or by attract the attention of predators away from an object, typically the ______.

2.5 and -when an organism (the mimic) simulates signal properties of ______(the model) to confuse a third organism.

2.6 Defensive structures-sharp, needle-like structure used to inflict pain on predators. They can be detachable, ______or poisonous.

3. Safety In Numbers

3.1 Dilution effect-when animals living in a ______"dilute" their risk of attack, each individual being just ______of many in the group.

3.2 Selfish -when animal seek ______positions in a group. The center of the group has the lowest domain of danger, so animals will constantly strive to gain this position. 3.3 Predator satiation- to emerge very rarely, at irregular, and ______intervals.

3.4 Alarm calls-Animals that live in ______often give alarm calls that give warning of an attack.

3.5 Improved vigilance- groups are able to detect predators sooner than ______individuals. For many predators, success depends on ______. If the prey is alerted early in an attack, they have an improved chance of escape.

3.6 Predator confusion- Individuals living in large groups may be safer from attack because the predator may be confused by the ______. As the group moves, the predator has greater difficulty targeting an individual prey animal.

4. Fighting Back

4.1 Chemical defenses-Many animals make use of ______chemicals for self- defense. These give an attacker a taste of the chemicals before it actually bites or swallows the prey. A last-ditch defense is for the animal's ______itself to be toxic.

4.2 Communal defense-prey groups actively defend themselves by ______, and sometimes by attacking or mobbing a predator

4.3 Defensive regurgitation-Some ______and ______use defensive regurgitation to ward off predators.

4.4 Suicidal altruism- ______-______acts which benefit all individuals in the colony

5. Escaping

5.1 Flight- The normal reaction of a prey animal to an attacking predator is to flee by any available means, whether ______, gliding, falling, swimming, ______, jumping, burrowing or ______.

5.2 Autonomy- self-______; the shedding an appendage in a last-ditch attempt to elude a predator's grasp or to distract the predator and thereby allow escape.