DOCSLIB.ORG

Philopatry and the Spatial Structuring of Kin in the Red-Breasted Merganser (Mergus Serrator)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Philopatry and the Spatial Structuring of Kin in the Red-Breasted Merganser (Mergus Serrator) PHILOPATRY AND THE SPATIAL STRUCTURING OF KIN IN THE RED-BREASTED MERGANSER (MERGUS SERRATOR) David J. Fishman Department of Natural Resource Sciences McGill University, Montreal September 2010 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Masters of Science (M.Sc.) © David Fishman 2010 DEDICATION To my mother and father who have taught, and continue to teach me about what it is to be a good human being. ii ABSTRACT The detection of genetic-spatial structures has been facilitated by the advancement and increased accessibilities of molecular technologies. Using an empirical genetics approach, we explore aspects of the ecology of red-breasted mergansers (Mergus serrator) nesting on barrier islands off the coast of New Brunswick, Canada. Objectives were three-fold: first, to compare two sources of genetic material, i.e. blood and contour feathers, on the basis of quantity and quality of the nuclear DNA yielded; second, to screen several heterologous microsatellite primers in the M. serrator genome in order to find polymorphic loci which could subsequently be implicated in ecological analyses; third, to characterize spatial patterns of relatedness across this colony. DNA was successfully obtained from both blood and feather samples; that originating from blood was obtained at a much higher yield (µg) while the feather-derived DNA was more pure. Altogether 12 microsatellite primers successfully amplified products from the M. serrator genome. Of these, four were genotyped across 46 genetic samples and moderate levels of allelic variability were observed. Significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were apparent at two loci. Finally, genetic-spatial structuring was observed within the colony over both broad and fine-scales. KEYWORDS: waterfowl, philopatry, kin associations, microsatellites, nesting synchrony, cooperative nesting, Mergus serrator iii RÉSUMÉ La détection des structures génétiques spatiales a été facilitée par l'avancement et accessibilités accrue des technologies moléculaires. En utilisant une approche empirique génétique, nous explorons les aspects de l'écologie de harles huppés (Mergus serrator) nichant sur les îles de la barrière au large des côtes du Nouveau-Brunswick, Canada. Les objectifs étaient de trois ordres: d'abord, de comparer les deux sources de matériel génétique, le sang et les plumes de contour, sur la base de la quantité et la qualité de l'ADN nucléaire, en deuxième lieu, à l'écran plusieurs amorces hétérologues microsatellites dans le génome M. serrator des loci polymorphes qui pourrait ensuite être impliqués dans les analyses écologiques, en troisième lieu, pour caractériser les patrons spatiaux de parenté dans cette colonie. L'ADN a été obtenu avec succès des deux échantillons de sang et de plumes; celle qui provient du sang a été obtenu avec un rendement beaucoup plus élevé (µg) tandis que l'ADN provenant de plumes était plus pur. Au total, 12 marqueurs microsatellites amplifiés avec succès des produits à partir du génome M. serrator. Parmi eux, quatre ont été génotypés dans 46 échantillons génétiques et des niveaux modérés de la variabilité allélique ont été observés. Des écarts significatifs de l'équilibre de Hardy-Weinberg sont apparents sur deux loci. Enfin, la structuration spatiale génétique a été observée dans la colonie plus large et fine-échelles. MOTS-CLÉS: sauvagine, philopatrie, les associations proches, microsatellites, la synchronie de nidification, coopérative de nidification, Mergus serrator iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. DEDICATION.................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT........................................................................................ iii RÉSUMÉ............................................................................................. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................ vii LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................. ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................. xi PREFACE........................................................................................... xii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1) Literature Review.................................................................... 1 1.1.1) Decisions of movement............................................... 1 1.1.2) Philopatry and dispersal............................................ 3 Ultimate factors............................................. 4 Inbreeding avoidance................................... 6 Sex-biased patterns....................................... 9 1.1.3) Kin associations.......................................................... 12 Cooperative breeding.................................... 13 Reduced aggression...................................... 14 Defense.......................................................... 15 Pre-hatch brood amalgamation................... 16 Post-hatch brood amalgamation.................. 18 1.1.4) Kin recognition........................................................... 19 1.1.5) Microsatellites and the detection of spatial Structuring of kin...………………………………… 22 v 1.2) Research Objectives................................................................. 23 1.2.1) Study system............................................................... 23 1.2.2) Objectives.................................................................... 24 1.3) Literature Cited....................................................................... 25 CONNECTING STATEMENT (1)................................................... 38 CHAPTER 2: EVALUATION OF GENETIC MATERIALS 2.1) Abstract..................................................................................... 39 2.2) Introduction.............................................................................. 40 2.3) Methods..................................................................................... 41 2.4) Results....................................................................................... 45 2.5) Discussion................................................................................. 47 2.6) Literature Cited....................................................................... 49 CONNECTING STATEMENT (2)................................................... 57 CHAPTER 3: SCREENING FOR HETEROLOGOUS MICROSATELLITE PRIMERS 3.1) Abstract..................................................................................... 58 3.2) Introduction.............................................................................. 59 3.3) Methods..................................................................................... 60 3.4) Results....................................................................................... 63 3.5) Discussion................................................................................. 64 3.6) Literature Cited....................................................................... 68 CONNECTING STATEMENT (3)................................................... 76 vi CHAPTER 4: SPATIAL-GENETIC STRUCTURING IN A RED- BREASTED MERGANSER (MERGUS SERRATOR) COLONY IN KOUCHIBOUGUAC NATIONAL PARK 4.1) Abstract..................................................................................... 77 4.2) Introduction.............................................................................. 78 4.3) Methods..................................................................................... 80 4.4) Results....................................................................................... 86 4.5) Discussion................................................................................. 90 4.6) Literature Cited....................................................................... 98 CONCLUDING STATEMENTS...................................................... 113 LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER 2: EVALUATION OF GENETIC MATERIALS Figure 2.1 - Total amount of DNA (µg) obtained from blood and feather samples, respectively. On average, blood samples produced nearly 20X as much DNA as feather samples.…………………….....................................52 Figure 2.2 – The comparison of DNA quality expressed as the 260:280 ratio. The dashed line represents the ratio expected for pure DNA. While both were within the acceptable range of absorbance at the 260:280 ratio, there were usually higher levels of contamination found in DNA extracted from blood.......……………………………………………………………..…….53 Figure 2.3 – Two-dimensional PCoA ordination diagram. The proportion of variance explained by the first two principal coordinate axes was 0.414 and 0.225, respectfully. In this figure, the positions of the objects (i.e. nesting vii females) in relation to one another are approximations of their genetic distances. The PCoA was used in conjunction with Queller & Goodnight’s (1989) coefficient of relatedness………………………………….……...…54 Figure 2.4 – (a) Curve representing the positive-linear relationship between number of feathers used and total yield of DNA (ug). (b) The Q-Q normal plot of the model which indicates there were no major deviations from normality detected in the residuals…………………………………………55 Figure 2.5 – As a result of the second round of purification, significant changes were observed in both (a) DNA purity (t= -2.410, p-value= 0.030) as measured by the 260:280 ratio (b) total yield
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dispersal, Philopatry, and the Role of Fissionfusion Dynamics In
    MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, **(*): ***–*** (*** 2012) C 2012 by the Society for Marine Mammalogy DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2011.00559.x Dispersal, philopatry, and the role of fission-fusion dynamics in bottlenose dolphins YI-JIUN JEAN TSAI and JANET MANN,1 Reiss Science Building, Rm 406, Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, U.S.A. ABSTRACT In this quantitative study of locational and social dispersal at the individual level, we show that bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) continued to use their na- tal home ranges well into adulthood. Despite substantial home range overlap, mother–offspring associations decreased after weaning, particularly for sons. These data provide strong evidence for bisexual locational philopatry and mother–son avoidance in bottlenose dolphins. While bisexual locational philopatry offers the benefits of familiar social networks and foraging habitats, the costs of philopatry may be mitigated by reduced mother–offspring association, in which the risk of mother–daughter resource competition and mother–son mating is reduced. Our study highlights the advantages of high fission–fusion dynamics and longitudinal studies, and emphasizes the need for clarity when describing dispersal in this and other species. Key words: bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops sp., association, juvenile, philopatry, locational dispersal, mother-offspring, ranging, site fidelity, social dispersal. Dispersal is a key life history process that affects population demography, spatial distribution, and genetic structure, as well as individual
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Density in Population Dynamics with Strong and Weak Allee Effect
    Keya et al. J Egypt Math Soc (2021) 29:4 https://doi.org/10.1186/s42787-021-00114-x Journal of the Egyptian Mathematical Society ORIGINAL RESEARCH Open Access The infuence of density in population dynamics with strong and weak Allee efect Kamrun Nahar Keya1, Md. Kamrujjaman2* and Md. Shafqul Islam3 *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract 2 Department In this paper, we consider a reaction–difusion model in population dynamics and of Mathematics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, study the impact of diferent types of Allee efects with logistic growth in the hetero- Bangladesh geneous closed region. For strong Allee efects, usually, species unconditionally die out Full list of author information and an extinction-survival situation occurs when the efect is weak according to the is available at the end of the article resource and sparse functions. In particular, we study the impact of the multiplicative Allee efect in classical difusion when the sparsity is either positive or negative. Nega- tive sparsity implies a weak Allee efect, and the population survives in some domain and diverges otherwise. Positive sparsity gives a strong Allee efect, and the popula- tion extinct without any condition. The infuence of Allee efects on the existence and persistence of positive steady states as well as global bifurcation diagrams is presented. The method of sub-super solutions is used for analyzing equations. The stability condi- tions and the region of positive solutions (multiple solutions may exist) are presented. When the difusion is absent, we consider the model with and without harvesting, which are initial value problems (IVPs) and study the local stability analysis and present bifurcation analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Methods Offer Powerful Insights Into Social Evolution in Bees Sarah Kocher, Robert Paxton
    Comparative methods offer powerful insights into social evolution in bees Sarah Kocher, Robert Paxton To cite this version: Sarah Kocher, Robert Paxton. Comparative methods offer powerful insights into social evolution in bees. Apidologie, Springer Verlag, 2014, 45 (3), pp.289-305. 10.1007/s13592-014-0268-3. hal- 01234748 HAL Id: hal-01234748 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01234748 Submitted on 27 Nov 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Apidologie (2014) 45:289–305 Review article * INRA, DIB and Springer-Verlag France, 2014 DOI: 10.1007/s13592-014-0268-3 Comparative methods offer powerful insights into social evolution in bees 1 2 Sarah D. KOCHER , Robert J. PAXTON 1Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA 2Institute for Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany Received 9 September 2013 – Revised 8 December 2013 – Accepted 2 January 2014 Abstract – Bees are excellent models for studying the evolution of sociality. While most species are solitary, many form social groups. The most complex form of social behavior, eusociality, has arisen independently four times within the bees.
    [Show full text]
  • Interactive Robots in Experimental Biology 3 4 5 6 Jens Krause1,2, Alan F.T
    1 2 Interactive Robots in Experimental Biology 3 4 5 6 Jens Krause1,2, Alan F.T. Winfield3 & Jean-Louis Deneubourg4 7 8 9 10 11 12 1Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Department of Biology and 13 Ecology of Fishes, 12587 Berlin, Germany; 14 2Humboldt-University of Berlin, Department for Crop and Animal Sciences, Philippstrasse 15 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany; 16 3Bristol Robotics Laboratory, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol 17 BS16 1QY, UK; 18 4Unit of Social Ecology, Campus Plaine - CP 231, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bd du 19 Triomphe, B-1050 Brussels - Belgium 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Corresponding author: Krause, J. ([email protected]), Leibniz Institute of Freshwater 29 Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Department of the Biology and Ecology of Fishes, 30 Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany. 31 32 33 1 33 Interactive robots have the potential to revolutionise the study of social behaviour because 34 they provide a number of methodological advances. In interactions with live animals the 35 behaviour of robots can be standardised, morphology and behaviour can be decoupled (so that 36 different morphologies and behavioural strategies can be combined), behaviour can be 37 manipulated in complex interaction sequences and models of behaviour can be embodied by 38 the robot and thereby be tested. Furthermore, robots can be used as demonstrators in 39 experiments on social learning. The opportunities that robots create for new experimental 40 approaches have far-reaching consequences for research in fields such as mate choice, 41 cooperation, social learning, personality studies and collective behaviour.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Groningen Sociable Schedules Helm, Barbara
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Groningen University of Groningen Sociable schedules Helm, Barbara; Piersma, Theunis; Van der Jeugd, Henk Published in: Animal Behavior DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.12.007 IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2006 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Helm, B., Piersma, T., & Van der Jeugd, H. (2006). Sociable schedules: interplay between avian seasonal and social behaviour. Animal Behavior, 72(2), 245-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.12.007 Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 12-11-2019 ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR, 2006, 72, 245e262 doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.12.007 REVIEWS Sociable schedules: interplay between avian seasonal and social behaviour BARBARA HELM*,THEUNISPIERSMA†‡ & HENK VAN DER JEUGD†§ *Max Planck Institute for Ornithology yAnimal Ecology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies zDepartment of Ecology and Evolution, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) xSOVON Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology (Received 26 June 2004; initial acceptance 15 September 2004; final acceptance 6 December 2005; published online 21 June 2006; MS.
    [Show full text]
  • Breeding Site Fidelity in Southern Elephant Seals of the Falkland Islands
    Filippo Galimberti 1 and Simona Sanvito 1,2 1 Elephant Seal Research Group, Sea Lion Island, Falkland Islands 2 Dept. of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s NF A1B 3X9, Canada ESRG technical report no. 3 Breeding site fidelity in southern elephant seals of the Falkland Islands Milano, 25th April 2000 © Elephant Seal Research Group – 2000 No part of this report can be cited without written permission from the authors. Address for correspondence: Dr. Filippo Galimberti – Via Buonarroti 35 – 20145 Milano – Italy Phone +39 02 4980504 – Fax +39 02 48008145 – Email [email protected] ABSTRACT Breeding site fidelity, i.e., the tendency to return to the same breeding site for consecutive breeding attempts, is an important component of mammal life history strategies, and seems almost ubiquitous in Pinnipedia species, at least for land breeding ones. Site fidelity may entail significant somatic benefits and costs, and, if coupled with return for first breeding attempt to birth site, may produce a genetic sub-structuring of populations. We present data on female and male site fidelity, together with preliminary information on female phylopatry, of southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) of Sea Lion Island, the main breeding site of the species in the Falkland Islands. We found a high level of site fidelity at small scale (hundred of metres) in both sexes, although higher in females, even when considering up to five consecutive breeding seasons of the same individual. We discuss the behavioural and genetic implications of site fidelity, emphasizing that it may affect mating tactics, breeding success, and genetic sub-structuring of local populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Author's Personal Copy
    Author's personal copy Provided for non-commercial research and educational use. Not for reproduction, distribution or commercial use. This article was originally published in Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior, published by Elsevier, and the attached copy is provided by Elsevier for the author's benefit and for the benefit of the author's institution, for non-commercial research and educational use including without limitation use in instruction at your institution, sending it to specific colleagues who you know, and providing a copy to your institution's administrator. All other uses, reproduction and distribution, including without limitation commercial reprints, selling or licensing copies or access, or posting on open internet sites, your personal or institution’s website or repository, are prohibited. For exceptions, permission may be sought for such use through Elsevier’s permissions site at: https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/copyright/permissions From Shen, S-F., Rubenstein, D.R. (2019). Environmental Uncertainty and Social Behavior. In: Choe, J.C. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior, (2nd ed.). vol. 4, pp. 807–815. Elsevier, Academic Press. ISBN: 9780128132517 Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Academic Press Author's personal copy Environmental Uncertainty and Social Behavior Sheng-Feng Shen, Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Dustin R Rubenstein, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Glossary Cooperative breeding A form of social system in which more than two individuals care for your young. In most cooperatively breeding systems, some mature offspring delay dispersal, remain in their natal social groups, and often “help” raise the their parents’ offspring (their siblings) from subsequent breeding attempts.
    [Show full text]
  • Animal Behaviour Exam Questions
    Animal behaviour exam questions: One or more possible options These are the questions that I remember of the 26 asked 1) What is the definition of animal behaviour 2) What sense is not used in communication: a. Mechanical b. Thermal c. Magnetic d. Chemical e. Optical f. Electric 3) What sense use the monotremata that some fish also use? a. Electric b. Magnetic 4) What organ do the snakes use to detect preys? a. Johnston’s organ b. Jaconson’s organ c. Jacobson’s organ 5) How do swarm intelligence transfer information? a. Transfer of information is possible without signalling and when group members do not know which individuals (if any) have information. b. Transfer of information is possible with signalling and when some members have information. 6) What do some vipers, pythons and boas to detect with their pit organ? a. Ultrasound b. Infrared c. Ultraviolet 7) Two animals from the same species are communicating via pheromones. What type of communication is it? a. Signal communication b. Cue communication 8) What are the characteristics of cognition? a. Trial and error learning b. Insight c. Immediate casual inference d. Two stage heuristic strategy e. Operant conditioning f. Pavlovian conditioning 9) What is the name of a communication signal made from different senses? a. Many modal communication b. Monomodal communication c. Multimodal communication 10) What hypothesis describes the co-evolution of a trait preferred by females? a. Fisherian runaway hypothesis b. Sexy son hypothesis c. Good genes theory d. Handicap theory 11) What does parental care have to ensure? a. Activities of an adult to enhance the survivorship of their offspring b.
    [Show full text]
  • Philopatry and Migration of Pacific White Sharks
    Proc. R. Soc. B doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1155 Published online Philopatry and migration of Pacific white sharks Salvador J. Jorgensen1,*, Carol A. Reeb1, Taylor K. Chapple2, Scot Anderson3, Christopher Perle1, Sean R. Van Sommeran4, Callaghan Fritz-Cope4, Adam C. Brown5, A. Peter Klimley2 and Barbara A. Block1 1Department of Biology, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA 2Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA 3Point Reyes National Seashore, P. O. Box 390, Inverness, California 94937, USA 4Pelagic Shark Research Foundation, Santa Cruz Yacht Harbor, Santa Cruz, CA 95062, USA 5PRBO Conservation Science, 3820 Cypress Drive #11, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA Advances in electronic tagging and genetic research are making it possible to discern population structure for pelagic marine predators once thought to be panmictic. However, reconciling migration patterns and gene flow to define the resolution of discrete population management units remains a major challenge, and a vital conservation priority for threatened species such as oceanic sharks. Many such species have been flagged for international protection, yet effective population assessments and management actions are hindered by lack of knowledge about the geographical extent and size of distinct populations. Combin- ing satellite tagging, passive acoustic monitoring and genetics, we reveal how eastern Pacific white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) adhere to a highly predictable migratory cycle. Individuals persistently return to the same network of coastal hotspots following distant oceanic migrations and comprise a population genetically distinct from previously identified phylogenetic clades. We hypothesize that this strong homing behaviour has maintained the separation of a northeastern Pacific population following a historical introduction from Australia/New Zealand migrants during the Late Pleistocene.
    [Show full text]
  • Flocks, Herds, and Schools: a Distributed Behavioral Model 1
    Published in Computer Graphics, 21(4), July 1987, pp. 25-34. (ACM SIGGRAPH '87 Conference Proceedings, Anaheim, California, July 1987.) Flocks, Herds, and Schools: A Distributed Behavioral Model 1 Craig W. Reynolds Symbolics Graphics Division [obsolete addresses removed 2] Abstract The aggregate motion of a flock of birds, a herd of land animals, or a school of fish is a beautiful and familiar part of the natural world. But this type of complex motion is rarely seen in computer animation. This paper explores an approach based on simulation as an alternative to scripting the paths of each bird individually. The simulated flock is an elaboration of a particle system, with the simulated birds being the particles. The aggregate motion of the simulated flock is created by a distributed behavioral model much like that at work in a natural flock; the birds choose their own course. Each simulated bird is implemented as an independent actor that navigates according to its local perception of the dynamic environment, the laws of simulated physics that rule its motion, and a set of behaviors programmed into it by the "animator." The aggregate motion of the simulated flock is the result of the dense interaction of the relatively simple behaviors of the individual simulated birds. Categories and Subject Descriptors: 1.2.10 [Artificial Intelligence]: Vision and Scene Understanding; 1.3.5 [Computer Graphics]: Computational Geometry and Object Modeling; 1.3.7 [Computer Graphics]: Three Dimensional Graphics and Realism-Animation: 1.6.3 [Simulation and Modeling]: Applications. General Terms: Algorithms, design.b Additional Key Words, and Phrases: flock, herd, school, bird, fish, aggregate motion, particle system, actor, flight, behavioral animation, constraints, path planning.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ecology of Mutualism
    Annual Reviews www.annualreviews.org/aronline AngRev. Ecol. Syst. 1982.13:315--47 Copyright©1982 by Annual Reviews lnc. All rightsreserved THE ECOLOGY OF MUTUALISM Douglas 1t. Boucher Departementdes sciences biologiques, Universit~ du Quebec~ Montreal, C. P. 8888, Suet. A, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaH3C 3P8 Sam James Departmentof Ecologyand Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA48109 Kathleen H. Keeler School of Life Sciences, University of Nebraska,Lincoln, Nebraska,USA 68588 INTRODUCTION Elementaryecology texts tell us that organismsinteract in three fundamen- tal ways, generally given the namescompetition, predation, and mutualism. The third memberhas gotten short shrift (264), and even its nameis not generally agreed on. Terms that may be considered synonyms,in whole or part, are symbiosis, commensalism,cooperation, protocooperation, mutual aid, facilitation, reciprocal altruism, and entraide. Weuse the term mutual- by University of Kanas-Lawrence & Edwards on 09/26/05. For personal use only. ism, defined as "an interaction betweenspecies that is beneficial to both," Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1982.13:315-347. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org since it has both historical priority (311) and general currency. Symbiosis is "the living together of two organismsin close association," and modifiers are used to specify dependenceon the interaction (facultative or obligate) and the range of species that can take part (oligophilic or polyphilic). We make the normal apologies concerning forcing continuous variation and diverse interactions into simple dichotomousclassifications, for these and all subsequentdefinitions. Thus mutualism can be defined, in brief, as a -b/q- interaction, while competition, predation, and eommensalismare respectively -/-, -/q-, and -t-/0. There remains, however,the question of howto define "benefit to the 315 0066-4162/82/1120-0315 $02.00 Annual Reviews www.annualreviews.org/aronline 316 BOUCHER, JAMES & KEELER species" without evoking group selection.
    [Show full text]
  • Dispersal and Gene Flow in a Butterfly with Home Range Behavior: Heliconius Erato (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
    Oecologia (Berlin) (1986) 68:210-217 Oecologia Springer-Verlag1986 Dispersal and gene flow in a butterfly with home range behavior: Heliconius erato (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) James Mallet Department of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA Summary. Heliconius butterflies have been found to have Endler (1977) and Barton and Hewitt (1981) used measures low rates of dispersal in previous mark-recapture studies, of dispersal to analyse processes in clines and hybrid zones and this lack of movement is due home-range behavior. but came to differing conclusions as to whether divergence An experiment on Heliconius erato was designed to investi- of the hybridizing taxa occurred during a past period of gate movement from the site of pupal eclosion. It was found isolation. Many of these controversies can be traced to inad- that most of the movement occurs before the first capture equate knowledge of natural gene flow. of an individual in a mark-recapture study. After incorpor- Although dispersal and gene flow have never previously ating this early movement, the dispersal parameter, a, is been measured in Heliconius, mark-recapture studies have estimated to be at least 296 m (+_ 30 m jackknifed standard shown low rates of movement. Individuals return daily to error), and the "neighborhood population size", N, is sites for adult and larval hostplants (Turner 1971 a; Ehrlich about 50-150 individuals. These estimates of a and N are and Gilbert 1973; Cook et al. 1976; Mallet and Jackson more than 2 and 5 times larger, respectively, than estimates 1980), and nightly to sites of gregarious roosting (Turner based on standard mark-recapture data, though they are 1971 a; Brown 1981 ; Waller and Gilbert 1982).
    [Show full text]