Using a Novel Bio-Inspired Robotic Model to Study Artificial Evolution
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Dispersal, Philopatry, and the Role of Fissionfusion Dynamics In
MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, **(*): ***–*** (*** 2012) C 2012 by the Society for Marine Mammalogy DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2011.00559.x Dispersal, philopatry, and the role of fission-fusion dynamics in bottlenose dolphins YI-JIUN JEAN TSAI and JANET MANN,1 Reiss Science Building, Rm 406, Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, U.S.A. ABSTRACT In this quantitative study of locational and social dispersal at the individual level, we show that bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) continued to use their na- tal home ranges well into adulthood. Despite substantial home range overlap, mother–offspring associations decreased after weaning, particularly for sons. These data provide strong evidence for bisexual locational philopatry and mother–son avoidance in bottlenose dolphins. While bisexual locational philopatry offers the benefits of familiar social networks and foraging habitats, the costs of philopatry may be mitigated by reduced mother–offspring association, in which the risk of mother–daughter resource competition and mother–son mating is reduced. Our study highlights the advantages of high fission–fusion dynamics and longitudinal studies, and emphasizes the need for clarity when describing dispersal in this and other species. Key words: bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops sp., association, juvenile, philopatry, locational dispersal, mother-offspring, ranging, site fidelity, social dispersal. Dispersal is a key life history process that affects population demography, spatial distribution, and genetic structure, as well as individual -
The Influence of Density in Population Dynamics with Strong and Weak Allee Effect
Keya et al. J Egypt Math Soc (2021) 29:4 https://doi.org/10.1186/s42787-021-00114-x Journal of the Egyptian Mathematical Society ORIGINAL RESEARCH Open Access The infuence of density in population dynamics with strong and weak Allee efect Kamrun Nahar Keya1, Md. Kamrujjaman2* and Md. Shafqul Islam3 *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract 2 Department In this paper, we consider a reaction–difusion model in population dynamics and of Mathematics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, study the impact of diferent types of Allee efects with logistic growth in the hetero- Bangladesh geneous closed region. For strong Allee efects, usually, species unconditionally die out Full list of author information and an extinction-survival situation occurs when the efect is weak according to the is available at the end of the article resource and sparse functions. In particular, we study the impact of the multiplicative Allee efect in classical difusion when the sparsity is either positive or negative. Nega- tive sparsity implies a weak Allee efect, and the population survives in some domain and diverges otherwise. Positive sparsity gives a strong Allee efect, and the popula- tion extinct without any condition. The infuence of Allee efects on the existence and persistence of positive steady states as well as global bifurcation diagrams is presented. The method of sub-super solutions is used for analyzing equations. The stability condi- tions and the region of positive solutions (multiple solutions may exist) are presented. When the difusion is absent, we consider the model with and without harvesting, which are initial value problems (IVPs) and study the local stability analysis and present bifurcation analysis. -
Comparative Methods Offer Powerful Insights Into Social Evolution in Bees Sarah Kocher, Robert Paxton
Comparative methods offer powerful insights into social evolution in bees Sarah Kocher, Robert Paxton To cite this version: Sarah Kocher, Robert Paxton. Comparative methods offer powerful insights into social evolution in bees. Apidologie, Springer Verlag, 2014, 45 (3), pp.289-305. 10.1007/s13592-014-0268-3. hal- 01234748 HAL Id: hal-01234748 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01234748 Submitted on 27 Nov 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Apidologie (2014) 45:289–305 Review article * INRA, DIB and Springer-Verlag France, 2014 DOI: 10.1007/s13592-014-0268-3 Comparative methods offer powerful insights into social evolution in bees 1 2 Sarah D. KOCHER , Robert J. PAXTON 1Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA 2Institute for Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany Received 9 September 2013 – Revised 8 December 2013 – Accepted 2 January 2014 Abstract – Bees are excellent models for studying the evolution of sociality. While most species are solitary, many form social groups. The most complex form of social behavior, eusociality, has arisen independently four times within the bees. -
Interactive Robots in Experimental Biology 3 4 5 6 Jens Krause1,2, Alan F.T
1 2 Interactive Robots in Experimental Biology 3 4 5 6 Jens Krause1,2, Alan F.T. Winfield3 & Jean-Louis Deneubourg4 7 8 9 10 11 12 1Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Department of Biology and 13 Ecology of Fishes, 12587 Berlin, Germany; 14 2Humboldt-University of Berlin, Department for Crop and Animal Sciences, Philippstrasse 15 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany; 16 3Bristol Robotics Laboratory, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol 17 BS16 1QY, UK; 18 4Unit of Social Ecology, Campus Plaine - CP 231, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bd du 19 Triomphe, B-1050 Brussels - Belgium 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Corresponding author: Krause, J. ([email protected]), Leibniz Institute of Freshwater 29 Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Department of the Biology and Ecology of Fishes, 30 Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany. 31 32 33 1 33 Interactive robots have the potential to revolutionise the study of social behaviour because 34 they provide a number of methodological advances. In interactions with live animals the 35 behaviour of robots can be standardised, morphology and behaviour can be decoupled (so that 36 different morphologies and behavioural strategies can be combined), behaviour can be 37 manipulated in complex interaction sequences and models of behaviour can be embodied by 38 the robot and thereby be tested. Furthermore, robots can be used as demonstrators in 39 experiments on social learning. The opportunities that robots create for new experimental 40 approaches have far-reaching consequences for research in fields such as mate choice, 41 cooperation, social learning, personality studies and collective behaviour. -
Wolfbot: a Distributed Mobile Sensing Platform for Research and Education
Proceedings of 2014 Zone 1 Conference of the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE Zone 1) WolfBot: A Distributed Mobile Sensing Platform for Research and Education Joseph Betthauser, Daniel Benavides, Jeff Schornick, Neal O’Hara, Jimit Patel, Jeremy Cole, Edgar Lobaton Abstract— Mobile sensor networks are often composed of agents with weak processing capabilities and some means of mobility. However, recent developments in embedded systems have enabled more powerful and portable processing units capable of analyzing complex data streams in real time. Systems with such capabilities are able to perform tasks such as 3D visual localization and tracking of targets. They are also well-suited for environmental monitoring using a combination of cameras, microphones, and sensors for temperature, air-quality, and pressure. Still there are few compact platforms that combine state of the art hardware with accessible software, an open source design, and an affordable price. In this paper, we present an in- depth comparison of several mobile distributed sensor network platforms, and we introduce the WolfBot platform which offers a balance between capabilities, accessibility, cost and an open- design. Experiments analyzing its computer-vision capabilities, power consumption, and system integration are provided. Index Terms— Distributed sensing platform, Swarm robotics, Open design platform. I. INTRODUCTION ireless sensor networks have been used in a variety of Wapplications including surveillance for security purposes [30], monitoring of wildlife [36], [25], [23], Fig 1.WolfBot mobile sensing platform and some of its features. and measuring pollutant concentrations in an environment [37] [24]. Initially, compact platforms were deployed in order to As the number of mobile devices increases, tools for perform low-bandwidth sensing (e.g., detecting motion or distributed control and motion planning for swarm robotic recording temperature) and simple computations. -
Breeding Site Fidelity in Southern Elephant Seals of the Falkland Islands
Filippo Galimberti 1 and Simona Sanvito 1,2 1 Elephant Seal Research Group, Sea Lion Island, Falkland Islands 2 Dept. of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s NF A1B 3X9, Canada ESRG technical report no. 3 Breeding site fidelity in southern elephant seals of the Falkland Islands Milano, 25th April 2000 © Elephant Seal Research Group – 2000 No part of this report can be cited without written permission from the authors. Address for correspondence: Dr. Filippo Galimberti – Via Buonarroti 35 – 20145 Milano – Italy Phone +39 02 4980504 – Fax +39 02 48008145 – Email [email protected] ABSTRACT Breeding site fidelity, i.e., the tendency to return to the same breeding site for consecutive breeding attempts, is an important component of mammal life history strategies, and seems almost ubiquitous in Pinnipedia species, at least for land breeding ones. Site fidelity may entail significant somatic benefits and costs, and, if coupled with return for first breeding attempt to birth site, may produce a genetic sub-structuring of populations. We present data on female and male site fidelity, together with preliminary information on female phylopatry, of southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) of Sea Lion Island, the main breeding site of the species in the Falkland Islands. We found a high level of site fidelity at small scale (hundred of metres) in both sexes, although higher in females, even when considering up to five consecutive breeding seasons of the same individual. We discuss the behavioural and genetic implications of site fidelity, emphasizing that it may affect mating tactics, breeding success, and genetic sub-structuring of local populations. -
Flocks, Herds, and Schools: a Distributed Behavioral Model 1
Published in Computer Graphics, 21(4), July 1987, pp. 25-34. (ACM SIGGRAPH '87 Conference Proceedings, Anaheim, California, July 1987.) Flocks, Herds, and Schools: A Distributed Behavioral Model 1 Craig W. Reynolds Symbolics Graphics Division [obsolete addresses removed 2] Abstract The aggregate motion of a flock of birds, a herd of land animals, or a school of fish is a beautiful and familiar part of the natural world. But this type of complex motion is rarely seen in computer animation. This paper explores an approach based on simulation as an alternative to scripting the paths of each bird individually. The simulated flock is an elaboration of a particle system, with the simulated birds being the particles. The aggregate motion of the simulated flock is created by a distributed behavioral model much like that at work in a natural flock; the birds choose their own course. Each simulated bird is implemented as an independent actor that navigates according to its local perception of the dynamic environment, the laws of simulated physics that rule its motion, and a set of behaviors programmed into it by the "animator." The aggregate motion of the simulated flock is the result of the dense interaction of the relatively simple behaviors of the individual simulated birds. Categories and Subject Descriptors: 1.2.10 [Artificial Intelligence]: Vision and Scene Understanding; 1.3.5 [Computer Graphics]: Computational Geometry and Object Modeling; 1.3.7 [Computer Graphics]: Three Dimensional Graphics and Realism-Animation: 1.6.3 [Simulation and Modeling]: Applications. General Terms: Algorithms, design.b Additional Key Words, and Phrases: flock, herd, school, bird, fish, aggregate motion, particle system, actor, flight, behavioral animation, constraints, path planning. -
The Ecology of Mutualism
Annual Reviews www.annualreviews.org/aronline AngRev. Ecol. Syst. 1982.13:315--47 Copyright©1982 by Annual Reviews lnc. All rightsreserved THE ECOLOGY OF MUTUALISM Douglas 1t. Boucher Departementdes sciences biologiques, Universit~ du Quebec~ Montreal, C. P. 8888, Suet. A, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaH3C 3P8 Sam James Departmentof Ecologyand Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA48109 Kathleen H. Keeler School of Life Sciences, University of Nebraska,Lincoln, Nebraska,USA 68588 INTRODUCTION Elementaryecology texts tell us that organismsinteract in three fundamen- tal ways, generally given the namescompetition, predation, and mutualism. The third memberhas gotten short shrift (264), and even its nameis not generally agreed on. Terms that may be considered synonyms,in whole or part, are symbiosis, commensalism,cooperation, protocooperation, mutual aid, facilitation, reciprocal altruism, and entraide. Weuse the term mutual- by University of Kanas-Lawrence & Edwards on 09/26/05. For personal use only. ism, defined as "an interaction betweenspecies that is beneficial to both," Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1982.13:315-347. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org since it has both historical priority (311) and general currency. Symbiosis is "the living together of two organismsin close association," and modifiers are used to specify dependenceon the interaction (facultative or obligate) and the range of species that can take part (oligophilic or polyphilic). We make the normal apologies concerning forcing continuous variation and diverse interactions into simple dichotomousclassifications, for these and all subsequentdefinitions. Thus mutualism can be defined, in brief, as a -b/q- interaction, while competition, predation, and eommensalismare respectively -/-, -/q-, and -t-/0. There remains, however,the question of howto define "benefit to the 315 0066-4162/82/1120-0315 $02.00 Annual Reviews www.annualreviews.org/aronline 316 BOUCHER, JAMES & KEELER species" without evoking group selection. -
Finding a Mate with Eusocial Skills
Finding a Mate With Eusocial Skills Chris Marriott1 and Jobran Chebib2 1University of Washington, Tacoma, WA, USA 98402 2University of Zurich,¨ Zurich,¨ Switzerland 8057 [email protected] Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/isal/proceedings-pdf/alif2016/28/298/1904330/978-0-262-33936-0-ch052.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 Abstract mutual response of the individuals in the herd with no need for social awareness or exchange of information. Sexual reproductive behavior has a necessary social coordina- Prior work (from now on when we reference the prior tion component as willing and capable partners must both be work we mean the work in Marriott and Chebib (2015a,b)) in the right place at the right time. It has recently been demon- strated that many social organizations that support sexual re- showed that herding, philopatry, and assortative mating production can evolve in the absence of social coordination arose through non-social mechanisms of convergence and between agents (e.g. herding, assortative mating, and natal common descent. This work raised a few questions regard- philopatry). In this paper we explore these results by includ- ing the role that social interaction plays in many of these ob- ing social transfer mechanisms to our agents and contrasting served behaviors. These mating behaviors can be explained their reproductive behavior with a control group without so- cial transfer mechanisms. We conclude that similar behaviors by both non-social and social mechanisms. In many cases emerge in our social learning agents as those that emerged in the non-social solution is the simpler one, though it is likely the non-social learning agents. -
Neural, Parallel, and Scientific Computations 25 (2017) 149-164 DYNAMICS of a SYMBIOTIC MODEL with HERD BEHAVIOUR and STRONG
Neural, Parallel, and Scientific Computations 25 (2017) 149-164 DYNAMICS OF A SYMBIOTIC MODEL WITH HERD BEHAVIOUR AND STRONG ALLEE EFFECT PROSENJIT SEN, ALAKES MAITI, AND G. P. SAMANTA Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah - 711 103, India, E-mail: [email protected] Department of Mathematics, Vidyasagar Evening College, Kolkata – 700006, India, E-mail: alakesh [email protected] Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah - 711 103, India, E-mail: g p [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT. In this paper we will consider the Allee effect on a symbiotic population system with herd behaviour. Criteria for stability of equilibrium points are derived. The effect of discrete time-delay on the model is investigated. Computer simulation of various solutions is presented to illustrate our mathematical findings. The biological implications of our analytical and numerical findings are discussed critically. Key Words Symbiotic model, Herd, Allee effect, Stability, Time-delay. 1. INTRODUCTION Symbiotic relationship is a most widespread phenomenon that is very common in nature. In this relationship, the organisms live together and influence their mutual livelihoods. Symbiotic relationship may be obligate or facultative. In obligate sym- biosis, two organisms cannot survive without each other. In facultative symbiosis, the species live together by choice. So far as the growth of a single-species population is concerned, it has long been recognised that the famous logistic growth function is a logical choice. The function is introduced in 1838 by the Belgian mathematician Pierre Francois Verhulst [42] and later it is rediscovered in 1920 by American biologists Reymon Pearl and Lowell Reed [36]. -
Simulated Evolution of Selfish Herd Behavior
Simulated Evolution of Selfish Herd Behavior Timothy C. Reluga 1 [email protected] Department of Applied Mathematics University of Washington, Box 352420 Seattle, WA 98195-2420 Telephone: 206:543:0319 Steven Viscido Department of Biology University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195-2420 February 1, 2005 1Author to whom correspondence should be addressed Abstract Single species aggregations are a commonly observed phenomenon. One potential explanation for these aggregations is provided by the selfish herd hypothesis, which states that aggregations result from individual efforts to reduce personnel predation risk at the expense of group-mates. Not all movement rules based on the selfish herd hypothesis are consistent with observed animal behavior. Previous work has shown that herd-like aggregations are not generated by movement rules limited to local interactions between nearest neighbors. Instead, rules generating realistic herds appear to require delocalized interactions. To date, it has been an open question whether or not the necessary delocalization can emerge from local interactions under natural selection. To address this question, we study an individual-based model with a single quantitative genetic trait that controls the influence of neighbors as a function of distance. The results indicate that selection increases the influence of distant neighbors relative to near neighbors and support the idea that herd behavior can evolve from localized movement rules under predation pressure. Keywords: selfish herd, behavior, evolution, predation risk 1 Introduction Gregarious behavior occurs in animals across a wide variety of taxa, including invertebrates (Ritz, 1994), fish (Shaw, 1970), birds (Lack, 1968), wildebeests (Gueron and Levin, 1993), lions (Bertram, 1975), and primates (Nakagawa, 1990), among others. -
An Augmented Reality Tool for Analysing and Debugging Swarm Robotic Systems
CODE published: 24 July 2018 doi: 10.3389/frobt.2018.00087 ARDebug: An Augmented Reality Tool for Analysing and Debugging Swarm Robotic Systems Alan G. Millard 1,2*, Richard Redpath 1,2, Alistair M. Jewers 1,2, Charlotte Arndt 1,2, Russell Joyce 1,3, James A. Hilder 1,2, Liam J. McDaid 4 and David M. Halliday 2 1 York Robotics Laboratory, University of York, York, United Kingdom, 2 Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York, York, United Kingdom, 3 Department of Computer Science, University of York, York, United Kingdom, 4 School of Computing and Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Derry, United Kingdom Despite growing interest in collective robotics over the past few years, analysing and debugging the behaviour of swarm robotic systems remains a challenge due to the lack Edited by: Carlo Pinciroli, of appropriate tools. We present a solution to this problem—ARDebug: an open-source, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, cross-platform, and modular tool that allows the user to visualise the internal state of a United States robot swarm using graphical augmented reality techniques. In this paper we describe the Reviewed by: Andreagiovanni Reina, key features of the software, the hardware required to support it, its implementation, and University of Sheffield, usage examples. ARDebug is specifically designed with adoption by other institutions in United Kingdom mind, and aims to provide an extensible tool that other researchers can easily integrate Lenka Pitonakova, University of Bristol, United Kingdom with their own experimental infrastructure. Jerome Guzzi, Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Keywords: swarm robotics, augmented reality, debugging, open-source, cross-platform, code:c++ Intelligence Research, Switzerland *Correspondence: Alan G.