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On the Malaysian Government's Obligations

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On the Malaysian Government's Obligations The Status of Women’s Human Rights: 24 Years of CEDAW in Malaysia Coordinated by Women’s Aid Organisation (WAO) and the Joint Action Group for Gender Equality (JAG) Women’s Aid Organisation PO Box 493, Jalan Sultan 46760 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Malaysia Tel: + 603 7957 0636 / 7957 5636 Fax: + 603 7956 3237 Email: [email protected] Website: www.wao.org.my Facebook: www.facebook.com/womensaidorg Twitter: @womensaidorg Copyright © 2019 Women’s Aid Organisation (WAO) ISBN: 978-967-14799-3-3 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. Cover, Layout and Design: Niva Arasan, Natasha Dandavati, and Sumitra Visvanathan Printer: Valley Printers TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 01: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 14 Chapter 02: INTRODUCTION 16 Chapter 03: CONTRIBUTING ORGANISATIONS 26 Chapter 04: NGO CEDAW SHADOW REPORT, FOR THE MALAYSIAN GOVERNMENT’S REVIEW BY THE CEDAW COMMITTEE AT THE 69TH CEDAW SESSION IN FEBRUARY 2018 2 8 Chapter 05: STATUS REPORT ON THE MALAYSIAN GOVERNMENT’S OBLIGATION DECLARED IN THE INTERNATIONAL ARENA 64 Status Report On The Implementation Of The CEDAW Committee’s Recommendations From 2006 64 Statements Of Intent Made On Recommendations Related To Women’s Rights During The Malaysian Government’s Examination At The Universal Periodic Review In Cycle 1 (2009) And In Cycle 2 (2013) 99 Malaysian Government’s Commitments Under The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 112 Chapter 06: ARTICLES 1 – 4: DEFINITION OF DISCRIMINATION, LAW, POLICY, AND MEASURES TO IMPLEMENT THE CONVENTION 114 Article 1: Definition Of Discrimination Lacking In Legislation 117 Article 2: Eliminating Discrimination In The Law 118 2018 Concluding Observations To Malaysia 118 Article 3: Measures To Promote Equality 132 2018 Concluding Observations To Malaysia 132 Article 4: Temporary Special Measures In Malaysia 137 2018 Concluding Observations To Malaysia 137 Recommendations To The Malaysian Government Regarding Articles 1 – 4 1 4 1 Chapter 07: ARTICLE 5: SEX ROLES AND STEREOTYPING 144 2018 Concluding Observations To Malaysia 146 Removal Of Reservation To Article 5(A) 147 Government Policy And Political Rhetoric Reinforces Women’s Stereotypical Roles 147 Women In Government Policy Plans 152 Sexist Remarks By Politicians 152 Gender Stereotypes Reinforced In Schools And Universities 160 Gender Segregation 161 Media Portrayals Of Women 162 Polygamy 164 National Fatwas Discriminatory To Women 164 Moral Policing 166 Gender Binary Reinforced Through Government Programmes And Activities 170 Recommendations To The Malaysian Government Regarding Article 5 179 Chapter 08: ARTICLE 6: TRAFFICKING AND EXPLOITATION OF PROSTITUTION OF WOMEN 182 2018 Concluding Observations To Malaysia 183 Malaysia Acceded To UN Human Trafficking Protocol 184 Anti-trafficking In Persons And Anti-smuggling Of Migrants Act 2007 (ATIPSOM) 184 Statistics On Trafficking 187 Malaysia Remains On The Tier 2 Watch List In The US State Department’s 2016 Trafficking In Persons Report 188 National Action Plan On Anti-trafficking In Persons 2016-2020 189 Various Human Trafficking Schemes 190 Mass Graves Discovered In 2015 Along The Malaysia-Thai Border 190 Refugees And Asylum-seekers Are Acutely Vulnerable To Trafficking 191 Lack Of Awareness By Authorities And Social Service Providers 193 Poor Treatment Of Trafficking Victims 193 Degrading And Humiliating Treatment Of Women Prostitutes 194 Lack Of Authorities And Infrastructure To Support Trafficking Victims And Coordinate Response In East Malaysia 196 Recommendations To The Malaysian Government Regarding Article 6 197 Chapter 09: ARTICLES 7 AND 8 : PARTICIPATION IN POLITICAL AND PUBLIC LIFE 200 2018 Concluding Observations To Malaysia 202 Appointment Of Female Judges 202 Women’s Low Representation In Politics 204 Representation Of Women At The International Level 208 Women In Decision-making Positions In The Public Sector 209 Women’s Participation In The Public Sphere 210 Recommendations To The Malaysian Government Regarding Articles 7 And 8 211 Chapter 10: ARTICLE 9: CITIZENSHIP 212 2018 Concluding Observations To Malaysia 214 Different Constitutional Provisions On Citizenship For Men And Women 214 Discrimination Against Stateless Women 216 Discriminatory Constitutional Provisions Regarding The Citizenship Of Children Born Overseas To Malaysian Mothers 217 Children Born Out Of Wedlock In Malaysia 218 Right Of Residence 220 Citizenship Issues Specific To East Malaysia 226 Recommendations To The Malaysian Government Regarding Article 9 227 Chapter 11: ARTICLE 10: EDUCATION 230 2018 Concluding Observations To Malaysia 232 Continued Gender Gaps In Technical Courses And Higher Education Degrees 233 Gender Stereotypes Reinforced In Educational Institutions 233 Sex Education In Schools 236 Pregnant Girls More Likely To Dropout Of School 236 Access To Schooling In Remote Areas 237 Education For Children With Special Needs 237 Non-citizen Spouses Of Malaysian Citizens 238 Recommendations To The Malaysian Government Regarding Article 10 238 Chapter 12: ARTICLE 11: EMPLOYMENT 240 2018 Concluding Observations To Malaysia 242 Participation Of Women In The Workforce 243 Underemployment Of Women 243 “Housework” Cited As The Main Reason Women Don’t Enter Workforce 244 Parental Consent To Employment Required For Females 244 Pregnancy Discrimination 244 Parental Leave 245 Childcare Centres 246 Sexual Harassment 247 Retirement Age For Women 249 Minimum Wage 249 Non-citizen Spouses’ Right To Employment 250 Discrimination Of Diverse Sexual Orientations And Gender Identities In Employment 254 Refugee Women 255 Recommendations To The Malaysian Government Regarding Article 11 255 Chapter 13: ARTICLE 12: HEALTH 258 2018 Concluding Observations To Malaysia 259 Access To Health Care 260 Lack Of Gender Disaggregated Data 261 Contraceptive Prevalence 261 Access To Contraception 262 Contraception In Rural Areas 262 Sterilisation 263 Abortion 264 Baby Hatches And “Baby Dumping” 266 Comprehensive Sexuality Education 267 Violations Of Women’s Rights In Government Hospitals 269 One Stop Crisis Centres 269 HIV/Aids 270 Women Who Use Drugs 272 Mandatory HIV Testing For Muslim Couples 272 Health Promotion For Sex Workers Hindered By Police 273 Female Circumcision 273 Access To Health Care For Vulnerable Women 274 Recommendations To The Malaysian Government Regarding Article 12 281 Chapter 14: Article 13: Social And Economic Rights 284 2018 Concluding Observations To Malaysia 286 Socio-economic Status Of Women 287 Benefits For Families And Women 289 Social And Economic Discrimination Against Non-citizen Wives 289 Social And Economic Rights Of East Malaysian Women 291 Social And Economic Rights Of LBTI 293 Recommendations To The Malaysian Government Regarding Article 13 293 Chapter 15: ARTICLE 14: RURAL WOMEN 296 2018 Concluding Observations to Malaysia 297 Rural Women In Leadership 298 Social And Economic Rights Of Rural Women 299 Education Of Rural Girls And Women 299 Teenage Pregnancy And Child Marriage Amongst Rural Girls 300 Single Mothers In Rural Areas 301 Rural Women’s Access To Health 301 Abuse and exploitation of rural women and girls in Sarawak 302 Recommendations to the Malaysian Government regarding Article 14 306 Chapter 16: ARTICLE 15: EQUALITY IN THE LAW 310 No Definition Of Discrimination In The Federal Constitution Or Legislation 311 Limited Wording Of The Anti-discrimination Provision In The Federal Constitution 312 Gender Equality Act 313 Gender Discrimination In Retirement Age 313 Women Viewed As The Property Of Their Husbands In Laws Against “Enticing A Married Woman” 314 Married Women Do Not Have The Choice Of Their Domicile In Divorce Proceedings 315 Inequality Within The Syariah Legal System 316 Employment Laws Do Not Protect Migrant Domestic Workers’ Rights 316 Non-recognition Of The Rights Of Women Of Diverse Sexual Orientations And Gender Identities In Law 317 Recommendations To The Malaysian Government Regarding Article 15 318 Chapter 17: ARTICLE 16: EQUALITY IN MARRIAGE AND FAMILY 322 2018 Concluding Observations To Malaysia 324 Reservations To Article 16 325 Overview Of Family Law Framework In Malaysia 326 Child Marriage Under Civil Law And Islamic Family Law 329 Unilateral Conversion Of Children To Islam By One Spouse 338 Polygamy 342 Extending The Right Of Fasakh Category Of Divorce To Husband Under Islamic Family Law 346 Prohibitory Order Against Wife’s Property Under IFL 347 Guardianship Of Children For Muslim Women 347 Loss Of Custody Of Children For Muslim Women Upon Remarriage 348 Other Issues In Islamic Family Law In Contravention Of Article 16 Of CEDAW 349 Recommendations To The Malaysian Government Regarding Article 16 351 Chapter 18: CEDAW COMMITTEE GENERAL RECOMMENDATION 354 NO. 19:VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN 2018 Concluding Observations To Malaysia 356 Prevalence Of Violence 358 Obligation Of The State To Provide Protection, Including Shelter 362 Lack Of Uniform And Comprehensive Implementation Of Laws 363 Attacks On Women Journalists, Women Human Rights Defenders, And Women In Leadership Positions 364 Violence Against Women Perpetrated By The State 368 Legal reform 369 Women in Detention 381 Violence Against Refugee Women 382 Recommendations To The Malaysian Government Regarding the CEDAW Committee’s General Recommendation 19 382 Chapter 19: CEDAW COMMITTEE GENERAL RECOMMENDATION 26: ON WOMEN MIGRANT WORKERS 386 2018 Concluding Observations To Malaysia 387 Migrant Domestic Workers 388 Refugee Women Workers 401 Recommendations To The Malaysian
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