Number 23, September 2015 www.nyeleni.org - [email protected]

editorial : food justice and in usa

Food Sovereignty1 emerged as La ViaCampesina’s bold response to the “free trade” regimes destroying livelihoods around the world. It’s been taken up widely across the Global South by communities reeling from the spread of agrofuels,GMOs, land grabs and the “privatization of everything.” One reason for food sovereignty’s popularity is because neoliberal global- ization has concentrated nearly half the planet’s wealth into the hands of just 80 individuals. Food Sovereignty is the cry of the dispossessed. Another reason is that food sovereignty reflects the deep resistance of people’s historical struggles against exploitation, oppression and coloniza- tion. When communities fighting for their rights discover the principles of food sovereignty, their reaction is often “Yes! That’s what we’re doing!” On the front lines, the common roots of resistance are quickly recognized. Food justice2 is one such struggle. The radical roots of food justice in the United States are deep in the movement for Black Liberation. In the 1960s, following on historical traditions of self-care by African American communities,the Black Panthers brought food, health services, housing and education to their neighborhoods—placing them under community control. Food was one plank in a larger platform for liberation: freedom from hunger and police brutality were sovereign rights. One does not sell Today’s struggles confront hunger and violence at the intersection of race, class and gender, driving Food Justice to its radical roots of resistance—and the earth upon which toward food sovereignty. In this edition, we share perspectives on the power- ful and mutually enriching convergence of food justice and food sovereignty. the people walk Eric Holt-Giménez, Food First

Tashunka Witko, 1840 –1877 1 - http://usfoodsovereigntyalliance.org/what-is-food-sovereignty/ 2 - http://foodfirst.org/issue-area/us-food-justice/ subscribe online now! Who we are In the last years hundreds of organisations and movements have been www.nyeleni.org engaged in struggles, activities, and various kinds of work to defend and ______promote the right of people to Food Sovereignty around the world. Many of these organisations were present in the International Nyéléni Forum Help us to build the 2007 and feel part of a broader Food Sovereignty Movement, that con- siders the Nyéléni 2007 declaration as its political platform. The Nyéléni Food Sovereignty movement Newsletter wants to be the voice of this international movement. from the grassroots. Organisations involved: Development Fund, FIAN, Focus on the Global Every contribution counts: South, Food First, Friends of the Earth International, GRAIN, Grassroots International, IPC for food sovereignty, La , Marcha Mun- Support the Nyéléni newsletter. dial de las Mujeres, Oxfam Solidarity, Real World Radio, The World Forum Bank: BANCA POPOLARE ETICA SCPA, Of Fish Harvesters & Fish Workers, TNI, VSF-Justicia Alimentaria Global, BRANCH IN SPAIN WhyHunger. Account holder: Asociación Lurbide – El Camino de la Tierra IBAN: ES2315500001220000230821 BIC/SWIFT code: ETICES21XXX now is time for food sovereignty ! Nyéléni Newsletter | No. 23 www.nyeleni.org 1

Box 1 In the spotlight 1 Definition of Food Justice Racism and Capitalism Food Justice refers to a wide spectrum of efforts that address injustices within Our modern has co-evolved with 30 years of neoliberal globalization the U.S. food system. that privatized public goods and deregulated all forms of corporate capital, world- wide. This has led to the highest levels of global inequality in history. The staggering Weak forms of food justice focus on the social and environmental costs of this transition have hit people of color the hardest, effects of an inequitable food system, reflected in the record levels of hunger and massive migrations of impoverished while stronger forms of food justice fo- farmers in the global South, and the appalling levels of food insecurity, diet-related cus on the structural causes of those diseases, unemployment, incarceration, and violence in underserved communities inequities. of color in the global North. The U.S. food movement has emerged in response to the failings of the global food For example, reformist projects for food system. Everywhere, people and organizations are working to counteract the exter- justice work to provide food access in un- nalities inherent to the “corporate food regime.” Understandably, they focus on one derserved communities to alleviate food or two specific components—such as healthy food access, market niches, urban ag- insecurity and/or strive to improve food riculture, etc.—rather than the system as a whole. But the structures that determine and labor conditions within the industrial the context of these hopeful alternatives remain solidly under control of the rules and food system through niche markets (e.g. institutions of the corporate food regime. organic and fair trade certification). Neoliberal globalization has also crippled our capacity to respond to the problems in the food system by destroying much of our public sphere. Not only have the health, education, and welfare functions of government been gutted; the social networks within our communities have been weakened, exacerbating the violence, intensify- ing racial tensions, and deepening cultural divides. People are challenged to con- front the problems of hunger, violence, poverty, and climate change in an environ- ment in which social and political institutions have been restructured to serve global markets rather than local communities. Notably, the food justice movement has stepped up—supported largely by the non- profit sector—to provide services and enhance community agency in our food sys- tems. Consciously or not, in many ways the community food movement, with its hands-on, participatory projects for a fair, sustainable, healthy food system, is re- Progressive forms of food justice take building our public sphere from the ground up. This is simply because it is impossible this a step further by producing food to do one without reconstructing the other. (typically with organic, permaculture and/or agroecological methods) and But as many organizations have discovered, we can’t rebuild the public sphere working for more equitable access to without addressing the issues that divide us. For many communities this means ad- food-producing resources such as land, dressing racism in the food system. The food movement itself is not immune from credit and markets, and for better wages the structural injustices that it seeks to overcome. Because of the pervasiveness of and working conditions for all farmwork- white privilege and internalized oppression in our society, racism in the food system ers and food workers (not just those can and does resurface within the food movement itself, even when the actors have benefitting from niche markets). the best of intentions. Understanding why, where, and how racism manifests itself in the food system, recognizing it within our movement and our organizations and Radical food justice focus on redistrib- within ourselves, is not extra work for transforming our food system; it is the work. utive, structural transformations in the Understanding how capitalism functions is also the work, because changing the un- food system that build political power in derlying structures of a capitalist food system is inconceivable without knowing how underserved, exploited and oppressed the system functions in the first place. And yet many people trying to change the food communities—including people of system have scant knowledge of its capitalist foundations. color, immigrants, women, LGBTQ Luckily, this is changing as activists in the food movement dig deeper to fully un- people—and works to dismantle the derstand the system behind the problems they confront. Many people in the global laws, regulations, institutions and cul- South, especially peasants, fishers, and pastoralists, can’t afford not to understand tural norms that entrench corporate, the socio-economic forces destroying their livelihoods. Underserved communities monopoly and white, male privilege in of color in the global North—there as the result of recent and historical waves of the food system. colonization, dispossession, and exploitation—form the backbone of the food justice movement. Understanding why people of color are twice as likely to suffer from food Radical and progressive forms of food insecurity and diet-related disease— even though they live in affluent northern de- justice overlap with food sovereignty, a mocracies—requires an understanding of the inter- section of capitalism and racism. concept of international origin defined as people’s right to healthy and cultur- Activists across the food movement are beginning to realize that the food system ally appropriate food produced through cannot be changed in isolation from the larger economic system. To fully appreciate ecologically sound and sustainable the magnitude of the challenges we face and what will be needed to bring about a methods, and their right to define their new food system in harmony with people’s needs and the environment, we need own food and agriculture systems. to understand and confront the social, economic, and political foundations that cre- ated—and maintain—the food system we seek to change.

NyéléniNyéléni Newsletter Newsletter | No.23 | No. 23 2 www.nyeleni.org 2 www.nyeleni.org 2 Voices from the In the spotlight field 1 Food Justice 2.0 Reform or Transformation1? LaDonna Redmond, Founder The global food crisis has pushed the U.S. food movement to a political juncture. A and executive director of “The sixth of the world’s population is now hungry—just as a sixth of the U.S. population Campaign for Food Justice is “food insecure.” These severe levels of hunger and insecurity share root causes, Now”, http://www.cfjn.org/ located in the political economy of a global, corporate food regime. I became a food activist because my son Because of its political location between reformist calls for and radical Wade developed food allergies at a very calls for food sovereignty, food justice is pivotally placed to influence the direction of early age and I wanted to get the healthi- food-systems change. How issues of race and class are resolved will influence the est food I could for him. I really wasn’t political direction of the food justice movement’s organizational alliances: toward any different from any other mother in reform or toward transformation. my community. I wanted the best for my Recognizing that today’s industrial food system is unsustainable, the U.S. food move- son. But that food—the best food—was ment calls for quality, environmental sustainability, and safety of food as well as for the not available in my neighborhood on the reaffirmation of environmental values and community relationships associated with hal- west side of Chicago. I live in a com- cyon days of a reconstructed agrarian past. These make up what Alkon and Agyeman munity where I can get a semiautomatic (2011a) refer to as the “dominant food-movement narrative.” Grounded in the social weapon quicker than I can get a tomato. base of predominantly white, middle-class consumers, this narrative has become an The public health issue of violence is important reference in the mainstream media. However, it also tends to render the food connected to the public health issue of histories and realities of low-income people and people of color invisible. chronic diet-related diseases. Community Food Security (the “good food movement”) frames food-system ineq- For me food justice 2.0 is really about uities in terms of food production and acquisition rather than structural inequality, the narratives of people of color. The resulting in an emphasis on enhancing food skills and alternative means of food ac- food justice movement tells the story of cess for low-income households, coupled with a Washington D.C.-focused lobbying colonialism and the impact of historical effort for increased forms of food aid and support for community food systems. The trauma on communities of color. CFS movement strives to mainstream food security into the existing food system. We understand that the importation of The food sovereignty movement seeks to dismantle global markets and the mo- African slaves to the United States pro- nopoly power of corporations at local, national, and international scales, and advo- vided the labor for what we now call cates redistributing and protecting productive assets such as seeds, water, land, our industrial food system. At the core and processing and distribution facilities. While anti-hunger and food-security ad- of what I believe to be the problems in vocates often prefer affordable access to bad food over no food at all, this puts our community, particularly when we talk them at odds with food-justice and food-sovereignty groups who distrust these about the accumulation of wealth or the large agrifood corporations (Gottlieb and Joshi 2010, 215). lack of health, is really a conversation around slavery. We have not reconciled The Food Justice movement (FJ) overlaps broadly with CFS, but tends to be more the event of slavery or its impact. For us, progressive than reformist in that it addresses specifically the ways in which people food justice is not just about nutrition. of color in low-incomecommunities are disproportionately and negatively impacted It’s not just about growing the food. It’s by the industrial food system. Caught between the urgency of access and the im- about dignity. It’s about being visible. perative of equity, the food-justice movement shifts, overlaps, and bridges with the efforts of the CFS and food-sovereignty movements, attempting to address racism We can be successful if we’re able to and classism on one hand while trying to fix a broken food system on the other. recognize that we have never had a just food system in the U.S. and we must While moderate food system reforms—such as increasing food stamps or relocat- join together and create a narrative ing grocery stores—are certainly needed to help vulnerable communities cope with where all of us can sit around a table crises, because they address proximate rather than the root causes of hunger and and create the food system that we food insecurity, they will not alter the fundamental balance of power within the food need. Reclaim your kitchens. Reclaim system and in some cases may even reinforce existing, inequitable power rela- your stove and your table. Cook your tions. Fixing the dysfunctional food system—in any sustainable sense—requires food. Make your food. Know where your regime change. Food system change will come from powerful and sustained social food comes from. pressure that forces reformists to roll back neo-liberalism in the food system. Much of this pressure could come from the food movement—if it overcomes its divides. Adapted from Food + Justice = Democ- Solving the food crisis requires dismantling racism and classism in the food system racy presentation at TEDxManhattan, and transforming the food regime. This challenges the food-justice movement to forge 2013 alliances that advance equitable and sustainable practices on the ground while mobi- lizing politically for broad, redistributive structural reforms. This pivotal praxis may yet produce a new, powerful food movement narrative: the narrative of liberation. References: Alkon, Alison Hope, and Julian Agyeman. 2011a. Introduction: The food movement as polyculture. In Cultivating Food Justice: Race, Class, and Sustainability, 1-20. Food, Health, and Environment; series ed. Robert Gottlieb. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Gottlieb, Robert, Anupama Joshi. 2010. Food Justice. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

1- https://www.academia.edu/5617522/Pivotal_Role_of_Food_Justice_in_the_U_S._Food_Movement_2012 Nyéléni Newsletter | No. 23 Nyéléni Newsletter | No. 23 www.nyeleni.org 3 www.nyeleni.org 3 meeting held by this working group in Washington, D.C. They called for a stronger policy agenda that included fair prices for Box 2 farmers and consumers; equity in the food system; sustainable The U.S. Food Sovereignty Alliance: agriculture; workers’ rights and the Right to Food. Nourishing Food Justice1 In 2009, the Working Group on the Global Food Crisis brought even more people to Washington D.C. working in grassroots food justice Resistance to the legacy of structural racism in the United States organizations. Out of that gathering, participants launched a series is an historical pillar of what we call “Food Justice.” The struggle of two year initiatives to support a campaign to end the food crisis. for food justice takes place in the thousands of underserved rural In October of 2009, a small sub-set of allies organized the First and urban communities across the country—communities that Food Sovereignty Prize in Des Moines, Iowa during the annual are reeling from the negative impacts of the corporate food re- conference of the Community Food Security Coalition (CFSC). gime. The agrofood monopolies of this regime poison our work- The Food Sovereignty Prize became an important strategy to ers and our environment with toxic chemicals to produce the disseminate the concept of food sovereignty in the U.S. by high- cheap, processed food making us sick. Over 50 million people in lighting the work of grassroots organizations. During the CFSC the U.S.—mostly food and farm workers, women, children and conference, members of the Working Group discussed a long- people of color—are food insecure and suffer from devas- term vision and strategy that was based on the creation of a tating diet-related diseases. In the United States broader alliance with different sectors in the U.S. small-scale, family farmers now constitute less Then, the group mobilized of resources to support than 2% of all the registered farmers in the farmers’ leadership in national agricultural anti-trust country… we have more people in prison hearings organized by the U.S. Department of Jus- than we do on the land. Food justice in the tice and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. This U.S. takes many forms to address these was followed by holding a People’s Movement As- inequities head-on. Underserved commu- sembly on Food Justice and Food Sovereignty at nities are farming on vacant urban lots and the U.S. Social Forum in Detroit, Michigan in 2010. roof tops, a new generation of young farmers The need for a national alliance between migrant are growing organic food for their communities, workers, farmers, urban families and NGOs to tackle the farmers markets and community supported agricul- issues of food justice and food sovereignty became clear ture and local food policy councils are flourishing and policy ad- at this gathering. For two days grassroots organizations, farmers vocacy on issues such as migrant labor, environmental justice, and NGOs from several cities in the U.S. as well as representatives GMO labeling and public health are becoming more powerful. of Via Campesina International from Honduras, Palestine, Haiti In the last decade, the food justice movement has grown rapidly and the Dominican Republic met to discuss how local organiza- in the U.S. among communities that believe that our food system tions could join a political process to radically democratize the food should serve—not exploit and poison—people of color. Many be- system, rooted in a global agenda set by social movements. Four lieve that radical food justice can be a path towards liberation. months later, in October of 2010, the USFSA was launched at the Thanks to the militant work of grassroots organizations, food CFSC conference in New Orleans. justice is also being embraced by socially conscious consumers who demand chemical-free food, fair wages and dignified work- Looking ahead ing conditions for workers. Everyone believes our family farmers Since the launching of the U.S. Food Sovereignty Alliance, food should be paid fairly for the food they produce. Many are working sovereignty and food justice in the country faces a new set of chal- to turn their local food systems into engines of economic growth lenges. In the name of “fiscal austerity”, the National Congress under the control of underserved communities. All of us seek threatens to cut thousands of families from food stamps and other an end to corporate control over our food. Food should be for social programs. Seven states in the U.S. have passed “gag” laws people, not monopoly profit. that prohibit the documentation and dissemination of wrongdoings It’s no coincidence that with the rise of Food Sovereignty move- by agribusinesses. A growing police state has declared war on ment, Food Justice has also emerged as a concept, a form of young people of color. But also, signs of a new wave of popular, resistance and as a political proposal on a global scale. The grow- mass movements for #BlackLivesMatter, Climate Justice and ac- ing convergence between the two is the result of international ex- tions against Monsanto have emerged and are growing fast. changes and connections between local organizations with global This October, the U.S. Food Sovereignty Alliance will hold its III social movements, especially La Via Campesina International. In General Membership Assembly and the VII Food Sovereignty part this is because on one hand, the creation of Via Campesina Prize in Des Moines, Iowa, October 13-15th. As we reach our and the rise of food sovereignty have influenced scholars, NGOs five-year milestone, we are committed to our mission to build the and grassroots organizations. Also, with the advance of globaliza- global struggle for food justice and food sovereignty by steadily tion, racism in the food system is worsening around the world. building trust and nourishing the leadership of working class families and communities of color to reclaim their lives and their The U.S. Food Sovereignty Alliance2 bodies from structural racism. By bringing together NGOs and The U.S. Food Sovereignty Alliance (USFSA), is a broad-based grassroots organizations in a broad alliance with different social network of 33 grassroots organizations and NGOs committed sectors in the U.S. and abroad, the USFSA is an important space to building the collective power of the Food Justice and Food in the defense of justice and sovereignty. Sovereignty movements. The USFSA was born when farmers groups and community, labor and food security organizations 1 - For more info on this article and the USFSA, please contact Saulo Araújo and met to discuss long-term actions to highlight the root causes of Tristan Quinn-Thibodeau at WhyHunger. the 2008 global food crisis (that had been largely brought about 2 - http://usfoodsovereigntyalliance.org/ by U.S. companies and U.S. policies). That summer was the first 3 - http://foodsovereigntyprize.org/

Nyéléni Newsletter | No. 23 Nyéléni Newsletter | No.23 4 www.nyeleni.org 4 www.nyeleni.org Voices from the field 2 Voices from the field 3

Community empowerment and Farm workers, a new sort of apharteid resilience in Detroit Rosalinda Guillén, Executive director of Community to Com- Malik Yakini, Founder and executive director of the Detroit munity, http://foodjustice.org/ Black Community Food Security Network, http://detroitblackfoodsecurity.org/ I am a farm worker that now understands that we are but one small but very, very important component of a system. I am In Detroit, we currently have a population of about 700,000 connected to the history of slavery in the agricultural industry people, which is down from 1,900,000. The city has been con- of this country because we are the new slaves. I can say as a siderably depopulated as a result of the decline of the auto- Mexican American, there is a new group of slaves making the mobile industry and both the 1950s and 1960s white flight and agricultural industry very rich in this country. more recently, black middle-class flight. We have massive un- employment, which is estimated to be anywhere between 18 In many of the communities where we are working in the Unit- and 20 percent. There are no major grocery store chains ed States, we learn how to live in a sort of apartheid in Detroit. That leaves the majority of the popula- tion to get their food from gas stations and con- system, an economic apartheid, a social apart- venience stores. Much of the so-called food heid, and of course a racial apartheid. We are in those stores is in Styrofoam containers, hidden, we are silent, we work. boxes, and packages. The geographic foot- print of the city is about 143 sq. miles. Of The average lifespan of a farm worker in that 143 sq. miles, about one third of the the United States is still only 49 years. That city is vacant due to the depopulation and is what it takes to keep up the production also the intentional disinvestment in the that is required by the agricultural indus- city of Detroit. try so that you can have your berries and fresh vegetables. And some of us die be- The reality of it is that Detroit and Detroiters fore that age. Antonio Zambrano was killed are being spanked. And one of the reasons by the police in Pasco, Washington for throw- we’re being spanked is because of the 50 year ing a rock out of his frustration at the poverty he and beyond struggle for black empowerment in the was living in and the disrespect and treatment he city of Detroit. About 80 percent of the city’s population and his family have been receiving for many, many years. is African American and we live in a metropolitan area that is one of the most highly racially polarized areas in the United To us, ag policy means that pesticides are still being used. Ag States. We are now seeing many urban areas throughout policy to us means that the piece-rate wage is the legal, insti- Detroit being gentrified. We see young white hipsters moving tutionalized wage theft process that almost every farm worker into the core of the city and we see long-time residents being in this country must use in order to receive a paycheck. That displaced. All of this is happening against the backdrop of one is why our lifespan is 49 years of age: piece-rate wage system of the most insidious things that has happened in the United and pesticides. Stop and listen, we are the canaries in the States and that is that the elected officials of Detroit have been mine. The agricultural industry is unleashing chemicals into disempowered by the appointment of an emergency manager the fields of California that are going to be used all over the by the governor of the state of Michigan. Effectively, the vote country and it will come back to you, the consumer. Listen to of the people of Detroit has been taken away. us, the farm workers. Our organization has been working towards community em- powerment and resilience. We are also concerned about cre- We make the road by walking. We don’t know what that road ating democracy, the type of democracy where people are ac- will look like but we have to walk together and we have to live tually making decisions that impact their own communities and well as we’re making that road. That means we all have to their own lives…We are fighting all of these struggles against give our commitment. The road we walk together must lead the backdrop of these twin evils: capitalism and white suprem- to the table where you can sit with your family and eat your acy, which manifests not only within the dominant industrial food, knowing your dinner on your plate is free and clear of all food system but also within our food movement and within the exploitation of humans and of Mother Earth. food sovereignty movement. We are concerned that we are all engaged in this work of divesting ourselves of internalized Adapted from presentation at Food First 40th Anniversary racial oppression. In fact, it’s not auxiliary to the work. This is Panel in 2015. the work.

Adapted from presentation at “Food Sovereignty: a critical dia- logue” conference at Yale University in 2013. For more https:// www.tni.org/en/article/food-sovereignty-critical-dialogue-0

Nyéléni Newsletter | No. 23 Nyéléni Newsletterwww.nyeleni.org | No. 23 5 www.nyeleni.org 5 Box 3 Black lives matters

The food justice movement is a reflection of the rise in social #BlackLivesMatter. Some and political resistance against structural racism. Contrary to believe it was necessary mainstream claims of a “post-racial society,” an alarming rise in order to hold white pro- gressives accountable for of institutional violence against young African-Americans and the issue of structural racism. people of color in the United States has accompanied the food, Others are confused as to why fuel and financial crises. Movements for justice and liberation Sanders was targeted since he has always been a supporter like #BlackLivesMatter are making it impossible to ignore the of civil rights. This protest, however, was not just about Sand- problem of racism any longer—on the right and the left. ers: it was about all progressives failing to take on the fight against racism. On August 8, progressive presidential candidate and Vermont senator Bernie Sanders appeared in Seattle to talk about While Sanders may have been disappointed by the outcome social security and Medicare but was interrupted when two that day, this experience will ultimately be valuable to him. members of the local chapter of #BlackLivesMatter took the It showed him what is important to the people, giving him stage. August 9 marked the one-year anniversary of the kill- the opportunity to address those concerns and gain sup- ing of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, at the hands of port. #BlackLivesMatter is forcing progressives to have the the police and the protesters were asking for four and a half uncomfortable conversation about racism and is pressuring minutes of silence in recognition of the four and a half hours political figures to take action. They are making it clear to the police kept Brown’s lifeless body on a Ferguson street. candidates and to the public that we cannot move forward po- litically without addressing the violence of structural racism. They criticized Sanders and other progressives for failing to tackle racism. Many people in the predominantly white crowd To read the full news story: http://www.seattletimes.com/se- became angry with the protesters and demanded that they attle-news/politics/black-lives-matter-protesters-shut-down- let the senator speak but Sanders left the stage. He later re- bernie-sanders-rally/ leased a written statement in which he said he was “disap- pointed because on criminal justice reform and the need to For the perspective of an indigenous man who was pres- fight racism there is no other candidate for president who will ent at the event: http://www.thestranger.com/blogs/ fight harder than me.” slog/2015/08/13/22694043/guest-editorial-i-support-bernie- sanders-for-president-and-i-also-support-the-black-lives- Ever since the event took place, there has been a lot of dis- matter-takeover-in-seattle cussion about whether or not the protest was positive for

To read, listen, watch and share

• Alberto Alonso-Fradejas, Christina Schiavoni and Zoe Brent, Contextualizing Food Sovereignty: the politics of convergence among movements in the US, 2015, http:// foodfirst.org/publication/contextualizing-food-sovereignty-the-politics-of-convergence- among-movements-in-the-us/ • Video: Eric Holt-Gimenez , Dismantling Racism in the Food System: Keynote presen- tation, Just Food Conference, New York City, 2015, http://foodfirst.org/2015-just-food- conference-keynote-by-eric-holt-gimenez-dismantling-racism-in-the-food-system/ • Slideshow presentation: Dismantling Racism in the Food System, http://foodfirst.org/ presentation-dismantling-racism-in-the-food-system/ • Nikki Silvestri, Malik Yakini, D’Artagnan Scorza, Chant Down Babylon: Building Relationship, Leadersip, and Power in the Food Justice Movement, WhyHunger, 2014, http://www.whyhunger.org/uploads/fileAssets/1d6191_6fc3bb.pdf • Raj Patel, Food First Backgrounder, Survival Pending Revolution: What the Black Panthers can Teach the Food Justice Movement, 2012, http://foodfirst.org/publication/survival-pending-revolution-what-the-black-panthers-can-teach-the-us-food- movement/ • Tangled Roots and Bitter Fruit: What Fergusen can teach the food movement, http://foodfirst.org/tangled-roots-and-bitter- fruit-what-ferguson-can-teach-the-food-movement/

* Articles are copyfree. We encourage people and organizations to reproduce or copy them. Citation of the source is appreciated * Nyéléni Newsletter | No.23 6 www.nyeleni.org