A Brief History of Memory and Aging
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Sleep, Memory, and Aging: Effects of Pre- and Post- Sleep Delays and Interference on Memory in Younger and Older Adults Michael Scullin Washington University in St
Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) 1-1-2011 Sleep, Memory, and Aging: Effects of Pre- and Post- Sleep Delays and Interference on Memory in Younger and Older Adults Michael Scullin Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd Recommended Citation Scullin, Michael, "Sleep, Memory, and Aging: Effects of Pre- and Post-Sleep Delays and Interference on Memory in Younger and Older Adults" (2011). All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs). 640. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd/640 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS Department of Psychology Dissertation Examination Committee: Mark McDaniel, Chair Sandy Hale Larry Jacoby Henry Roediger, III Paul Shaw James Wertsch Sleep, Memory, and Aging: Effects of Pre- and Post-Sleep Delays and Interference on Memory in Younger and Older Adults by Michael K. Scullin A dissertation presented to the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2011 Saint Louis, Missouri Abstract The present research investigated the relationship between sleep and memory in younger and older adults. Previous research has demonstrated that during the deep sleep stage (i.e., slow wave sleep), recently learned memories are reactivated and consolidated in younger adults. -
20 Memory Techniques
20 Memory Techniques Experiment 1,viththese techniques to develop a.flexible, custom-made memm}" system that fits your stJ:fe qf learning the content <ifyour courses and the skills <~/'your,sport. 17w 20 techniques are divided intnfour categories, each 1-vhichrepresents a general principlefiJr improving mem.ory. Organize it 1. Be selective. To a large degree, the art of memory is the a,t of selecting what to remember in the first place. As you dig into your textbooks, playbooks. and notes, make choices about what is most important to learn. Imagine that you are going to create a test on the material and consider the questions you would ask. When reading, look for chapter previews, summaries, and review questions. Pay attention to anything printed in bold type. A !so notice visual elements, such as charts, graphs, and illustrations. All of these are clues pointing to what's important. During lectures, notice what the instructor emphasizes. During practice, focus on what your coach requires you to repeat. Anything that presented visually-on the board, on overheads, or with slides-is also key. 2. Make it meaningful. One way to create meaning is to learn from the general to the specific. Before tackling the details, get the big picture. Before you begin your next reading assignment, for example, skim it lo locate the main idea. If you're ever lost, step back and recall that idea. The details might make more sense. You can also organize any list of items-even random ones-in a meaningful way to make them easier to remember. -
2 Weeks to a Younger Brain Book Publishing
2 WEEKS TO A YOUNGER BRAIN 2 WEEKS TO A YOUNGER BRAIN GARY SMALL, MD AND GIGI VORGAN www.humanixbooks.com Boca Raton, FL, USA Two Weeks to a Younger Brain © 2015 Humanix Books All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any other infor- mation storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. Interior: Ben Davis Index: Yvette M. Chin For information, contact: Humanix Books P.O. Box 20989 West Palm Beach, FL 33416 USA www.humanixbooks.com email: [email protected] Humanix Books is a division of Humanix Publishing, LLC. Its trademark, consisting of the words “Humanix Books” is registered with the US Patent and Trademark Of- fice, and in other countries. Disclaimer: The information presented in this book is meant to be used for general resource purposes only; it is not intended as specific medical advice for any individ- ual and should not substitute medical advice from a healthcare professional. If you have (or think you may have) a medical problem, speak to your doctor or a healthcare practitioner immediately about your risk and possible treatments. Do not engage in any therapy or treatment without consulting a medical professional. Printed in the United States of America and the United Kingdom. ISBN (Hardcover) 978-1-63006-030-5 ISBN (E-book) 978-1-63006-031-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2014958068 Acknowledgments E ARE GRATEFUL TO the many volunteers and patients who Wparticipated in the research studies that inspired this book. -
A CROSS-CULTURAL EXAMINATION of EMOTIONAL MEMORY PROCESSING: US Vs
Journal of Integrated Social Sciences www.jiss.org, 2014 - 4(1): 1-17 Original Article: A CROSS-CULTURAL EXAMINATION OF EMOTIONAL MEMORY PROCESSING: US vs. AFGHANISTAN Frishta Sharifi, M.S. Mills College, USA Christie Chung, Ph.D. Mills College, USA Abstract A positivity effect where older adults remember positive information better than young adults has been documented widely in the memory literature. However, research on the generalizability of the positivity effect to non-western cultures is still in its infancy. The present study is the first in the field of memory to explore the differences in emotional memory patterns between the US and Afghan cultures. Due to the war in Afghanistan, we hypothesized that the Afghan older adults’ negative life experiences may reduce the effect of the positivity effect usually found in the US. In the present study, we tested young and older US and Afghan adults on an emotional picture memory task consisted of 30 pictures (10 positive, 10 negative, 10 neutral). They were later asked to recall these pictures using brief verbal descriptions. US older adults remembered significantly fewer negative pictures compared to US young adults, demonstrating a positivity effect in old age. Afghan adults, however, did not show an age-related positivity effect in memory as predicted. We discussed our results with the framework of current socio-emotional theories. Keywords: Aging, emotional memory, positivity effect, cross-cultural __________________ AUTHOR NOTE: Please address all correspondence to: Dr. Christie Chung, Mills College Psychology Department, 5000 MacArthur Blvd., Oakland, CA 94613. Email: [email protected] © 2014 Journal of Integrated Social Sciences Sharifi & Chung Emotional Memory: US vs. -
Memory-Modulation: Self-Improvement Or Self-Depletion?
HYPOTHESIS AND THEORY published: 05 April 2018 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00469 Memory-Modulation: Self-Improvement or Self-Depletion? Andrea Lavazza* Neuroethics, Centro Universitario Internazionale, Arezzo, Italy Autobiographical memory is fundamental to the process of self-construction. Therefore, the possibility of modifying autobiographical memories, in particular with memory-modulation and memory-erasing, is a very important topic both from the theoretical and from the practical point of view. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the state of the art of some of the most promising areas of memory-modulation and memory-erasing, considering how they can affect the self and the overall balance of the “self and autobiographical memory” system. Indeed, different conceptualizations of the self and of personal identity in relation to autobiographical memory are what makes memory-modulation and memory-erasing more or less desirable. Because of the current limitations (both practical and ethical) to interventions on memory, I can Edited by: only sketch some hypotheses. However, it can be argued that the choice to mitigate Rossella Guerini, painful memories (or edit memories for other reasons) is somehow problematic, from an Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Italy ethical point of view, according to some of the theories of the self and personal identity Reviewed by: in relation to autobiographical memory, in particular for the so-called narrative theories Tillmann Vierkant, University of Edinburgh, of personal identity, chosen here as the main case of study. Other conceptualizations of United Kingdom the “self and autobiographical memory” system, namely the constructivist theories, do Antonella Marchetti, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, not have this sort of critical concerns. -
Elaborative Encoding, the Ancient Art of Memory, and the Hippocampus
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (2013) 36, 589–659 provided by RERO DOC Digital Library doi:10.1017/S0140525X12003135 Such stuff as dreams are made on? Elaborative encoding, the ancient art of memory, and the hippocampus Sue Llewellyn Faculty of Humanities, University of Manchester, Manchester M15 6PB, United Kingdom http://www.humanities.manchester.ac.uk [email protected] Abstract: This article argues that rapid eye movement (REM) dreaming is elaborative encoding for episodic memories. Elaborative encoding in REM can, at least partially, be understood through ancient art of memory (AAOM) principles: visualization, bizarre association, organization, narration, embodiment, and location. These principles render recent memories more distinctive through novel and meaningful association with emotionally salient, remote memories. The AAOM optimizes memory performance, suggesting that its principles may predict aspects of how episodic memory is configured in the brain. Integration and segregation are fundamental organizing principles in the cerebral cortex. Episodic memory networks interconnect profusely within the cortex, creating omnidirectional “landmark” junctions. Memories may be integrated at junctions but segregated along connecting network paths that meet at junctions. Episodic junctions may be instantiated during non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep after hippocampal associational function during REM dreams. Hippocampal association involves relating, binding, and integrating episodic memories into a mnemonic compositional whole. This often bizarre, composite image has not been present to the senses; it is not “real” because it hyperassociates several memories. During REM sleep, on the phenomenological level, this composite image is experienced as a dream scene. -
Memory in Mind and Culture
This page intentionally left blank Memory in Mind and Culture This text introduces students, scholars, and interested educated readers to the issues of human memory broadly considered, encompassing individual mem- ory, collective remembering by societies, and the construction of history. The book is organized around several major questions: How do memories construct our past? How do we build shared collective memories? How does memory shape history? This volume presents a special perspective, emphasizing the role of memory processes in the construction of self-identity, of shared cultural norms and concepts, and of historical awareness. Although the results are fairly new and the techniques suitably modern, the vision itself is of course related to the work of such precursors as Frederic Bartlett and Aleksandr Luria, who in very different ways represent the starting point of a serious psychology of human culture. Pascal Boyer is Henry Luce Professor of Individual and Collective Memory, departments of psychology and anthropology, at Washington University in St. Louis. He studied philosophy and anthropology at the universities of Paris and Cambridge, where he did his graduate work with Professor Jack Goody, on memory constraints on the transmission of oral literature. He has done anthro- pological fieldwork in Cameroon on the transmission of the Fang oral epics and on Fang traditional religion. Since then, he has worked mostly on the experi- mental study of cognitive capacities underlying cultural transmission. After teaching in Cambridge, San Diego, Lyon, and Santa Barbara, Boyer moved to his present position at the departments of anthropology and psychology at Washington University, St. Louis. James V. -
Cognitive and Neuropsychological Aspects of Age-Associated Memory Dysfunction
COGNITIVE AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF AGE-ASSOCIATED MEMORY DYSFUNCTION A k a d e m is k a v h a n d l in g som för avläggande av filosofie doktorsexamen med vederbörligt tillstånd av rektorsämbetet vid Umeå universitet framlägges för offentlig granskning vid Psykologiska institutionen, Umeå Universitet, Seminarierum 2, fredagen den 24 januari 1992, klockan 10.15 AV Th o m a s K a r l s s o n Psykologiska institutionen, Umeå Universitet, Umeå COGNITIVE AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF AGE- ASSOCIATED MEMORY DYSFUNCTION BY Thom as K arlsson Doctoral Dissertation Department of Psychology, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden ABSTRACT Memory dysfunction is common in association with the course of normal aging. Memory dysfunction is also obligatory in age-associated neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease. However, despite the ubiquitousness of age-related memory decline, several basic questions regarding this entity remain unanswered. The present investigation addressed two such questions: (1) Can individuals suffering from memory dysfunction due to aging and amnesia due to Alzheimer’s disease improve memory performance if contextual support is provided at the time of acquisition of to-be- remembered material or reproduction of to-be-remembered material? (2) Are memory deficits observed in ‘younger’ older adults similar to the deficits observed in ‘older’ elderly subjects, Alzheimer’s disease, and memory dysfunction in younger subjects? The outcome of this investigation suggests an affirmative answer to the first question. Given appropriate support at encoding and retrieval, even densely amnesic patients can improve their memory performance. As to the second question, a more complex pattern emerges. -
VIVEKANANDA and the ART of MEMORY June 26, 1994 M. Ram Murty, FRSC1
VIVEKANANDA AND THE ART OF MEMORY June 26, 1994 M. Ram Murty, FRSC1 1. Episodes from Vivekananda’s life 2. Episodes from Ramakrishna’s life 3. Their memory power compared by Swami Saradananda 4. Other srutidharas from the past 5. The ancient art of memory 6. The laws of memory 7. The role of memory in daily life Episodes from Vivekananda’s life The human problem is one of memory. We have forgotten our divine nature. All the great teachers of the past have declared that the revival of the memory of our divinity is the paramount goal. Memory is a faculty and as such, it is neither good nor bad. Every action that we do, every thought that we think, leaves an indelible trail of memory. Whether we remember or not, the contents are recorded and affect our daily life. Therefore, an awareness of this faculty and its method of operation is vital for healthy existence. Properly employed, it leads us to enlightenment; abused or misused, it can torment us. So we must learn to use it properly, to strengthen it for our own improvement. In studying the life of Vivekananda, we come across many phenomenal examples of his amazing faculty of memory. In ‘Reminiscences of Swami Vivekananda,’ Haripada Mitra relates the following story: One day, in the course of a talk, Swamiji quoted verbatim some two or three pages from Pickwick Papers. I wondered at this, not understanding how a sanyasin could get by heart so much from a secular book. I thought that he must have read it quite a number of times before he took orders. -
The Pulpit & the Memory Palace
Copyright by Ryan Tinetti 2019 !iii THESIS ABSTRACT The following thesis considers the benefits of classical rhetoric for contemporary preaching, with special reference to the classical memorization technique known as the method of loci (or Memory Palace). The goal for this research is to discern how the method of loci can help pastors to “preach by heart,” that is, to internalize the sermon such that they can preach it without notes as though it were an extemporaneous Spirit- prompted utterance. To this end, the thesis is structured around two parts. Following an Introduction that sets out the practical challenges to preaching by heart that attend many pastors, Part 1 provides a survey of classical rhetoric, especially the so-called “modes of persuasion” and “canons of rhetoric,” before then turning specifically to the canon of Memoria (“memory”) and its concomitant practice of the Memory Palace. Part 2 applies the insights of the first part to the process of sermon preparation more broadly, and then walks through the practice of the Memory Palace for preaching in particular. A Conclusion recapitulates the argument and demonstrates the method of loci in practice. !iv To Anne, who knows me by heart !v TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract iv Acknowledgements vii Introduction: Preaching by Heart 1 Part 1: Classical Rhetoric and the Method of Loci 22 Chapter 1: An Overview of Classical Rhetoric 23 Chapter 2: Memoria and the Method of Loci 43 Part 2: Contemporary Preaching and the Memory Palace 64 Chapter 3: Applying Classical Rhetoric to Sermon Preparation 65 Chapter 4: Constructing the Memory Palace 79 Conclusion: At Home in the Word 104 Bibliography 122 Biography 127 !vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To complete a project such as this thesis is to create a profound sense of indebtedness and gratitude to the many people who made it possible. -
Viewing Instructions Impact Emotional Memory Differently in Older and Younger Adults
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by The University of North Carolina at Greensboro Emery, L., & Hess, T.M. (2008). Viewing instructions impact emotional memory differently in older and younger adults. Psychology and Aging, 23(1), 2-12. (Mar 2008) Published by the American Psychological Association (ISSN: 1939-1498). Doi:10.1037/0882-7974.23.1.2 Viewing Instructions Impact Emotional Memory Differently in Older and Young Adults Lisa Emery, Thomas M. Hess ABSTRACT The current study examines how the instructions given during picture viewing impact age differences in incidental emotional memory. Previous research has suggested that older adults' memory may be better when they make emotional rather than perceptual evaluations of stimuli and that their memory may show a positivity bias in tasks with open-ended viewing instructions. Across two experiments, participants viewing photographs either received open-ended instructions or were asked to make emotionally focused (Experiment 1) or perceptually focused (Experiment 2) evaluations. Emotional evaluations had no impact on older adults' memory, whereas perceptual evaluations reduced older adults' recall of emotional, but not of neutral, pictures. Evidence for the positivity effect was sporadic and was not easier to detect with open- ended viewing instructions. These results suggest that older adults' memory is best when the material to be remembered is emotionally evocative and they are allowed to process it as such. The traditional focus in the study of memory and aging has been on determining which basic cognitive factors may account for age-related declines or differences in memory performance. -
Moonwalking with Einstein
Moonwalking With Einstein jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj Let’s Connect! jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj jjjjjjjjjjjjjj jjjjjjjjjjjjjj jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj jjjjjjjjjjjjjj jjjjjjjjjjjjjj jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj jjjjjjjjjjjjjj jjjjjjjjjjjjjj Moonwalking With Einstein, Joshua Foer My Rating (From 0-5) Complexity (From 0-10) 5 Summary What makes an expert? Is it the amount of years they have under their belt? Or a specific certification? In this book, Joshua Foer will challenge our preconceived notions of expertise. He’ll show us how the tops in each field aren’t just better because they’ve been there long enough, or have the certifications, but instead because they’ve trained their memory to hold enough valuable memories so that when a situation presents they rely on intuition rather than analysis. My Takeaway In the coming future algorithms will fundamentally transform the world we see today. From analysis based fields like accounting to finance, to creative fields like journalism, nursing, you name it and algorithms will have more value than humans in each job role. But it’s not all doom and gloom. What the algorithms can’t do, and will never do (we think), is replace the inherent intuition each of us has. These are the big ideas, the solutions that seem out of nowhere and come about in split seconds. The author points to stories of experts in SWAT, and how they can sense danger ten seconds before any of the entry or mid-level officers. He also supports this with the best chess players. No matter the niche, each expert pulls from intuition, from long term memory, NOT analysis – what the computer can do.