44 Jan. 11 / Administration of William J. Clinton, 2000 to the smallest area compatible with the national monument shall be the dominant proper care and management of the objects reservation. to be protected. Nothing in this proclamation shall enlarge Whereas it appears that it would be in or diminish the jurisdiction or authority of the public interest to reserve such lands as the State of California or the United States a national monument to be known as the over submerged or other lands within the ter- California Coastal National Monument: ritorial waters off the coast of California. Now, Therefore, I, William J. Clinton, Nothing in this proclamation shall affect President of the United States of America, the rights or obligations of any State or Fed- by the authority vested in me by section 2 eral oil or gas lessee within the territorial wa- of the Act of June 8, 1906 (34 Stat. 225, 16 ters off the California coast. U.S.C. 431), do proclaim that there are here- Warning is hereby given to all unauthor- by set apart and reserved as the California ized persons not to appropriate, injure, de- Coastal National Monument, for the purpose stroy, or remove any feature of this monu- of protecting the objects identified above, all ment and not to locate or settle upon any unappropriated or unreserved lands and in- of the lands thereof. terests in lands owned or controlled by the In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set United States in the form of islands, rocks, my hand this eleventh day of January, in the exposed reefs, and pinnacles above mean year of our Lord two thousand, and of the Independence of the United States of Amer- high tide within 12 nautical miles of the ica the two hundred and twenty-fourth. shoreline of the State of California. The Fed- eral land and interests in land reserved are William J. Clinton encompassed in the entire 840 mile Pacific coastline, which is the smallest area compat- [Filed with the Office of the Federal Register, 10:45 a.m., January 14, 2000] ible with the proper care and management of the objects to be protected. NOTE: This proclamation will be published in the The establishment of this monument is Federal Register on January 18. subject to valid existing rights. All Federal lands and interests in lands Proclamation 7265—Establishment within the boundaries of this monument are of the Grand Canyon-Parashant hereby appropriated and withdrawn from all National Monument forms of entry, location, selection, sale, leas- ing, or other disposition under the public January 11, 2000 land laws, including but not limited to with- By the President of the United States drawal from location, entry, and patent under of America the mining laws, and from disposition under all laws relating to mineral and geothermal A Proclamation leasing, other than by exchange that furthers The Grand Canyon-Parashant National the protective purposes of the monument. Monument is a vast, biologically diverse, im- Lands and interests in lands within the pro- pressive landscape encompassing an array of posed monument not owned by the United scientific and historic objects. This remote States shall be reserved as a part of the area of open, undeveloped spaces and engag- monument upon acquisition of title thereto ing scenery is located on the edge of one by the United States. of the most beautiful places on earth, the The Secretary of the Interior shall manage Grand Canyon. Despite the hardships cre- the monument through the Bureau of Land ated by rugged isolation and the lack of nat- Management, pursuant to applicable legal ural waters, the monument has a long and authorities, to implement the purposes of this rich human history spanning more than proclamation. 11,000 years, and an equally rich geologic Nothing in this proclamation shall be history spanning almost 2 billion years. Full deemed to revoke any existing withdrawal, of natural splendor and a sense of solitude, reservation, or appropriation; however, the this area remains remote and unspoiled, Administration of William J. Clinton, 2000 / Jan. 11 45 qualities that are essential to the protection The Plateau here is capped by volcanic rocks of the scientific and historic resources it con- with an array of cinder cones and basalt tains. flows, ranging in age from 9 million to only The monument is a geological treasure. Its about 1000 years old. Lava from the Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rock Whitmore and Toroweap areas flowed into layers are relatively undeformed and the Grand Canyon and dammed the river unobscured by vegetation, offering a clear many times over the past several million view to understanding the geologic history years. The monument is pocketed with sink- of the Colorado Plateau. Deep canyons, holes and breccia pipes, structures associated mountains, and lonely buttes testify to the with volcanism and the collapse of underlying power of geological forces and provide color- rock layers through ground water dissolution. ful vistas. A variety of formations have been Fossils are abundant in the monument. exposed by millennia of erosion by the Colo- Among these are large numbers of inverte- rado River. The Cambrian, Devonian, and brate fossils, including bryozoans and Mississippian formations (Muav Limestone, brachiopods located in the Calville limestone Temple Butte Formation, and the Redwall of the Grand Wash Cliffs, and brachiopods, Limestone) are exposed at the southern end pelecypods, fenestrate bryozoa, and crinoid of the lower Grand Wash Cliffs. The Penn- ossicles in the Toroweap and Kaibab forma- sylvanian and Permian formations (Calville tions of Whitmore Canyon. There are also Limestone, Esplanade Sandstone, Hermit sponges in nodules and pectenoid pelecypods Shale, Toroweap Formation, and the Kaibab throughout the Kaibab formation of Formation) are well exposed within the Parashant Canyon. Parashant, Andrus, and Whitmore Canyons, The Grand Canyon-Parashant National and on the Grand Gulch Bench. The Triassic Monument contains portions of geologic Chinle and Moenkopi Formations are ex- faults, including the Dellenbaugh fault, posed on the Shivwits Plateau, and the pur- which cuts basalt flows dated 6 to 7 million ple, pink, and white shale, mudstone, and years old, the Toroweap fault, which has sandstone of the Triassic Chinle Formation been active within the last 30,000 years, the are exposed in Hells Hole. Hurricane fault, which forms the hurricane The monument encompasses the lower Cliffs and extends over 150 miles across portion of the Shivwits Plateau, which forms northern Arizona and into Utah, and the an important watershed for the Colorado Grand Wash fault, which bounds the west River and the Grand Canyon. The Plateau side of the Shivwits Plateau and has approxi- is bounded on the west by the Grand Wash mately 15,000 feet of displacement across the Cliffs and on the east by the Hurricane Cliffs. monument. These cliffs, formed by large faults that sever Archaeological evidence shows much the Colorado Plateau slicing north to south human use of the area over the past cen- through the region, were and are major topo- turies. Because of their remoteness and the graphic barriers to travel across the area. The lack of easy road access, the sites in this area Grand Wash Cliffs juxtapose the colorful, have experienced relatively little vandalism. lava-capped Precambrian and Paleozoic stra- Their good condition distinguishes them ta of the Grand Canyon against the highly from many prehistoric resources in other faulted terrain, recent lake beds, and desert areas. Prehistoric use is documented by irre- volcanic peaks of the down-dropped Grand placeable rock art images, quarries, villages, Wash trough. These cliffs, which consist of watchtowers, agricultural features, burial lower and upper cliffs separated by the sites, caves, rockshelters, trails, and camps. Grand Gulch Bench, form a spectacular Current evidence indicates that the monu- boundary between the basin and range and ment was utilized by small numbers of the Colorado Plateau geologic provinces. At hunter-gatherers during the Archaic Period the south end of the Shivwits Plateau are sev- (7000 B.C. to 300 B.C.). Population and utili- eral important tributaries to the Colorado zation of the monument increased during the River, including the rugged and beautiful Ancestral Puebloan Period from the Parashant, Andrus, and Whitmore canyons. Basketmaker II Phase through the Pueblo II 46 Jan. 11 / Administration of William J. Clinton, 2000

Phase (300 B.C. to 1150 A.D.), as evidenced tain ecosystems extreme to each other, rang- by the presence of pit houses, habitation ing from stark, arid desert to complex, dra- rooms, agricultural features, and pueblo matic higher elevation plateaus, tributaries, structures. Population size decreased during and rims of the Grand Canyon. The western the Pueblo III Phase (1150 A.D. to 1225 margin of the Shivwits Plateau marks the A.D.). Southern Paiute groups replaced the boundary between the Sonoran/Mojave/ Pueblo groups and were occupying the Great Basin floristic provinces to the west monument at the time of Euro-American and south, and the Colorado Plateau prov- contact. Archaeological sites in the monu- ince to the northeast. This intersection of ment include large concentrations of ances- these biomes is a distinctive and remarkable tral Puebloan (Anasazi or Hitsatsinom) vil- feature. Riparian corridors link the plateau lages, a large, intact Pueblo II village, numer- to the Colorado River corridor below, allow- ous archaic period archeological sites, ances- ing wildlife movement and plant dispersal. tral Puebloan sites, and Southern Paiute The Shivwits Plateau is in an arid environ- sites. The monument also contains areas of ment with between 14 to 18 inches of pre- importance to existing Indian tribes. cipitation a year. Giant Mojave Yucca cacti In 1776, the Escalante-Dominguez expe- proliferate in undisturbed conditions dition of Spanish explorers passed near throughout the monument. Diverse wildlife Mount Trumbull. In the first half of the 19th inhabit the monument, including a trophy- century, Jedediah Smith, Antonio Armiijo, quality mule deer herd, Kaibab squirrels, and and John C. Fremont explored portions of wild turkey. There are numerous threatened this remote area. Jacob Hamblin, a noted or endangered species as well, including the Mormon pioneer, explored portions of the Mexican spotted owl, the California condor, Shivwits Plateau in 1858 and, with John the desert tortoise, and the southwestern wil- Wesley Powell, in the 1870s. Clarence low flycatcher. There are also candidate or Dutton completed some of the first geologi- sensitive species, including the spotted bat, cal explorations of this area and provided the western mastiff bat, the Townsend’s big some of the most stirring written descrip- eared bat, and the goshawk, as well as two tions. Having traversed this area by wagon federally recognized sensitive rare plant spe- at the request of the territorial legislature, cies: Penstemon distans and Rosa stellata. Sharlot Hall recommended it for inclusion within the State of Arizona when it gained The ponderosa pine ecosystem in the Mt. Statehood in 1912. Early historic sawmills Trumbull area is a biological resource of sci- provided timber that was hauled 70 miles entific interest, which has been studied to along the Temple Trail wagon road from Mt. gain important insights regarding Trumbull down the Hurricane Cliffs to St. dendroclimatic reconstruction, fire history, George, Utah. Ranch structures and corrals, forest structure change, and the long-term fences, water tanks, and the ruins of sawmills persistence and stability of presettlement are scattered across the monument and tell pine groups. the stories of the remote family ranches and Section 2 of the Act of June 8, 1906 (34 the lifestyles of early homesteaders. There Stat. 225, 16 U.S.C. 431) authorizes the are several old mining sites dating from the President, in his discretion, to declare by 1870s, showing the history of mining during public proclamation historic landmarks, his- the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The toric and prehistoric structures, and other remote and undeveloped nature of the objects of historic or scientific interest that monument protects these historical sites in are situated upon the lands owned or con- nearly their original context. trolled by the Government of the United The monument also contains outstanding States to be national monuments, and to re- biological resources preserved by remoteness serve as a part thereof parcels of land, the and limited travel corridors. The monument limits of which in all cases shall be confined is the junction of two physiographic to the smallest area compatible with the ecoregions: the Mojave Desert and the Colo- proper care and management of the objects rado Plateau. Individually, these regions con- to be protected. Administration of William J. Clinton, 2000 / Jan. 11 47

Whereas it appears that it would be in This proclamation does not reserve water the public interest to reserve such lands as as a matter of Federal law nor relinquish any a national monument to be known as the water rights held by the Federal Government Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monu- existing on this date. The Federal land man- ment: aging agencies shall work with appropriate Now, Therefore, I, William J. Clinton, State authorities to ensure that water re- President of the United States of America, sources needed for monument purposes are by the authority vested in me by section 2 available. of the Act of June 8, 1906 (34 Stat. 225, 16 The Secretary of the Interior shall manage U.S.C. 431), do proclaim that there are here- the monument through the Bureau of Land by set apart and reserved as the Grand Can- Management and the National Park Service, yon-Parashant National Monument, for the pursuant to applicable legal authorities, to purpose of protecting the objects identified implement the purposes of this proclamation. above, all lands and interests in lands owned The National Park Service and the Bureau or controlled by the United States within the of Land Management shall manage the boundaries of the area described on the map monument cooperatively and shall prepare entitled ‘‘Grand Canyon-Parashant National an agreement to share, consistent with appli- Monument’’ attached to and forming a part cable laws, whatever resources are necessary of this proclamation. The Federal land and to properly manage the monument; however, interests in land reserved consist of approxi- the National Park Service shall continue to mately 1,014,000 acres, which is the smallest have primary management authority over the area compatible with the proper care and portion of the monument within the Lake management of the objects to be protected. Mead National Recreation Area, and the Bu- For the purpose of protecting the objects reau of Land Management shall have pri- identified above, all motorized and mecha- mary management authority over the re- nized vehicle use off road will be prohibited, maining portion of the monument. except for emergency or authorized adminis- The Bureau of Land Management shall trative purposes. continue to issue and administer grazing Nothing in this proclamation shall be leases within the portion of the monument deemed to enlarge or diminish the jurisdic- within the Lake Mead National Recreation tion of the State of Arizona with respect to Area, consistent with the Lake Mead Na- fish and wildlife management. tional Recreation Area authorizing legisla- The establishment of this monument is tion. Laws, regulations, and policies followed subject to valid existing rights. by the Bureau of Land Management in All Federal lands and interests in lands issuing and administering grazing leases on within the boundaries of this monument are all lands under its jurisdiction shall continue hereby appropriated and withdrawn from all to apply to the remaining portion of the forms of entry, location, selection, sale, or monument. leasing or other disposition under the public land laws, including but not limited to with- Nothing in this proclamation shall be drawal from location, entry, and patent under deemed to revoke any existing withdrawal, the mining laws, and from disposition under reservation, or appropriation; however, the all laws relating to mineral and geothermal national monument shall be the dominant leasing other than by exchange that furthers reservation. the protective purposes of the monument. Warning is hereby given to all unauthor- Sale of vegetative material is permitted only ized persons not to appropriate, injure, de- if part of an authorized science-based eco- stroy, or remove any feature of this monu- logical restoration project. Lands and inter- ment and not to locate or settle upon any ests in lands within the proposed monument of the lands thereof. not owned by the United States shall be re- In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set served as a part of the monument upon ac- my hand this eleventh day of January, in the quisition of title thereto by the United States. year of our Lord two thousand, and of the 48 Jan. 11 / Administration of William J. Clinton, 2000

Independence of the United States of Amer- Proclamation 1948 of April 13, 1931, added ica the two hundredth and twenty-fourth. 1,926 acres that held additional features of William J. Clinton scientific and educational interest and for ad- ministrative purposes. For these same pur- [Filed with the Office of the Federal Register, poses, the boundary was later expanded on 10:45 a.m., January 14, 2000] July 11, 1933 (Proclamation 2050). Proclama- NOTE: This proclamation will be published in the tion 2528 of December 5, 1941, added addi- Federal Register on January 18. tional lands adjoining Pinnacles National Monument in order to protect more objects of scientific interest in the monument area. Proclamation 7266—Boundary The boundary of the monument was further Enlargement of the Pinnacles expanded by statute on October 20, 1976 National Monument (Public Law 94–567, 90 Stat. 2693). January 11, 2000 The boundary enlargement affected by this proclamation is central to the continued By the President of the United States preservation of the Pinnacles National of America Monument’s unique resources. In addition to A Proclamation containing pieces of the same faults that cre- Pinnacles National Monument was estab- ated the tremendous geologic formations lished on January 16, 1908, for the purpose throughout the monument, the expansion of protecting its natural rock formations, lands hold part of the headwaters that drain known as Pinnacles Rocks, and the series of into the basin of the monument. Over mil- talus caves underlying them. The monument lions of years, flash floods and stream cur- sits within one of the most complex and fas- rents have helped to sculpt the land’s natural cinating geologic terrains in North America, features. Additionally, these lands contain a an area where rock masses have been sliced biological system that must be protected if apart, transported for up to hundreds of the wild character and ecosystem of the miles, and then reassembled into a fantastic monument are to be preserved. The geologic geologic mixture. The monument holds only formations provide a stellar habitat for im- half of an ancient volcano; the other half is portant and sometimes fragile biological re- found 195 miles to the southeast in northern sources. For example, raptor populations, in- Los Angeles County. The volcano was split cluding prairie falcons, golden eagles, red- apart and transported north by an early shouldered hawks, Cooper’s hawks, harriers, strand of the San Andreas Fault, known as white-tailed kites, long-eared owls, and red- the Chalone Creek Fault, which lies within tailed hawks, nest on the rocky formations the monument. The pinnacles inside the and forage in the broad watershed. The lands monument are composed mainly of volcanic within the expansion area contain steep, rug- breccia, a mixture of angular blocks of vol- ged slopes surrounding small canyons. Shal- canic lava, pumice, and ash. The occurrence low rocky soils, gravel creek beds, and steeply of the pinnacles within the monument is un- rising topography combine to create a dy- usual, as some of these volcanic rocks also namic flood environment. The lands preserve contain marine fossils. a complex association of plant communities Since 1908, the boundaries of the monu- ment have been enlarged on five occasions characteristic of the chaparral. Along the wa- by presidential proclamations issued pursu- tercourses, live-oaks, buckeyes, and sycamore ant to the Antiquities Act (34 Stat. 225, 16 grow. Blue oak woodlands and grasslands U.S.C. 431). Proclamation 1660 of May 7, occur on the deepest soils. Creeks that flow 1923, added 562 acres to include additional in and out of the existing monument and the natural formations with a series of caves un- expansion lands provide highly valuable ri- derlying them. Proclamation 1704 of July 2, parian habitat for wildlife. The western pond 1924, added adjoining lands that included a turtle, two-striped garter snake, silvery spring of water and valuable camping sites. legless lizard, threatened California red-