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Paleogene Grand Canyon Incompatible with Tertiary Paleogeography and Stratigraphy

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Paleogene Grand Canyon Incompatible with Tertiary Paleogeography and Stratigraphy CRevolution 2: Origin and Evolution of the Colorado River System II themed issue Paleogene Grand Canyon incompatible with Tertiary paleogeography and stratigraphy Richard A. Young1 and Ryan Crow2 1Department of Geological Sciences, State University of New York, 1 College Circle, Geneseo, New York 14454, USA 2Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, MSC03-2040, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA ABSTRACT Paleogene ancestral precursor to the modern the accompanying evolutionary changes in the Colorado River gorge. Instead, all the fi eld Hualapai Plateau drainage system that clearly The Hualapai Plateau in northwest Ari- evidence clearly supports a late Miocene– preceded the modern Grand Canyon. zona, the location of the western Grand Can- Pliocene origin for integration of the western yon, contains an unusually lengthy Tertiary Grand Canyon on the central Hualapai Pla- Condensed Tertiary History stratigraphic record dominated by fl uvial teau with the upper Colorado River. deposition and extending from at least late The Hualapai Plateau in northwestern Ari- Paleocene through late Miocene time. The INTRODUCTION zona contains one of the most complete geo- thickest and oldest Tertiary sections are best logic records of Tertiary events on the Colorado exposed in a system of partially re-exhumed Grand Canyon Controversy Plateau from Paleocene through Miocene time. Laramide paleocanyons. The Paleogene This brief review is condensed from Young drainage system was locally disrupted and The western Grand Canyon on the Hualapai (1966, 1999, 1982, 2001a, 2001b) and is best ponded by Laramide monoclines. In pre- Plateau (Fig. 1) has recently become the focus understood by viewing geologic maps of the Oligocene time, extensive alluvial fans spread of apatite U-Th/He and fi ssion-track studies area by Young (1966, 2011), by Billingsley southward from the Shivwits Plateau scarp by researchers debating the evidence for and et al. (1999, 2000), and by Wenrich et al. (1996). across the current location of the modern against the possible existence of an ancestral Laramide events recorded on the Hualapai Pla- Colorado River gorge to the northern mar- Grand Canyon in the same location and nearly teau began with the uplift and stripping of the gin of the Laramide drainage system at as deep as the modern Colorado River gorge as Upper Paleozoic sedimentary rocks to form a Hindu Canyon. Locally derived, fl uvial Buck early as 70 Ma (Flowers and Farley, 2012, 2013; cuesta-scarp landscape into which canyons were and Doe Conglomerate subsequently fi lled Wernicke, 2011; Karlstrom et al., 2013, 2014). contemporaneously incised (Figs. 1 and 2). The the disrupted Paleogene channels, spilled However, stratigraphic and geomorphologic term Laramide in this discussion includes the out over the local interfl uves, and formed an fi eld evidence directly confl icts with the exis- events from ca. 85 Ma to 40 Ma (Campanian extensive aggradational surface of low relief tence of a deep Paleogene canyon coinciding to mid-Eocene) in Arizona as described by by late Oligocene time. Early Miocene vol- with the location of the modern Colorado River Keith and Wilt (1985), and by the correspond- canism fi lled in much of the relict Laramide gorge, although an argument has been made ing radiometric age distribution compiled by relief. Erosional recession of the adjacent that headward erosion from the west could have Damon (1964). The major Laramide paleocan- Shivwits Plateau escarpment shifted the begun gradually to establish the modern canyon’s yon segments include the L-shaped Milkweed- northern Hualapai Plateau margin 8 km course in middle to late Miocene time (Young, Hindu channel on the central Hualapai Plateau northeastward after the Laramide drainage 2008), slightly earlier than the conventionally and Peach Springs Canyon, the trunk valley episode and before the incision by the mod- accepted time for integration of the Colo rado coincident with the Hurricane fault (Young, ern Colorado River. Partially exhumed trib- River at 6–5 Ma. The strongest evidence against 1966, 1979, 1982, 2001a). The paleocanyons utaries to the Hindu Canyon paleochannel a Paleogene ancestral Grand Canyon includes: preserve the greatest buried relief at the plateau and associated sedimentary deposits border- (1) a nearly continuous stratigraphic record margin, 1200 m near Truxton, Arizona, and ing the southern edge of the Grand Canyon documenting a lengthy episode of Paleocene become shallower downstream to the northeast. gorge demonstrate that local surface runoff through Miocene deposition throughout the The oldest fl uvial deposit that records the fl owed south, away from the modern Grand Hualapai Plateau, and (2) fanglomerate deposits nature and existence of the northeast-fl owing Canyon location, during early Paleogene of Paleocene–Eocene age preserved along the Laramide drainage system and fi lls the low- time. Headwardly eroding Colorado River south rim of the Grand Canyon that contain est portions of these abandoned canyons is the tributaries exhumed, captured, and reversed distinctive sedimentary clasts derived from the Music Mountain Formation, a correlative of the the fl ow of these tributaries to the Laramide younger Paleozoic rocks capping the Shivwits so-called “Rim gravel” of the Mogollon Rim canyon, beginning in late Miocene or Plio- Plateau escarpment on the opposite side of the region in central Arizona (Cooley and David- cene time. The geomorphic and stratigraphic canyon (Fig. 2). This paper focuses on the Ter- son, 1963; Young, 1999). The age of the regional records show no evidence of, and provide tiary events most closely associated with the base of these extensive gravels is uncertain but no space for, incision of a Late Cretaceous– Laramide-Paleogene stratigraphic record and may range back to an early or intermediate Geosphere; August 2014; v. 10; no. 4; p. 664–679; doi:10.1130/GES00973.1; 13 fi gures; 1 table. Received 31 July 2013 ♦ Revision received 18 April 2014 ♦ Accepted 28 May 2014 ♦ Published online 24 June 2014 664 For permission to copy, contact [email protected] © 2014 Geological Society of America Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geosphere/article-pdf/10/4/664/3332772/664.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 on 28 September 2021 by guest Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geosphere/article-pdf/10/4/664/3332772/664.pdf Geosphere, August 2014 665 2014 August Geosphere, 114o W Glen Canyon Dam Lees Ferry Navajo NORTHWESTERN ARIZONA Bridge Key Localities Marble Platform H Kanab Kaibab u Kanab I I I r I Creek LOCATION MAP I r I Upwarp I i I c I I I I I a I I I (2750 m) I n I I I Plateau t I I I e I I I I I I I I f I I I a I I (1750 m) I u I I Figure 1 I I I I l I t p faul I I I I s I I I I f a I I I f I I I I I I i I I I I e I l I I I I II I Mogollon I I I I I w C I I I I I I I I I I o I I I I I I Highlands h r I I I I I I I s I Grand I DU o I I I I I I I I a I T I I I I Wash I I I W I I I I I I I I I I I I I Trough I I Lake I Shivwits d I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I n I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Mead a I I I I I I I I I r I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I G I I I I I I I I I I I I I Colorado River I I Plateau I I I I II I I ARIZONA I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I o G I I I (1830 m) I I r I DU 36 N I I I a I I I Cataract I n I I III I I d I I I I (Topography I I I I I I I I I I Canyonunlikely Grand Paleogene I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I C I I I Creek I I I I I I a I I I Omitted Here) I I I I I I n I I I I I I I I I y I I I I I I I I I o I I I I I I I I I I I I I n I I I I I I I Hualapai I I I I I I I I (900 m) I II Supai Road I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Grand I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Canyon Little (1525 m) I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Village I I I I I I I Separation I Hualapai I I Colorado I I I I I I K I I I I I I Limestone I I I I I I I I Plateau I I I I I Frazier I I Canyon I I I I Coconino I II I I I I I I Wells I I I SouthernI I River I I I I I I I I I Spencer I I I I I I I I I I Furguson BC I I I Canyon I I I I I Plateau I I I I Hindu C I I Tank I I G - ha I I Long I ran d nne I Black I I e l I (1710 m) I I e I Point I I Red d w I Tank I I lk I I I Wa I i I Lake I M I I I I I I I sh I I I I I I I I I Duff Brown I I I I I Sp.
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