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THE SELAWIK RIVER a WILD and SCENIC RIVER ANALYSIS Bureau

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THE SELAWIK RIVER a WILD and SCENIC RIVER ANALYSIS Bureau THE SELAWIK RIVER A WILD AND SCENIC RIVER ANALYSIS by the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation Alaska Field Office November 1976 INTRODUCTION At request of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation's Alaska Field Office made a study of the resources of the Selawik River area in terms of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act. This study was made as part of the Bureau's technical assistance to the USF&WS in evaluating river-related resources within proposed National Wildlife Refuge-Range System areas. The Bureau conducted an interagency field inspection of the Selawik River from June 18-30, 1976. Agencies participating in the inspection were: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Bureau of Land Management The following analysis was based on available resource data, including the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge Environmental Impact Statement. Much of the information contained in this analysis was obtained and/or verified during the field inspection. ' - -," '"- '*k 680 so H U K C == :=:J I S E A ""o ?> <"<!' <$It,. ---<!' --- bue VI 0 c. KOBUIC RI,ION R\ver 1880 L ,;,, J. :t I .l ' .L Kobulc Rceeon S£LAWIIC J\IVI A ODtfPD~~~~ 1 THE RIVER AND ITS SETTING The Selawik River is one of the major drainages of the Kobuk region in Northwest Alaska. The Selawik River lies within the Western Alaskan physiographic province. It flows through two of the many topographic divisions which make up the Western province. These are the Pah River Seciton, which includes the headwaters, and the Kobuk-Selawik lowlands. The Selawik is listed as 140 miles long in the Dictionary of Alaska Place Names, Geological Survey, p 567. A reasonable actual length however is 225 miles. The study length includes all of the river down to the west boundary of the Section 17(d) (2) lands making a distance of 193 miles. The westward flowing river heads in the Zane Hills which rise to over 3700 feet. The upper half of the river flows through a six mile wide valley bordered on the north by the 200 foot high Kiliovilik Range and on the south by the 3800 foot Purcell Mountains. Towards the coast the river issues out onto a lake dotted flood plain and river delta. There are five vegetative communit.ies. associated with the Selawik. These are: upland spruce-hardwood and bottonland spruce-poplar forests, a high brush transitional zone, inland moist tundra and the coastal wet tundra. The channel configuration of the Selawik is a looped meander 2 pattern except at the confluence with Selawik Lake. This configuration is a multibranched channel. The Selawik is a recognizable stream at 600 feet above sea level in the Zane Hills. At its confluence with Selawik Lake it is at sea level. The Selawik has an overall gradient of 2.66 feet per mile. However the river drops 400 vertical feet in its upper quarter (approximately 60 miles) for a gradient of 6.66 feet per mile. This results in a gradient of 1.2 feet per mile for its remaining length (165 miles). The Selawik is a clear, freshwater river which drains an area of about 4,540 square miles and includes 8 major tributaries. These are from the headwaters west: Shiniliaok Creek, Shinilikrok Creek, Kiliovilik Creek, Ingruksukruk Creek, Keruluk Creek, Ekiek Creek, Tagagawik River and the Kugarak River. The Selawik generally parallels the Arctic Circle but crosses it four times beginning just before the confluence of the Kugarak River with the Selawik. From its headwaters to approximately 15 miles below Shikikliaok Creek, the Selawik is a relatively small clear­ water stream averaging 40'-60' in width, 8"-36" in depth, and flows 3 mph over a gravel bottom channel between low(5') 3 banks. Water temperatures for this section in June 1976(BOR field inspection) was 40°F. There is an occasional sweeper and tundra mass but no rapids,resulting in good Class I water on the International Whitewater Scale. The river from about;l5 miles below Shikikliaok Creek to Kiliovilik Creek is a little larger, averaging 20'-75' in width, 4"-5' in depth, with the current increasing to 4 mph. Sweepers and tundra masses increase in number and small boulders begin to appear, but no rapids exist as the river continues along its gravel bottomed course. From Kiliovilik Creek to Ingruksukruk Creek, the Selawik River generally breaks into two 20'-40' wide rocky bottomed channels as it flows 2L3' deep at 3 mph. Sweepers and boulders increase in numbers as the river twists and turns in tight bends. The riverbanks also become higher, 8'-10'. From its headwaters to Ingruksukruk Creek the river runs near the lower ridges of the Kiliovilik Range where it has cut almost vertical 150' high bluffs. Between Ingruksukruk Creek and Ekiek Creek the river widens to between 50'-125', varies from 1" deep riffles to 6' deep pools with a current between 1-3 mph usually running about 1 mph. The riverbanks become higher (10'-12') and there are fewer sweepers and rocks. Near Keruluk Creek the riverbottom begins to change in character from being rocky to sand. The river also leaves its wide valley to flow 4 onto even wider tundra covered flats. From Ekiek Creek to the Kugarak River, the Selawik gradually widens until it averages 200' in width, varies in depth from 6'-10', and flows at a steady 1 mph. The riverbanks vary greatly in height from 4' to 20' high. Water temperature in these mid-reaches of the Selawik were in the low +50°F during the field trip in late June. From the Kugarak River to the village of Selawik, the Selawik continues to widen until it reaches a width of 900'. It flows at a steady 1 mph through a sand bottomed channel at depths of over 6'. Water temperatures for this section averaged in the mid SO's during the field trip in late June. CLIMATE Generally the climatic type of the Kobuk region is maritime during the ice-free season from late May to late October, then with the onset of freeze-up the climate changes to the continental type. However, the Selawik River Valley within the region has a continental climate with large seasonal variations in temperature and precipitation throughout the year. Climatological data for the region is limited. The closest weather stations to the Selawik River being at Kobuk, Shungnak, Noorvik, and Kotzebue. Precipitation in the region increases from the coast inland with the temperatures reaching a greater range inland. With the s increase in elevation there also is an increase in precipitation and cooler temperatures. The average annual precipitation is about 20 inches at lower elevations and 30 inches at higher elevations. The greatest amount of rainfall occurs during late summer and the early fall with three inches or more of rain. Snowfall averages 4S inches at lower elevations and 100 inches or more at higher elevations. Surface winds along the coast are strong all year long. The average wind speed at Kotzebue is 13 mph. Maximum summer temperatures range from the 60's(°F) at lower elevations to the upper SO's and low 60's at higher elevations. Minimum summer temperatures range from the mid-40's along the rivers to the 30's in the mountains. In the winter maximum temperatures range from near 0°F to +lS°F with minimums ranging between -S°F to -20°F. Extremes are recorded at 90°F and -60°F. During the field trip in late June, daytime temperatures along the Selawik River ranged from 38°F to S6°F with most day­ time temperatures in the low S0°'s F. The field party encountered steady winds estimated at 30 mph along the lower river resulting. As the Selawik River is located at the Arctic Circle the sun stays above the horizon for several days around June 21. For most of June and July the sun dips only a few degrees below the horizon giving essentially 24-hour 6 daylight. Around December 21 the sun does not rise above the horizon for a few days. WATER QUALITY Complete water quality data for the Selawik River is lacking. As do most of Alaska's rivers, it experiences severe flooding during breakup. The Selawik can and does create new river channels and damages vegetation including uprooting mature trees growing along its banks. The water of the Selawik River can be readily used without chemical treatment by river users for drinking purposes as experienced during the field inspection. LAND USE The existing land use of the Selawik River and adjacent lands is mainly subsistence fishing, hunting, trapping, and gathering followed by tourism. There is at this time no mining occurring in the river area and farming in nonexistent. Some timber harvesting is possibly done for local use. There are small patches of timber along the Selawik which may have commercial importance. Subsistence hunting and fishing occurs in the Selawik River area on a large scale. Trapping also takes place in the river area. Important animal species are: 7 caribou, moose, and black bear along with such furbearing animals as beaver, muskrat, mink, land otter, weasel, wolf, ground squirrel, porcupine, Arctic and snowshoe hare and red fox. Fish species commonly utilized in the greatest numbers are: Arctic char, northern pike, Arctic grayling, herring, shark (mud), sheefish, smelt, trout, whitefish (short nose), whitefish (long-nose), whitefish (small), and chum salmon. Birds harvested are: ducks and ptarmigan. Blue-berries, blackberries, cranberries, and salmonberries along with grass roots, sourdock, tinnik, Eskimo potato, and rhubarb are collected. Other plant and animal species may be utilized but those listed receive the heaviest pressure.
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