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Understanding Japanese Society, Second Edition UNDERSTANDING JAPANESE SOCIETY Japanese society is not well understood in the West, but the need to understand Japanese society is becoming increasingly imperative as contacts between the West and Japan increase. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to all aspects of Japanese society and culture. It begins with the home and family life and goes through various aspects of everyday and ceremonial life to the larger, more complex units such as government and the legal system. It pays particular attention to the way the world is seen, classified and ordered by Japanese people and to the symbolic aspects of Japanese behaviour, particularly ritual behaviour. The book draws on anthropological studies carried out in houses, villages, factories, businesses, schools, hospitals and so forth to show the reality of Japanese society in specific detail. Men, women and children are given equal weight throughout. The book is written so as to be comprehensible to those with no previous knowledge of Japan. Joy Hendry is Professor of Social Anthropology at Oxford Brookes University. The Nissan Institute/Routledge Japanese Studies Series Editorial Board J.A.A.Stockwin, Nissan Professor of Modern Japanese Studies, University of Oxford and Director, Nissan Institute of Japanese Studies Teigo Yoshida, formerly Professor of the University of Tokyo, and now Professor, Obirin University, Tokyo Frank Langdon, Professor, Institute of International Relations, University of British Columbia, Canada Alan Rix, Professor of Japanese, The University of Queensland Junji Banno, Institute of Social Science, The University of Tokyo Leonard Schoppa, University of Virginia Other titles in the series: The Myth of Japanese Uniqueness, Peter Dale The Emperor’s Adviser: Saionji Kinmochi and Pre-war Japanese Politics, Lesley Connors A History of Japanese Economic Thought, Tessa Morris-Suzuki The Establishment of the Japanese Constitutional System, Junji Banno, translated by J.A.A.Stockwin Industrial Relations in Japan: the Peripheral Workforce, Norma Chalmers Banking Policy in Japan: American Efforts at Reform During the Occupation, William M.Tsutsui Education Reform in Japan, Leonard Schoppa How the Japanese Learn to Work, Ronald P.Dore and Mari Sako Japanese Economic Development: Theory and Practice, Penelope Francks Japan and Protection: The Growth of Protectionist Sentiment and the Japanese Response, Syed Javed Maswood The Soil, by Nagatsuka Takashi: a Portrait of Rural Life in Meiji Japan, translated and with an introduction by Ann Waswo Biotechnology in Japan, Malcolm Brock Britain’s Educational Reform: a Comparison with Japan, Mike Howarth Language and the Modern State: the Reform of Written Japanese, Nanette Twine Industrial Harmony in Modern Japan: the Invention of a Tradition, W. Dean Kinzley Japanese Science Fiction: a View of a Changing Society, Roger Matthew The Japanese Numbers Game: the Use and Understanding of Numbers in Modern Japan, Thomas Crump Ideology and Practice in Modern Japan, Roger Goodman and Kirsten Refsing Technology and Industrial Development in Pre-War Japan, Yukiko Fukasaku Japan’s Early Parliaments 1890–1905, Andrew Fraser, R.H.P.Mason and Philip Mitchell Japan’s Foreign Aid Challenge, Alan Rix Emperor Hirohito and Showa Japan, Stephen S.Large Japan: Beyond the End of History, David Williams Ceremony and Ritual in Japan: Religious Practices in an Industrialized Society, Jan van Bremen and D.P.Martinez Understanding Japanese society Second edition Joy Hendry London and New york First published 1987 by Croom Helm Second edition 1995 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 © 1987, 1995 Joy Hendry All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0-203-42512-X Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-73336-3 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-415-10259-6 (pbk) Contents List of figures vi Preface to the second edition ix Acknowledgements xiii Introduction 1 1 Sources of Japanese identity: historical and mythological foundations of Japan 5 2 The house and family system 22 3 Socialisation and classification 42 4 Community and neighbourhood 57 5 Status and stratification in the wider world 76 6 The education system 96 7 Religious influences 115 8 Ritual and the life cycle 133 9 Careers and continuity: opportunities for working life 149 10 Arts, entertainment and leisure 168 11 Politics and government 187 12 The legal system and social control 204 Conclusion: evaporating the inscrutability 222 Index 227 v Figures 1.1 Haniwa such as this helmeted soldier with sword are useful sources of information about pre-historic Japan. 11 2.1 Elements of the ie. 25 2.2 Dozoku hierarchical group. 28 2.3 Families remember their departed members at the Buddhist altar in the home. 29 3.1 A porch for removing shoes is found at the entrance of every Japanese home. It marks clearly the distinction between uchi and soto worlds. 44 4.1 The circulating notice board ensures that residents of a community are kept informed about events taking place there. It also keeps neighbours in touch. 62 4.2 Community festivals invariably include the sound of drums. Local participants vie for places in the musicians’ seats. 69 4.3 Cooperative efforts produce 10,000 school lunches a day at this municipal centre. Each of these large cauldrons holds 1,000 helpings. 71 5.1 Nakane’s basic model. 86 5.2 Nakane’s elaborated model. 86 6.1 Classes of up to 45 children are managed by dividing them into smaller groups which work together and take collective responsibility for their activities. 99 7.1 A selection of protective charms and amulets like these are available at shrines and temples. 122 8.1 Children of seven, five and three years dress up in traditional garments to pray for good fortune in shrines all over Japan in November. 137 9.1 These statues, which stand in front of Tateyama vi Figures vii hospital, depict physically the family line which has headed the establishment since it was founded. 157 9.2 A local branch manager looks over the work of some of her subordinates in a provincial bank. This woman was Japan’s first female branch manager, appointed autumn 1986. 162 10.1 This ballet teacher illustrates the principle of teaching by ‘putting (the accomplishment) into the body’. 174 10.2 The Imperial Palace, which occupies a large area of land in the centre of Tokyo, forms a popular backdrop for photographs of groups visiting the city. 183 11.1 The ‘Diet’ or Japanese parliament can be seen here through one of the gates of the Imperial Palace. In many ways the Western-type system of government operates with heavy Japanese modifications in practice, although the Emperor has no power. 190 12.1 The former Ministry of Justice in Tokyo has a brick front reflecting the Western influence in the Japanese legal system. Like the legal system, however, the inside is constructed in a completely different way. 207 Preface to the second edition In the years since the first edition of Understanding Japanese Society went to press, there have been several interesting changes in Japan. First, the country has entered a new historical period. With the lingering death of the Showa Emperor in 1988/9, an era of 63 quite tumultuous years was brought to an end, and his son, whose reign is to be known as Heisei, was enthroned with much ceremony and international interest. In 1993, the new Crown Prince married, following his father’s example by choosing a bride from outside the former nobility. Indeed, his bride stood in some ways for the emancipation of Japanese women, for she was, until her engagement, a young diplomat with a brilliant career before her. Some saw the way she gave all this up to become a member of the imperial family as a backward move—my own hope is that she will help to give the imperial institution a vital contemporary role. Japanese politics has also been going through some major upheavals, and the Liberal Democratic Party, which had remained in power since 1955, had to cede defeat to a coalition of new parties in 1993. The relatively young Prime Minister who took charge managed to push through some long-awaited reforms to the electoral system, but his promises of cleaning up the political system more generally waxed hollow when he resigned in April 1994 on a corruption charge. There followed a minority administration which collapsed after nine weeks, and it was succeeded by a government composed of the old ruling party, the socialists and a minor party, with a socialist as Prime Minister. The electoral reforms have still to be put into practice as this edition goes to press, so it will be interesting to see how they alter the existing system, but I am confident of the fundamental principles described in Chapter 11 and elsewhere in the book, despite these apparent surprises. ix x Preface to the second edition More difficult to interpret and predict are the long-term results of the recent changes in Japan which have been brought about by the worldwide recession. The economic situation is also in a state of flux as this second edition goes to press, and the international value of the yen is still high.
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