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Power Efficiency Improvement of a Boost Converter Using a Coupled applied sciences Article Power Efficiency Improvement of a Boost Converter Using a Coupled Inductor with a Fuzzy Logic Controller: Application to a Photovoltaic System Nabil Abouchabana 1,2,* , Mourad Haddadi 2, Abdelhamid Rabhi 3, Alfio Dario Grasso 4 and Giuseppe Marco Tina 4 1 LACOSERE Laboratory (Laboratoire des Semi-Conducteurs et des Matériaux Fonctionnels), Amar Telidji University, BP 37G, Ghardaia Road, Laghouat 03000, Algeria 2 LDCCP Laboratory (Laboratoire des Dispositifs de Communication et de Conversion Photovoltaïque), Ecole Nationale Polytechnique, 10 Avenue H. Badi BP 182, El Harrach 16200, Algeria; [email protected] 3 MIS Laboratory (Modélisation, Information and Systèmes), University of Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, CEDEX 1, 80039 Amiens, France; [email protected] 4 Department of Electrical, Electronics and Informatics Engineering, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; [email protected] (A.D.G.); [email protected] (G.M.T.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: DC/DC converters are widely used in photovoltaic (PV) systems to track the maximum power points (MPP) of a photovoltaic generator (PVG). The variation of solar radiation (G) and PV cells temperature (T) affect the power efficiency of these DC/DC converters because they change the MPP, thus a sizing adaptation of the component values in these DC/DC converters is needed. Power loss in the inductor due to core saturation can severely degrade power efficiency. This paper proposes a new method that allows to adapt the inductor values according to the variable output power of Citation: Abouchabana, N.; the PV array in order to minimize losses and improve the converter power efficiency. The main Haddadi, M.; Rabhi, A.; Grasso, A.D.; Tina, G.M. Power Efficiency idea is to replace the DC/DC inductor with a coupled inductor where the DC/DC inductor value Improvement of a Boost Converter is adjusted through an additional winding in the magnetic core that modulates the magnetic field Using a Coupled Inductor with a inside it. Low current intensities from the PVG supply this winding through a circuit controlled by a Fuzzy Logic Controller: Application fuzzy logic controller in order to regulate the second winding current intensity. Experimental results to a Photovoltaic System. Appl. Sci. show a significant improvement of the power efficiency of the proposed solution as compared to a 2021, 11, 980. https://doi.org/ conventional converter. 10.3390/app11030980 Keywords: PVG; boost converter; inductor/coupled inductor; hysteresis B-H curve; magnetic core; Received: 1 December 2020 fuzzy logic; boost converter efficiency Accepted: 19 January 2021 Published: 22 January 2021 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral 1. Introduction with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- It is very apparent that the interest in photovoltaic power generation has strongly iations. increased in recent years. Numerous studies and works have been done on this thematic to improve their production [1]. A non-linear I = f(V) curve characterizes the photovoltaic generators (PVG) with different points of maximum power (see Figures1 and2), [1,2]. PV cells temperature (T) and solar radiation (G) influence this characteristic [3–5], which change the electrical power produced by such PVG. To remedy the latter problem, Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. specific control techniques were proposed and developed from 1968 until now in such a Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. manner that these PVG produce their maximum electrical power [1–7]. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and This type of control is called Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) where the main conditions of the Creative Commons function provided by the designed control laws is to ensure to extract the maximum power Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// point (MPP) all the time. This is generally assured by DC/DC converters [8–13] (see Figure1). creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 980. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11030980 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 21 Appl. Sci. Sci. 20212021,, 1111,, x 980 FOR PEER REVIEW 22 of of 21 19 FigureFigure 1.1. AdaptationAdaptation blockblock asas aa powerpower interfaceinterface betweenbetween aa photovoltaicphotovoltaic generator(PVG)generator(PVG) andand load,load, Figureto transfer 1. Adaptation the maximum block power. as a power interface between a photovoltaic generator(PVG) and load, toto transfer transfer the the maximum maximum power. power. FigureFigure 2.2. ((aa)) DirectDirect electricalelectrical connectionconnection betweenbetween aa PVPV generatorgenerator andand aa load;load; ((bb)) differentdifferent operatingoperating Figure 2. (a) Direct electrical connection between a PV generator and a load; (b) different operating pointspoints forfor twotwo levelslevels ofof radiationradiation withwith differentdifferent loads.loads. points for two levels of radiation with different loads. ManyMany MPPTMPPT strategiesstrategies havehave beenbeen proposedproposed inin thethe literatureliterature toto extractextract thethe maximummaximum Many MPPT strategies have been proposed in the literature to extract the maximum powerpower forfor the the PV PV systems systems [1 ,[1,2,7]2,7] ranging ranging from from classical classical techniques techniques like like perturb perturb and observeand ob- power for the PV systems [1,2,7] ranging from classical techniques like perturb and ob- (P&O)serve (P&O) and Incremental and Incremental Conductance Conductance (IC) [3 ](IC) to artificial [3] to artificial and intelligent and intelligent techniques techniques [14]. serve (P&O) and Incremental Conductance (IC) [3] to artificial and intelligent techniques [14]. Generally, the DC/DC converters element sizing is made for a fixed and known [14]. powerGenerally, supply. The the DC/DC DC/DC power conver outputters element and the sizing DC/DC is powermade for efficiency a fixed are and high known only Generally, the DC/DC converters element sizing is made for a fixed and known forpower a good supply. sizing The of DC/DC these elements power output [8–18]. and The th maine DC/DC element power hardly efficiency affecting are thesehigh only two power supply. The DC/DC power output and the DC/DC power efficiency are high only parametersfor a good sizing is the powerof these loss elements due to core[8–18]. saturation The main of theelement inductor. hardly The affecting sizing of these inductor two for a good sizing of these elements [8–18]. The main element hardly affecting these two valueparameters in a DC/DC is the power converter loss becomes due to core difficult satura fortion a variable of the inductor. power supply, The sizing as in of the inductor case of parameters is the power loss due to core saturation of the inductor. The sizing of inductor avalue PV system in a DC/DC under converter different levelsbecomes of radiation difficult fo andr a temperaturevariable power change supply, [2,8]. as in the case value in a DC/DC converter becomes difficult for a variable power supply, as in the case of a PVMost system of the under proposed different modifications levels of radiation and improvements and temperature are applicable change for [2,8]. a converter of a PV system under different levels of radiation and temperature change [2,8]. with fixedMost of nominal the proposed values. modifications In practice another and im problemprovements appears are applicable on the power for a efficiencyconverter Most of the proposed modifications and improvements are applicable for a converter ofwith the fixed converter nominal in PVvalues. applications In practice under anot varyingher problem conditions appears and on this the issuepower is efficiency not well with fixed nominal values. In practice another problem appears on the power efficiency addressedof the converter in the literature.in PV applications To the best under of our varying knowledge, conditions the efficiency and this improvementissue is not well of of the converter in PV applications under varying conditions and this issue is not well theaddressed DC/DC in converter the literature. for PV To applications the best of our in practice knowledge, is strongly the efficiency related improvement to the structure of addressed in the literature. To the best of our knowledge, the efficiency improvement of andthe DC/DC the size ofconverter the inductor for PV of theapplications converter. in In practice [12] a micro-scale is strongly topology related wasto the applied structure for the DC/DC converter for PV applications in practice is strongly related to the structure aand MPPT the DC/DCsize of the converter inductor without of the usingconverter. an inductor In [12] buta micro-scale it is applicable topology only forwas very applied low andpower the systems. size of the inductor of the converter. In [12] a micro-scale topology was applied for a MPPT DC/DC converter without using an inductor but it is applicable only for very for a MPPTIn this paper,DC/DC the converter main purpose without is tousing improve an inductor the efficiency but it is of applicable a boost converter only for for very PV low power systems. lowapplications power systems. and to reduce core losses in the inductor. In particular, a new DC/DC Boost In this paper, the main purpose is to improve the efficiency of a boost converter for converterIn this topology paper, the using main a variable purpose inductor is to improve is proposed the efficiency and tested of ina boost a PV applicationconverter for in PV applications and to reduce core losses in the inductor. In particular, a new DC/DC PVorder applications to maximize and the to power reduce efficiency core losses and in minimize the inductor. power In losses. particular, a new DC/DC Boost converter topology using a variable inductor is proposed and tested in a PV appli- BoostIn converter [16] a solution topology is proposed using a tovariable improve indu thector power is proposed efficiency and for atested buck converterin a PV appli- with cation in order to maximize the power efficiency and minimize power losses.
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