A Stripped Helium Star in the Potential Black Hole Binary LB-1 A
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Hypervelocity Stars Ejected from the Galactic Center
Hypervelocity Stars Ejected from the Galactic Center The Milky Way Halo Conference May 31, 2007 Warren R. Brown Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Collaborators: Margaret Geller, Scott Kenyon, Michael Kurtz Hypervelocity stars (HVSs) are stars traveling with such extreme speeds that they are no longer bound to the Galaxy. Hypervelocity stars are interesting because they must be ejected by a massive black hole. As a result, hypervelocity stars give us tools to understand the history stellar interactions with the massive black hole and environment of stars around it. 1 The Milky Way Kaufmann If this is a picture of the Milky Way, the hypervelocity stars we are finding are deep in the halo, at distances of 50 – 100 kpc. The hypervelocity stars we are finding are also B-type stars. B-type stars are stars that are more massive and much more luminous than the Sun. Because B stars burn their fuel very rapidly, they have relatively short lifetimes of order 100 million years. In 1947, Humanson and Zwicky first reported B-type stars at high Galactic latitudes. Because B stars are born in the disk and live only a short time, you wouldn’t expect to find B stars very deep in the halo. Spectroscopic surveys show that the high- latitude B stars are a mix of evolved (horizontal branch) stars that belong to the halo and some main sequence, so-called “run-away B stars.” These run-away B stars all have travel times constant with a disk origin. Run-away stars are explained by two mechanisms: ejections from stellar binary encounters in young star clusters, or when a former binary companion goes supernova. -
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A&A 601, A29 (2017) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201629685 & c ESO 2017 Astrophysics Delay-time distribution of core-collapse supernovae with late events resulting from binary interaction E. Zapartas1, S. E. de Mink1, R. G. Izzard2, S.-C. Yoon3, C. Badenes4, Y. Götberg1, A. de Koter1; 5, C. J. Neijssel1, M. Renzo1, A. Schootemeijer6, and T. S. Shrotriya6 1 Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands e-mail: [E.Zapartas;S.E.deMink]@uva.nl 2 Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK 3 Astronomy Program, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, 151–747 Seoul, Korea 4 Department of Physics and Astronomy & Pittsburgh Particle Physics, Astrophysics, and Cosmology Center (PITT-PACC), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA 5 Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium 6 Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Universität Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany Received 11 September 2016 / Accepted 1 January 2017 ABSTRACT Most massive stars, the progenitors of core-collapse supernovae, are in close binary systems and may interact with their companion through mass transfer or merging. We undertake a population synthesis study to compute the delay-time distribution of core-collapse supernovae, that is, the supernova rate versus time following a starburst, taking into account binary interactions. We test the systematic robustness of our results by running various simulations to account for the uncertainties in our standard assumptions. We find that +9 a significant fraction, 15−8%, of core-collapse supernovae are “late”, that is, they occur 50–200 Myr after birth, when all massive single stars have already exploded. -
Hydrogen-Deficient Stars
Hydrogen-Deficient Stars ASP Conference Series, Vol. 391, c 2008 K. Werner and T. Rauch, eds. Hydrogen-Deficient Stars: An Introduction C. Simon Jeffery Armagh Observatory, College Hill, Armagh BT61 9DG, N. Ireland, UK Abstract. We describe the discovery, classification and statistics of hydrogen- deficient stars in the Galaxy and beyond. The stars are divided into (i) massive / young star evolution, (ii) low-mass supergiants, (iii) hot subdwarfs, (iv) cen- tral stars of planetary nebulae, and (v) white dwarfs. We introduce some of the challenges presented by these stars for understanding stellar structure and evolution. 1. Beginning Our science begins with a young woman from Dundee in Scotland. The brilliant Williamina Fleming had found herself in the employment of Pickering at the Harvard Observatory where she noted that “the spectrum of υ Sgr is remarkable since the hydrogen lines are very faint and of the same intensity as the additional dark lines” (Fleming 1891). Other stars, well-known at the time, later turned out also to have an unusual hydrogen signature; the spectacular light variations of R CrB had been known for a century (Pigott 1797), while Wolf & Rayet (1867) had discovered their emission-line stars some forty years prior. It was fifteen years after Fleming’s discovery that Ludendorff (1906) observed Hγ to be completely absent from the spectrum of R CrB, while arguments about the hydrogen content of Wolf-Rayet stars continued late into the 20th century. Although these early observations pointed to something unusual in the spec- tra of a variety of stars, there was reluctance to accept (or even suggest) that hydrogen might be deficient. -
Evolution of Helium Star Plus Carbon-Oxygen White Dwarf Binary Systems and Implications for Diverse Stellar Transients and Hypervelocity Stars
A&A 627, A14 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935322 Astronomy c ESO 2019 & Astrophysics Evolution of helium star plus carbon-oxygen white dwarf binary systems and implications for diverse stellar transients and hypervelocity stars P. Neunteufel1, S.-C. Yoon2, and N. Langer1 1 Argelander Institut für Astronomy (AIfA), University of Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany e-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea Received 20 February 2019 / Accepted 28 April 2019 ABSTRACT Context. Helium accretion induced explosions in CO white dwarfs (WDs) are considered promising candidates for a number of observed types of stellar transients, including supernovae (SNe) of Type Ia and Type Iax. However, a clear favorite outcome has not yet emerged. Aims. We explore the conditions of helium ignition in the WD and the final fates of helium star-WD binaries as functions of their initial orbital periods and component masses. Methods. We computed 274 model binary systems with the Binary Evolution Code, in which both components are fully resolved. Both stellar and orbital evolution were computed including mass and angular momentum transfer, tides, gravitational wave emission, differential rotation, and internal hydrodynamic and magnetic angular momentum transport. We worked out the parts of the parameter space leading to detonations of the accreted helium layer on the WD, likely resulting in the complete disruption of the WD to deflagrations, where the CO core of the WD may remain intact and where helium ignition in the WD is avoided. -
White Dwarf and Hot Subdwarf Binaries As Possible Progenitors of Type I A
White dwarf and hot sub dwarf binaries as p ossible progenitors of type I a Sup ernovae Christian Karl July White dwarf and hot sub dwarf binaries as p ossible progenitors of type I a Sup ernovae Den Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultaten der FriedrichAlexanderUniversitatErlangenN urnberg zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades vorgelegt von Christian Karl aus Bamberg Als Dissertation genehmigt von den Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultaten der UniversitatErlangenN urnberg Tag der m undlichen Pr ufung Aug Vositzender der Promotionskommission Prof Dr L Dahlenburg Erstb erichterstatter Prof Dr U Heb er Zweitberichterstatter Prof Dr K Werner Contents The SPY pro ject Selection of DB white dwarfs Color criteria Absorption line criteria Summary of the DB selection The UV Visual Echelle Sp ectrograph Instrumental setup UVES data reduction ESO pip elin e vs semiautomated pip eline Derivation of system parameters Denition of samples Radial velocity curves Followup observations Radial velocity measurements Power sp ectra and RV curves Gravitational redshift Quantitative sp ectroscopic analysis Stellar parameters of singleline d systems -
Lecture 7 Evolution of Massive Stars on the Main Sequence and During
Massive Stars Generalities: Because of the general tendency of the interior temperature of main sequence stars to increase with mass*, stars of over two Lecture 7 solar mass are chiefly powered by the CNO cycle(s) rather than the pp cycle(s). The high temperature sensitivity of the CNO cycle (n = 17 instead of 4 for pp-cycle) makes the energy Evolution of Massive generation very centrally concentrated. This, plus the increasing Stars on the Main Sequence fraction of pressure due to radiation, makes their cores convective. Because of the greater temperature, the opacity in and During Helium Burning - their interiors is dominantly due to electron scattering. Basics Despite their convective cores, the overall main sequence structure can be crudely represented as an n = 3 polytrope. This is especially true of the outer radiative part of the star that typically includes the majority of the mass. * To provide a luminosity that increases as M3 s15 3233 2.19951015502790E+14 c12( 1)= 7.5000E+10 R = 4.3561E+11 Teff = 2.9729E+04 L = 1.0560E+38 Iter = 37 Zb = 61 inv = 66 Dc = 5.9847E+00 Tc = 3.5466E+07 Ln = 6.9735E+36 Jm = 1048 Etot = -9.741E+49 B star 10,000 – 30,000 K 1 HHHHH 15 Solar mass He He HeH Convective history HH He He He He He .1 15 M half way ⊙ through hydrogen burning Elemental Mass Fraction .01 N N N O OOOO N C C N C Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIINeIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII NeIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Ne,,I,,,,,,,,,,Ii,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,I,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Ne,,,,,,,,,,,,........................................................................................................... -
The Story of AA Doradus As Revealed by Its Cool Companion
A&A 586, A146 (2016) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201526552 & c ESO 2016 Astrophysics Looking on the bright side: The story of AA Doradus as revealed by its cool companion M. Vuckoviˇ c´1,5, R. H. Østensen2, P. Németh2,3, S. Bloemen2,4, and P. I. Pápics2 1 Instituto de Física y Astronomía, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, 2360102 Valparaíso, Chile e-mail: [email protected] 2 Instituut voor Sterrenkunde, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium 3 Dr. Karl-Remeis-Observatory & ECAP, Astronomical Institute, F.-A.-U. Erlangen-Nürnberg, 96049 Bamberg, Germany 4 Department of Astrophysics, IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands 5 Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade, Volgina 7, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia Received 18 May 2015 / Accepted 1 October 2015 ABSTRACT The effects of irradiation on the secondary stars of close binary systems are crucial for reliably determining the system parameters and for understanding the close binary evolution. They affect the stellar structure of the irradiated star and are reflected in the appearance of characteristic features in the spectroscopic and photometric data of these systems. We aim to study the light that originates from the irradiated side of the low-mass component of a close binary eclipsing system, which comprises a hot subdwarf primary and a low mass companion, to precisely interpret their high precision photometric and spectroscopic data, and accurately determine their system and surface parameters. We reanalyse the archival high-resolution time-resolved VLT/UVES spectra of AA Dor system, where irradiation features have already been detected. -
GEORGE HERBIG and Early Stellar Evolution
GEORGE HERBIG and Early Stellar Evolution Bo Reipurth Institute for Astronomy Special Publications No. 1 George Herbig in 1960 —————————————————————– GEORGE HERBIG and Early Stellar Evolution —————————————————————– Bo Reipurth Institute for Astronomy University of Hawaii at Manoa 640 North Aohoku Place Hilo, HI 96720 USA . Dedicated to Hannelore Herbig c 2016 by Bo Reipurth Version 1.0 – April 19, 2016 Cover Image: The HH 24 complex in the Lynds 1630 cloud in Orion was discov- ered by Herbig and Kuhi in 1963. This near-infrared HST image shows several collimated Herbig-Haro jets emanating from an embedded multiple system of T Tauri stars. Courtesy Space Telescope Science Institute. This book can be referenced as follows: Reipurth, B. 2016, http://ifa.hawaii.edu/SP1 i FOREWORD I first learned about George Herbig’s work when I was a teenager. I grew up in Denmark in the 1950s, a time when Europe was healing the wounds after the ravages of the Second World War. Already at the age of 7 I had fallen in love with astronomy, but information was very hard to come by in those days, so I scraped together what I could, mainly relying on the local library. At some point I was introduced to the magazine Sky and Telescope, and soon invested my pocket money in a subscription. Every month I would sit at our dining room table with a dictionary and work my way through the latest issue. In one issue I read about Herbig-Haro objects, and I was completely mesmerized that these objects could be signposts of the formation of stars, and I dreamt about some day being able to contribute to this field of study. -
Variable Star
Variable star A variable star is a star whose brightness as seen from Earth (its apparent magnitude) fluctuates. This variation may be caused by a change in emitted light or by something partly blocking the light, so variable stars are classified as either: Intrinsic variables, whose luminosity actually changes; for example, because the star periodically swells and shrinks. Extrinsic variables, whose apparent changes in brightness are due to changes in the amount of their light that can reach Earth; for example, because the star has an orbiting companion that sometimes Trifid Nebula contains Cepheid variable stars eclipses it. Many, possibly most, stars have at least some variation in luminosity: the energy output of our Sun, for example, varies by about 0.1% over an 11-year solar cycle.[1] Contents Discovery Detecting variability Variable star observations Interpretation of observations Nomenclature Classification Intrinsic variable stars Pulsating variable stars Eruptive variable stars Cataclysmic or explosive variable stars Extrinsic variable stars Rotating variable stars Eclipsing binaries Planetary transits See also References External links Discovery An ancient Egyptian calendar of lucky and unlucky days composed some 3,200 years ago may be the oldest preserved historical document of the discovery of a variable star, the eclipsing binary Algol.[2][3][4] Of the modern astronomers, the first variable star was identified in 1638 when Johannes Holwarda noticed that Omicron Ceti (later named Mira) pulsated in a cycle taking 11 months; the star had previously been described as a nova by David Fabricius in 1596. This discovery, combined with supernovae observed in 1572 and 1604, proved that the starry sky was not eternally invariable as Aristotle and other ancient philosophers had taught. -
Gamma-Ray Burst Progenitors
Space Sci Rev (2016) 202:33–78 DOI 10.1007/s11214-016-0312-x Gamma-Ray Burst Progenitors Andrew Levan1 · Paul Crowther2 · Richard de Grijs3,4 · Norbert Langer5 · Dong Xu6,7,8 · Sung-Chul Yoon9 Received: 26 August 2016 / Accepted: 8 November 2016 / Published online: 21 November 2016 © The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract We review our current understanding of the progenitors of both long and short duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Constraints can be derived from multiple directions, and we use three distinct strands; (i) direct observations of GRBs and their host galaxies, (ii) parameters derived from modelling, both via population synthesis and direct numerical simulation and (iii) our understanding of plausible analog progenitor systems observed in the local Universe. From these joint constraints, we describe the likely routes that can drive B A. Levan [email protected] P. Crowther Paul.crowther@sheffield.ac.uk R. de Grijs [email protected] N. Langer [email protected] D. Xu [email protected] S.-C. Yoon [email protected] 1 Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK 2 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK 3 Kavli Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics and Department of Astronomy, Peking University, Yi He Yuan Lu 5, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100871, China 4 International Space Science Institute–Beijing, 1 Nanertiao, Zhongguancun, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100190, China 5 Argelander-Institut für Astronomie der Universität Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121, Bonn, Germany 6 Dark Cosmology Centre, Niels-Bohr-Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark 7 National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China 34 A. -
Super-AGB Stars and Their Role As Electron Capture Supernova
Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia (PASA) c Astronomical Society of Australia 2017; published by Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/pas.2017.xxx. Super-AGB Stars and their role as Electron Capture Supernova progenitors Carolyn L. Doherty1,2, Pilar Gil-Pons3,4 Lionel Siess5, and John C. Lattanzio2 1Konkoly Observatory, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1121 Budapest 2Monash Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Australia 3Polytechnical University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain 4Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain 5Institut d’Astronomie et d’Astrophysique, Universit´eLibre de Bruxelles, ULB, Belgium Abstract We review the lives, deaths and nucleosynthetic signatures of intermediate mass stars in the range ≈ 6.5–12 M⊙, which form super-AGB stars near the end of their lives. We examine the critical mass boundaries both between different types of massive white dwarfs (CO, CO-Ne, ONe) and between white dwarfs and supernovae and discuss the relative fraction of super-AGB stars that end life as either an ONe white dwarf or as a neutron star (or an ONeFe white dwarf), af- ter undergoing an electron capture supernova. We also discuss the contribution of the other potential single-star channels to electron-capture supernovae, that of the failed massive stars. We describe the factors that influence these different final fates and mass limits, such as composition, the efficiency of convection, rotation, nuclear reaction rates, mass loss rates, and third dredge-up efficiency. We stress the importance of the binary evolution channels for producing electron-capture supernovae. We discuss recent nucleosynthesis calculations and elemental yield results and present a new set of s-process heavy element yield predictions. -
Arxiv:Astro-Ph/0608159 V1 7 Aug 2006
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by CERN Document Server Hypervelocity Stars: Predicting the Spectrum of Ejection Velocities Benjamin C. Bromley Department of Physics, University of Utah, 115 S 1400 E, Rm 201, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 [email protected] Scott J. Kenyon Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 60 Garden St., Cambridge, MA 02138 [email protected] Margaret J. Geller Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 60 Garden St., Cambridge, MA 02138 [email protected] Elliott Barcikowski Department of Physics, University of Utah, 115 S 1400 E, Rm 201, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 [email protected] arXiv:astro-ph/0608159 v1 7 Aug 2006 Warren R. Brown Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 60 Garden St., Cambridge, MA 02138 [email protected] Michael J. Kurtz Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 60 Garden St., Cambridge, MA 02138 [email protected] –2– ABSTRACT The disruption of binary stars by the tidal field of the black hole in the Galactic Center can produce the hypervelocity stars observed in the halo. We use numerical models to simulate the full spectrum of observable velocities of stars ejected into the halo by this binary disruption process. Our model includes a range of parameters for binaries with 3-4 M⊙ primaries, consideration of radial orbits of the ejected stars through an approximate mass distribution for the Galaxy, and the impact of stellar lifetimes. We calculate the spectrum of ejection velocities and reproduce previous results for the mean ejection velocity at the Galactic center. The model predicts that the full population of ejected stars includes both the hypervelocity stars with velocities large enough to escape from the Galaxy and a comparable number of ejected, but bound, stars of the same stellar type.