DOCSLIB.ORG

Death, Transition, and Resilience: a Narrative Study of the Academic Persistence of Bereaved College Students

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Death, Transition, and Resilience: a Narrative Study of the Academic Persistence of Bereaved College Students DEATH, TRANSITION, AND RESILIENCE: A NARRATIVE STUDY OF THE ACADEMIC PERSISTENCE OF BEREAVED COLLEGE STUDENTS Cari Ann Urabe A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2020 Committee: Maureen E. Wilson, Committee Co-Chair D-L Stewart, Committee Co-Chair Paul Cesarini Graduate Faculty Representative Christina J. Lunceford © 2020 Cari Ann Urabe All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Maureen E. Wilson, Committee Co-Chair D-L Stewart, Committee Co-Chair This study used narrative inquiry to focus on the lived experiences of undergraduate and graduate students who have experienced a significant death loss during their studies and have academically persisted in the face of adversity. The purpose of this research was to understand and describe how undergraduate and graduate students academically persist within higher education after a significant death loss. Providing this affirmative narrative illuminated the educational resilience that occurs following a death loss experience. Using educational resilience as the conceptual model and Schlossberg’s transition theory as the theoretical framework, the overarching research question that guided this study was: What are the narratives of bereaved college students who academically persist in the face of adversity? Participants included seven undergraduate and graduate students from three institutions of higher education across the United States. Participants engaged in two semi-structured interviews and an electronic journaling activity to share their death loss experience. Interviews were conducted face-to-face and virtually. Composite narratives were used to present the data from this study. The seven participants in this study were highlighted through four composite characters who met monthly at a Death Café. Findings revealed challenges that bereaved students experienced, including how their bond and relationship to the deceased were not always acknowledged by outsiders. Additionally, the distance from one’s support systems and a lack of finances often created obstacles to grieve and mourn. Most participants experienced more than one death loss, but often iv expressed a deep loss that was at the forefront of their narrative. Lastly, all participants shared how they were able to push through and persevere with their academics following their death loss. This research contributes to the growing literature on bereaved college students in higher education. v This dissertation is dedicated to my parents, Gail Mieko Urabe and Clifford Kazuo Urabe. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS What a journey this has been! In 2013, I did not realize how much my life would change after enrolling in this doctoral program. I have grown and learned so much during these past seven years, and I am so thankful for my biological and chosen family. Thank you all for believing in me. To my wonderful parents, Gail Mieko Sakai Urabe and Clifford Kazuo Urabe, thank you for your unwavering love and support. You both have been a part of this journey with me every step of the way. This doctoral degree has been an ultra-marathon, and you all have been my cheer team at every milestone. For all of the sacrifices you made for my growth and education, I want to say, THANK YOU! Your support of my educational and co-curricular passions has helped me to become the person that I am today. Thank you for all the words of encouragement, care packages, phone calls, visits, and help with my multiple moves over the years. I have never known such strong and selfless people in my life. I am so proud and grateful to have you both in my life. I also want to thank my loved ones who have passed. To my grandparents, Beverly Emiko Nakatani Sakai and Shota Sakai, thank you for always being there for me and encouraging me to do my best. I hope that I continue to make you both proud. To my Kauai grandparents, Ralph Hisashi Urabe and Katherine Shizuko Urabe, I am grateful for the time I got to spend with you. To my late niece, Kyla Marieko Meaney, you were the inspiration behind this manuscript. Thank you for changing all of our lives for the better. You will never be forgotten. Also, thank you to my dog, Chlobear, for being there with me through some of the most significant transitions in my life. vii Thank you to my friends who checked in on me throughout the years and offered their support throughout the doctoral process. Dr. Beth Hoag and Dorothy Hoag, thank you for the study sessions, dog walks, and your friendship. To my HIED cohort, it has been a pleasure getting to know, work, and learn beside you. To Dr. Matthew Cooney, Dr. Jeremy Doughty, Dr. Ardy Gonyer, and Lakeshia Dowlen, thank you for your friendship, encouragement, and laughs along the way. To Ellen Roysce and Jessica Strawberry Green-Barnes, thank you for being my accountability partners and for having virtual study sessions from across the country. To Darci Watanabe, thank you for your continued friendship over all these years. Thank you to my gatekeepers who reserved rooms for me and helped me to navigate your campus. This dissertation could have not happened without your help. Thank you for your generosity and for all the behind the scenes work that you did to make this research possible. I would also like to acknowledge Dr. Patrick Vrooman, for being such a great and understanding doctoral graduate supervisor during my time at Bowling Green State University. Next, thank you to my fantastic dissertation committee: Dr. D-L Stewart, Dr. Maureen E. Wilson, Dr. Christina Lunceford, and Dr. Paul Cesarini. Thank you all for your flexibility and support over the years. Thank you for sticking through this process with me and for helping me to finish this seven-year endeavor. I am thankful for all of your guidance and support over the years. Last but not least, a big heart-felt thank you to my participants. Thank you for letting me into your world and for trusting me with your stories. You are all such strong and resilient individuals, and I am so honored to have worked with you. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 Background of the Study ............................................................................................. 3 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................. 4 Purpose of the Study and Research Questions ............................................................. 5 Significance of the Study ............................................................................................. 5 Organization of the Study ............................................................................................ 7 CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................ 9 Terminology ................................................................................................................. 9 Death and Society ........................................................................................................ 10 How People Die ........................................................................................................... 12 Natural Causes ................................................................................................. 13 Homicide .......................................................................................................... 13 Accidental Death .............................................................................................. 14 Suicide.............................................................................................................. 15 Survivors and their Death Loss Experiences ............................................................... 15 Adjusting to the Death Loss ............................................................................. 15 Normal and Healthy Reactions to Death Loss ................................................. 16 Poor Bereavement Outcomes ........................................................................... 16 Responding to the Bereaved ............................................................................ 18 Death Loss and Culture ................................................................................................ 18 Customs and Rituals ........................................................................................ 19 ix Culture and Family .......................................................................................... 19 Religion and Spirituality .................................................................................. 20 Gender and Grieving ........................................................................................ 21 Being Culturally Competent in Death-Related Matters ................................... 22 Theories about Grief and Mourning ............................................................................ 22 Early Paradigms of Grief ................................................................................. 22 New Paradigms of Grief and Mourning ........................................................... 24 Factors that Shape the Bereaved College Student Experience .................................... 26 Developmental Status ...................................................................................... 27 Identity Formation ..........................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Death Valley Junior Ranger Book
    How to be a Junior Ranger Complete the number of activities for the animal level i. you would like to achieve. Circle that animal below. Roadrunner Level: Chuckwalla Level: Bighorn Sheep Level: at least 4 activities at least 6 activities at least 9 activities Compare Death Valley to where you live. You can watch the park movie at the Furnace Creek Visitor Center for inspiration. How is Death Valley similar How is Death Valley different to your home? from your home? ~o Become an Official Junior Ranger! Go to a visitor center or ranger station in Death Valley National Park. Show a ranger this book, and tell them about your adventure. You will be sworn in as an official Junior Ranger and get a badge! Junior Ranger patches Books may also be are available for purchase mailed to: at the bookstore. Just show Death Valley National Park Junior Ranger Program the certificate on the PO Box 579 back of this book! Death Valley, CA 92328 Let's get started! Packing for Your Adventure Before we go out on our Junior Ranger adventure, we must make sure we are prepared! If we bring the right things, we can have a fun and safe adventure in Death Valley! First things first-bring plenty of water, and remind your family to drink it! Help me pack for my hike by circling what I should bring! How might summer visitors prepare differently than visitors in the winter? Map of Your Adventure This is a map of your adventure in Death Valley. Draw the path you traveled to explore the hottest, driest, and lowest national park in the United States! Circle the places that you visited, and fill in the names of the blank spaces on the map.
    [Show full text]
  • The Shawl by Cynthia Ozick
    The Shawl by Cynthia Ozick 1 Table of Contents The Shawl “Just as you can’t About the Book.................................................... 3 grasp anything About the Author ................................................. 5 Historical and Literary Context .............................. 7 without an Other Works/Adaptations ..................................... 9 opposable thumb, Discussion Questions.......................................... 10 you can’t write Additional Resources .......................................... 11 Credits .............................................................. 12 anything without the aid of metaphor. Metaphor is the mind’s opposable thumb.” Preface What is the NEA Big Read? No event in modern history has inspired so many books as A program of the National Endowment for the Arts, NEA Big the Holocaust. This monumental atrocity has compelled Read broadens our understanding of our world, our thousands of writers to reexamine their notions of history, communities, and ourselves through the joy of sharing a humanity, morality, and even theology. None of these good book. Managed by Arts Midwest, this initiative offers books, however, is quite like Cynthia Ozick's The Shawl—a grants to support innovative community reading programs remarkable feat of fiction which starts in darkest despair and designed around a single book. brings us, without simplification or condescension, to a glimmer of redemption. A great book combines enrichment with enchantment. It awakens our imagination and enlarges our humanity.
    [Show full text]
  • Part I—Write an Obituary Worth Reading
    Writing An Obituary Worth Reading A Guide For Writing A Fulfilling Life-Review This Sampler version contains the first half of the book. You can find a complete print copy version at Amazon. Or, you can ask the author for a free digital PDF version in exchange for your donation to the causes listed on the last page entitled I Give, You Give. By Martin Kimeldorf Draft 28 Images for obituaries provided by authors and friends. All other words (not quoted) and images by Martin Kimeldorf. ©.Kimeldorf.2015 Second updating and digital distribution April 3, 2016 SearchInc Press, Tumwater, WA All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means-electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without written permission from the author. Write to him at [email protected] Publishing History: First Digital Distribution and copyright in 2015 by Martin Kimeldorf. Publication Data: Kimeldorf, Martin. Writing An Obituary Worth Reading 1. Philosophy 2. Writing Copyright Code TXu 1-967-439 This book is licensed and distributed for your personal enjoyment only. This electronic PDF book version and the print version may not be re-sold, distributed nor given away to other people without the author’s permission. Thank you for respecting my hard work on this book. Other works can be found at www.martinkimeldorf.org. This book is not intended to diagnose, prescribe or treat any ailment, nor is it intended as a replacement for medical, counseling or other professional consultation. The author and publisher strongly suggest that at the first suspicion of illness or problem the reader should consult a professional care provider.
    [Show full text]
  • 'The Whole Burden of Civilisation Has Fallen Upon Us'
    ‘The Whole Burden of Civilisation Has Fallen upon Us’. The Representation of Gender in Zombie Films, 1968-2013 Leon van Amsterdam Student number: s1141627 Leiden University MA History: Cities, Migration and Global Interdependence Thesis supervisor: Marion Pluskota 2 Contents Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................................................. 4 Theory ................................................................................................................................. 6 Literature Review ............................................................................................................... 9 Material ............................................................................................................................ 13 Method ............................................................................................................................. 15 Chapter 2: A history of the zombie and its cultural significance ............................................. 18 Race and gender representations in early zombie films .................................................. 18 The sci-fi zombie and Romero’s ghoulish zombie ............................................................ 22 The loss and return of social anxiety in the zombie genre .............................................. 26 Chapter 3: (Post)feminism in American politics and films ....................................................... 30 Protofeminism .................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Visitor Guide 2006
    A VISITOR’S GUIDE TO DEATH VALLEY 2006 NATIONAL PARK Helping Your National Park This year we are asking you to support your na- Here at Death Valley National Park, there are sev- tional heritage in a bigger way. Many parks, including eral areas where you can experience your money at Death Valley National Park, are increasing entrance work. Explore the new visitor area at Badwater, tour and camping fees to pay for public facilities, research, the newly stabilized historic structures at Harmony and the protection of natural and cultural heritage. Park Borax Works or overnight in campgrounds with new Superintendent JT Reynolds stated, “These areas pre- tables and grills. Some benefits to you are not as obvi- serve our national heritage. America’s heritage pro- ous, but nonetheless enhance your visit to the park. vides our national spirit. You break our heritage and Plans for future use of these funds include a new you break our spirit. You break our spirit and you break parking area at the sand dunes and reconstruction of the country.” Protecting our heritage does not come the historic Cook House at Scotty’s Castle. cheaply! The National Park Service staff is also doing its In 2004, President Bush, realizing that the percent- part to protect the park. Superintendent Reynolds says, age of tax dollars going to the National Park Service “What we accomplish in Death Valley is only possible was not keeping up with the increasing costs of op- because of a dedicated crew of workers... that’s what erations, signed the Federal Lands Recreation En- holds the parks together, this dedication.” Death Val- hancement Act.
    [Show full text]
  • Community Share Offer
    London Community Share Offer Join us in our quest to provide the worldwide Death Cafe movement with a permanent base in London! Share Launch: 19th October 2015 Closing Date: 19th December 2015 Funding Target: £350,000 Minimum subscription £50, maximum subscription £60,000 (per individual or organisation) DEATH CAFÉ LONDON is the trading name of The Inclusive Community Café London Ltd, a Community Benefit Society registered with the Financial Conduct Authority, Registration No 7202, Registered Office: 167 Turners Hill, Cheshunt, Herts EN8 9BH DEATH CAFE LONDON Community Share Offer October 2015 CONTENTS Letter from the founder…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3 The background …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….3 Our vision for Death Cafe London………………………………………………………………………………………………….5 Funding requirement……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5 Raising the funds…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...6 The business case…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..6 Terms of the share offer………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..7 Tax relief on shares………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..9 The Society…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….9 The management team………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..10 How to subscribe…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………10 Frequently asked questions…………………………………………………………………………………………………………11 Terms of reference………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………13 DEATH CAFE LONDON Community Share Offer October 2015 3 Letter from the founder
    [Show full text]
  • A Sacred Space for Your Busy Life
    A Sacred Space for Your Busy Life Sunday, January 13, 2019, the First Sunday after the Epiphany _______________________________________________________________________________________ We especially welcome visitors and newcomers today. Please fill out the newcomer card in the pew and place it in the collection plate or give it to a member of the clergy. Following the service, the clergy will be standing near the doors to greet you. We encourage you to join us for coffee hour in Duncan Hall. For more information about St. Paul’s, please visit www.StPaulsSanRafael.org or call our office at 415.456.4842. At St. Paul’s we are all called to follow Jesus together in worship, prayer and service. WORSHIP The service begins on page 355 of the Book of Common Prayer (BCP) Prelude Valse Frederic Chopin Opening Hymn 135 Hymnal Gloria S-280 (S)ervice music found in front of hymnal Hymnal Psalm 29 BCP p. 620 Gradual S-236 Hymnal Prayers of the People Form III BCP p. 387 Offertory Hymn 76 Hymnal Doxology Praise God, from whom all blessings flow; Praise God, all creatures here below; Praise God above, ye heav’nly host: Praise Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. Amen All baptized Christians are welcome to receive communion. If you would like to receive a blessing, cross your arms across your chest when you are at the altar rail. Whoever you are, wherever you are in your journey of faith, you are welcome to receive initiation into the church through the sacrament of baptism. Eucharistic Prayer A BCP p. 361 Sanctus S-129 Hymnal Fraction Anthem S-154 Hymnal Closing Hymn 616 Hymnal Postlude Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Representation of Social Realities of Latin America in Marquez's Literary
    Advances in Language and Literary Studies ISSN: 2203-4714 Vol. 6 No. 1; February 2015 Flourishing Creativity & Literacy Copyright © Australian International Academic Centre, Australia Representation of Social Realities of Latin America in Marquez’s Literary Discourse Mohammad B. Aghaei Department of English, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran E-mail: [email protected] Doi:10.7575/aiac.alls.v.6n.1p.55 Received: 15/09/2014 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.6n.1p.55 Accepted: 18/11/2014 Abstract Gabriel Garcia Marquez is always keen on presenting to the people the various facets of their history. His literary language acts as effective means for describing the critical historical aspects of Latin America because the legacy of colonialism had destroyed so many important traces of the native culture of that area. This has led him to search for his identity by looking at various periods, before and after colonization. Because of this, the historical and cultural issues were his main thematic subject matters; such as savagely fought wars of independence, bloody conflict between the political parties, massacre of banana workers, deplorable effects of Hispanic culture on the community. Keywords: colonialism, plagues, cultural values, power of love, skeptical rationalism. 1. Introduction Marquez’s literary discourse actually creates a microcosm of Latin America, portraying the essence of the continent with all its aspects such as ethnicity, social norms and conventions, economic problems, destructive domination of colonial and imperialistic powers and civil wars that led to a series of insecurities and poverty in the community. In fact, whatever he has presented in his works is related to the realities of the continent that have been portrayed in his fictional world.
    [Show full text]
  • RESOURCES on GRIEF, DYING, and DEATH Compiled by Caito Stewart
    RESOURCES ON GRIEF, DYING, AND DEATH Compiled by Caito Stewart 1 Table Of Contents Interesting/Informative Articles 2 Grief Support and Discussion 4 Organizations 4 Individuals 8 Blogs and Websites on Grief 11 End of Life Planning, Conversation, Support 12 Funeral and Memorial Services 15 Alternative Memorialization 16 Books about Grief 18 Memoirs 18 Compilations 18 Grief Support 18 Other Helpful Books for Grief 19 On Death 19 On Writing About Death 19 TV Shows and Movies and Grief 20 Lists/articles 20 Shows 20 Movies 20 Music and Grief 21 Art and Grief 22 Resources 22 Articles 23 Artists (alphabetical order by last name) 25 Podcasts 30 Death Positive Discussion 31 Organizations 31 Individuals 33 2 Interesting/Informative Articles ● Talk Death - “Accessibility and Privilege in Grief Support” ○ https://www.talkdeath.com/accessibility-and-privilege-in-grief-support/ ● Talk Death - “Death Positive Websites and Blogs You Should Know” ○ https://www.talkdeath.com/death-positive-websites-blogs-you-should-know/ ● Talk Death - “Cultures That Celebrate Death” ○ https://www.talkdeath.com/cultures-that-celebrate-death/ ● Talk Death - “Collecting Family Photos and Preserving Memories” ○ https://www.talkdeath.com/collecting-family-photos-preserving-memories/ ● NYTimes - “To Be Happier, Start Thinking More About Your Death” ○ https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/opinion/sunday/to-be-happier-start-thinking- more-about-your-death.html ● NYTimes - “Boom Time for Death Planning” ○ https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/16/business/boom-time-for-death-planning.htm l?referringSource=articleShare ● NYTimes - “Start-ups For the End of Life” ○ https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/03/business/start-ups-for-the-end-of-life.html ● Nylon- “ARE WE FINALLY COMFORTABLE TALKING ABOUT GRIEF?” ○ https://www.nylon.com/best-tv-shows-mourning-grief 3 Grief Support and Discussion Organizations ● Actively Moving Forward ○ https://healgrief.org/actively-moving-forward/ ○ “Actively Moving Forward® (AMF) is a national network created in response to the needs of grieving young adults.
    [Show full text]
  • Death, Grief and Funerals in the COVID Age
    Death, Grief and Funerals in the COVID Age Optimal strategies for helping people develop new rituals to honor those who die during the COVID-19 era. Volume 2. Updated May 9th 2020 www.covidwhitepaper.com The Virtual Funeral Collective: Consisting of a group of over seventy doCtors, nurses, scholars, grief therapists, psyChologists, funeral home direCtors, hospiCe workers, thanatologists, Chaplains, hospital administrators and end-of life- praCtitioners from around the globe, the Virtual Funeral ColleCtive is a group of speCialists who work with dying, death, and grief on a daily basis. We are uniquely situated to offer solutions, resourCes, and training to those dealing with dying, death, and disposition issues stemming from COVID-19. White Paper Editors: Candi K. Cann, Ph.D, MiChael Hebb, Megan Devine, LCPC, AliCa Forneret, Allison Gilbert, Lashanna Williams, Stephanie Gailing, Silvia Perez-Protto, M.D., Rana Adwish, M.D. Introduction Grief and death are on everyone’s mind. For most of us the scale of the COVID-19 pandemiC and the assoCiated death and ColleCtive grief is unpreCedented. Combined with soCial distanCing protoCol, end-of- life issues, death Care, and grief have beCome even more Complex. Navigating these restriCtions—and the sheer volume of loss—can feel overwhelming. How do you comfort a patient when their family Can’t be present? Are you supposed to bring up advanCed direCtives on intake or wait until the person is facing their death? If we Can’t hold a traditional funeral, how do we mark someone’s passing? The Virtual Funeral ColleCtive banded together as part of a larger initiative Called the Global COVID-19 Relief Coalition (http://gogCrC.org/).
    [Show full text]
  • The State of the American Obituary November 30, 2009
    The State of the American Obituary November 30, 2009 Principal Writers and Editors: Ashley Bates [email protected] Ian Monroe [email protected] Ming Zhuang [email protected] Researchers: Jake Bressler [email protected] Alina Dain [email protected] Chris Deaton [email protected] Kate Goshorn [email protected] Tiffany Glick [email protected] Faculty Advisors: Rich Gordon [email protected] Owen Youngman [email protected] The State of the American Obituary Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION 2 II. OBITUARIES: THE HISTORY 5 o Death Notices vs. Obituaries o Demographic Differences in Who Receives Obituaries o The Style of Historical Obituaries o Remembering the “Common Man” III. THE OBITUARY LANDSCAPE TODAY 11 o Why People Read Obituaries o How Newspapers Classify Obituaries o How Newsrooms Handle Obituaries IV. NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR MEMORIALIZATION 18 o The Emergence of Online Memorials o The World Wide Web’s Subversion of the Print Media – and Implications for Obituaries V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 25 o What the Future Holds o Recommendations for Media Stakeholders o Conclusion VI. ABOUT THE AUTHORS 29 1 The State of the American Obituary I. INTRODUCTION The way a culture chooses to commemorate its dead reflects a great deal about the character and nature of that culture. At the beginning of the 21 st century, just as for much of the 20th, memorializing the dead in the United States very often means publication of the details of an individual’s life and accomplishments in the form of an obituary or death notice. In the mid- 1990s, obituaries began appearing online as well as in print, making individual obituaries easier to find and less restricted by the geography of either the reader or the deceased.
    [Show full text]
  • 11[22[63 See Confused Story by James W. Altgens. AP 11[22[63
    Witnesses 11[22[63 See confused story by James W. Altgens. AP 11[22[63 Pierce Allman, Dallas television executive, gives description of shooting a few hours after assassination; says President Kennedy hit first and third shots, Connally by second. For description of assassination by others, [Bill Burkett; Mrs. John Connally; Jean Hill; Senator Ralph Yarborough; Aubrey Mike; Vic Robertson.] and also of Tippit shooting by Mrs. Ann McCreavy, see record of tape filed 11[22[63. BBC tape, The Day the President Died, On tape at 250 feet. 11[22[63 Dallas - [Jack] Bell said a man and a woman were scrambling on the upper level of a walkway overlooking the underpass. AP, 12:49 p.m. CST [Bulletin matter 2nd add to original bulletin] 11[22[63 Senator Ralph Yarborough, D-TX, talking only a few minutes before [announcement of the President's death] collapsed in sobs as he told of witnessing the slaying of the President. Yarborough said he was in the third car behind the President. "It seemed to me that at least two of the shots came from our right rear," he said. "I cannot say about the third." AP, 1:37 p.m. CST. In a later story filed at 1:50 p.m. Yarborough had counted three rifle shots as the presidential limousine left downtown Dallas through a triple underpass. The shots were fired from above, -- possible from one of the bridges or from a nearby building. AP, 1:50 p.m. CST. One witness, television reporter Mal Couch, said he saw a gun emerge from an upper story of a warehouse commanding an unobstructed view of the presidential car.
    [Show full text]