The Glischrochilus in The Netherlands (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)

J.G.M. Guppen & J.E. de Oude

GUPPEN, J.G.M. & J.E. DE OUDE, 1996. THE GENUS GLISCHROCHILUS IN THE NETHERLANDS (COLEO¬ PTERA: NITIDULIDAE). - ENT. BERAM ST. 56 (1): 1-6.

Abstract: Glischrochilus quadrisignatus, originating from North America, is reported for the first time from The Netherlands. The first record dates from 1979 and at present the is known from the northern, eastern and south¬ ern parts of the country. Distribution maps for all four species of Glischrochilus in The Netherlands are presented. Some notes on habitat, phenology and ecology are made.

J.G.M. Guppen, Buurtmeesterweg 16, 6711 HM Ede, The Netherlands. J.E. de Oude, Laan van Poot 194 A, 2566 EH Den Haag, The Netherlands.

Mededeling E.I.S.-Nederland 75.

Introduction A revision of the Dutch Glischrochilus ma¬ terial revealed that G. quadrisignatus was The genus Glischrochilus Reitter comprises found in 1979 for the first time in The five species in Europe (Audisio, 1993), of Netherlands. which G. quadrisignatus (Say) originates from North America (Spomraft, 1972). Until Material and methods now three species were known from The Netherlands, viz. G. quadripunctatus (Lin¬ The material of this study includes the collec¬ naeus), G. quadriguttatus (Fabricius) and G. tions of the National Museum of Natural hortensis (Fourcroy) (Brakman, 1966; Huij- History, Leiden (NNM), the Zoological Mu¬ bregts & Krikken, 1985, 1988). seum, Amsterdam (ZMA), the Natural History Glischrochilus quadrisignatus was first dis¬ Museum, Maastricht, the Natural History covered in Europe in the surroundings of Berlin Museum, Tilburg, the Department of Ento¬ in 1948 (Spomraft, 1972). Hereafter the species mology of the Wageningen Agricultural Uni¬ has rapidly dispersed over Eastern Europe (for¬ versity (WAU) and the Plant Protection mer DDR, Czechia, Slovakia, Poland, Austria, Service, Wageningen (PD), and the private Slovenia, Croazia, Serbia, Hungary, Romania, collections of the late Chr. Berger (Achel), H. Bulgaria and western Russia (Niissler, 1973; Edzes (Nijmegen), G. van Ee (Haarlem), Th. Lompe, 1976; Audisio, 1980, 1985, 1990; Heijerman (Wageningen), B. van Maanen Jelinek, 1984; Balarin, 1984; Koval, 1987). (Wageningen), P. Poot (Maastricht), O. Vorst Since 1985 and 1986 respectively, G. quadri¬ (Utrecht) and the authors. signatus is known from (northeastern) Italy and The distribution of the Glischrochilus spe¬ Switzerland (Audisio, 1993). Dispersal in a cies in The Netherlands is plotted in the 10 western direction was not noticed until recently km-squares of the UTM-grid in which small when the species was reported from former dots refer to records before 1950 and large West Germany (Spomraft, 1992; Wagner, dots to records since 1950. The maps are 1993); however, three specimens were already based on specimens, identified by the authors. collected in 1955, 1957 and 1966 respectively, Data on habitat are mainly based on the but all others (88) dated from 1985 or later authors’ observations as labelling of the older (Wagner, 1993). material in collections is mostly insufficient. 2 Ent. Ber., Amst. 56 (1996)

The authors’ data on habitat are, however, on¬ Netherlands there are only old records from ly a minor part of all data. Data on phenology Den Haag (1911) and Loosduinen (last record: are derived from all available material. 1920), while the species is lacking in the northern part. Glischrochilus quadripunctatus is known from all Dutch provinces except Identification Groningen, Flevoland and Zeeland. The four Dutch species of Glischrochilus are The distribution of G. quadripunctatus quite easily to identify on the basis of the body comprises nearly the whole Palaearctic area form, and the colour and the dimensions of the with exception of the extreme north and south four spots on the elytra. These spots are yel¬ (map with European distribution in Audisio, low-orange in G. quadripunctatus and G. hor- 1993). tensis, while they are yellow-white in G. qua- The larvae and adults of G. quadripunctatus driguttatus and G. quadrisignatus. The typically live behind the bark of conifers anterior spots are small in G. hortensis and G. 0Pinus sp., Abies sp., Picea sp., Larix sp.), quadriguttatus and large in the other two spe¬ where they feed on fermenting sap and on fun¬ cies. The outline of the anterior spots is deeply gi in the tunnels of large scolitid (Koch, incised in G. quadriguttatus and more or less 1989; Audisio, 1993). Adults are attracted to regular in the other three species. The body of chips of newly cut spruce {Picea) stems as well G. quadripunctatus is distinctly more depres¬ as stems stored over winter by released volatile sed than that of the other species. One is refer¬ constituents (Lindelow et al., 1992). Especially red to Spomraft (1972, 1992) and especially combinations of ethanol and alpha-pinene Audisio (1993) for further characteristics and were very attractive to G. quadripunctatus figures of elytral patterns. These publications (Schroeder, 1988; Schroeder & Lindelow, also give figures of the main sclerites of the in¬ 1989). The occurrence of G. quadripunctatus ternal sac of the aedeagus, which can be decisi¬ behind bark of deciduous trees {Fagus sylvati- ve for the distinction between G. quadrisigna¬ ca L., Betula sp., Quercus sp.) is much less tus and G. hortensis. common (Koch, 1989). Occasionally adults Males and females of G. quadrisignatus are found in macrofungi and fermenting fruits can be distinguished on the basis of a different at the edges of forests (Audisio, 1993). The number of teeth on the mandibles: males have few Dutch data confirm the frequent occur¬ three small teeth, while females have only two rence behind the bark of Pinus sylvestris L. (Bolter & Stewart, 1991). (five times), but also behind the bark of decid¬ uous trees {Fagus sylvatica: three times; Betula sp.: once) is relatively often mentioned. Distribution, habitat and phenology However, in the last situations the deciduous trees were always amidst of Pinus plantations. Glischrochilus quadripunctatus (Linnaeus) Two specimens were taken respectively in (figs 1,5) flight and indoors behind a kitchen window. The distribution pattern of G. quadripunc¬ Glischrochilus quadripunctatus is recorded tatus in The Netherlands fairly well agrees from 33 squares since 1950 and additionally with the distribution of large Pinus sylvestris from 14 squares before 1950 (fig. 1). In 11 out plantations, the preferred habitat. of 47 squares the species is recorded in both Glischrochilus quadripunctatus can be periods. The distribution of G. quadripuncta¬ found all over the year (fig. 5) with two dis¬ tus is mainly confined to the southern, central tinct maxima from March-June and Septem- and eastern part of The Netherlands. ber-October. Audisio (1993) mentions the pe¬ Especially in Zuid-Limburg, the southern part riod April-November as the main activity of Noord-Brabant and on the Veluwe the spe¬ period of the adults, while larvae are present cies is not rare. From the western part of The from May-August. Ent. Ber., Amst. 56 (1996) 3

Glischrochilus hortensis (Fourcroy) in comparison with the other Glischrochilus (figs 2, 6) species, remarkable, taking in account the large number of records. Audisio (1993) mentions an is the most common activity period from April - October, with a re¬ and most widespread Glischrochilus from The productivity period from June - September. Netherlands. It is recorded from 96 squares since 1950 and additionally from 26 squares Glischrochilus quadriguttatus (Fabricius) prior to 1950 (fig. 2); in 19 squares it is record¬ (figs 3, 7) ed in both periods. Glischrochilus hortensis is the only Glischrochilus known from all Dutch Glischrochilus quadriguttatus is recorded provinces. from 29 squares since 1950 and additionally The distribution of G. hortensis comprises from 12 squares prior to 1950; in 5 squares it the Palaearctic region with the exception of is recorded in both periods. Glischrochilus the extreme north and south (map with quadriguttatus is mainly confined to the European distribution in Audisio, 1993). southern, eastern and central part of The Adults and larvae of G. hortensis are main¬ Netherlands. There are only three records ly reported from fermenting and decomposing from the western part of The Netherlands fruits and vegetables, decaying macrofungi (Domburg, 1909; Oostkapelle, 1948; Amster¬ and fermenting sap from damaged or (recent¬ dam, 1982) and two from the northern part ly) cut-off deciduous trees in or at the edges (Schipborg, 1988; Friesche Veen bij Paters- of deciduous forests (Koch, 1989; Audisio, wolde, 1994). Glischrochilus quadriguttatus 1993). The available Dutch data reflect this is known from all Dutch provinces except range of habitats: in macrofungi (fungi on soil Friesland, Groningen, Flevoland and Zuid- as on trees are included: eight times), in a de¬ Holland; despite the report from the last pro¬ caying Pinus sylvestris-tmnk (once), on fer¬ vince by Brakman (1966) we could not find menting sap of recently cut Betula- (once) and any material in the collections. Pmws-trunks (once), hibernating behind a The distribution area of G. quadriguttatus treeband around an apple tree (once), in and extends from Ireland in the west to the Ural under decaying roots of Brassica (once) and mountains in the east and from southern on ripe (twice). On several occa¬ Scandinavia to the north of the mediterranean sions flying specimens were observed; some¬ area (map in Audisio, 1993). Despite its large times these flights were observed to end unin- distribution area G. qudriguttatus seems to be tendedly in ditches (once). A very remarkable rather rare in Europe (Audisio, 1993), which is observation was the aggregation of about 15 also true for The Netherlands. specimens of G. hortensis under a dead Cara- Larvae and adults of G. quadriguttatus are bus- in the dunes of Cape Gris-Nez typically found on trunks of deciduous trees (France) on 24 September 1994 (B. van (many genera), where they mainly feed on fer¬ Maanen, personal communication). The distri¬ menting sap and, for a smaller part, on the lar¬ bution of the species in The Netherlands is in vae of xylophagous (Cossidae, Ceram- accordance with the wide range of observed bycidae, Buprestidae) (Koch, 1989; Audisio, habitats. A restriction to deciduous forests 1993). Adults are also frequently observed be¬ (Audisio, 1993) is not observed in The hind bark, feeding on subcortical fungi and on Netherlands, though G. hortensis is more of¬ fruitbodies of arboreal macrofungi. The occur¬ ten observed in or at the edges of forests (both rence behind bark of coniferous trees is rare. coniferous as deciduous) than in open country. Fermenting fruits, decomposing fruitbodies of Glischrochilus hortensis is recorded from terrestrial macrofungi and beer- and vinegar- March - September in The Netherlands with a traps are also very attractive for adult G. qua¬ maximum from April - June (fig. 6). The very driguttatus (Koch, 1989; Audisio, 1993). The few observations from October - February are, few Dutch data confirm the occurrence behind 4 Ent. Ber., Amst. 56 (1996)

Fig 1. Distribution of Glischrochilus quadripunctatus in Fig. 2. Distribution of Glischrochilus hortensis in The The Netherlands. Small dots: records prior to 1950; large Netherlands, dots: (also) records since 1950.

Fig. 3. Distribution of Glischrochilus quadriguttatus in Fig. 4. Distribution of Glischrochilus quadrisignatus in The Netherlands. The Netherlands. Ent. Ber., Amst. 56 (1996) 5

Drenthe: Odoom, Exloo, Witte Vledder, floating in canal, 9, 7.V.1983, J.G.M. Cuppen; Smilde, under Stance plants, 2 specimens, 17.viii.1986, Plantenziektenkundige Dienst; Anloo, Schipborg, bee-hive of synthetic material, 3 specimens, 18.x. 1988, Plantenziektenkundige Dienst; Beilen, Hooghalen, Heuvingerzand, fermenting sap on Betula-stump, 6 3, 4 9, 14.V.1994, J.G.M. Cuppen; Overijssel: Ootmarsum, mixed forest, 3, 9.x. 1979, J. Huijbregts (NNM); Gelderland: Buren, Erichemsewal, or¬ chard “De Goei”, behind tree-band, 9, 223.1994, L. Blommers; Noord-Brabant: Heeswijk-Dinther, in forest, 3,7-9.viii.1986, H.T. Edzes.

Glischrochilus quadrisignatus is recorded from 9 squares in six provinces since 1979 in the northern, eastern and central part of The Netherlands (fig. 4). Apart from the records in Friesland and most records in Drenthe all other data concern single migrating or hiber¬ nating specimens. 30 The original distribution area of G. quadri¬ 20 signatus comprised the central and eastern 10 part of North America. At present the distribu¬ 0 tion area of G. quadrisignatus comprises also J F M A M J J ASO ND Central and East Europe. The species is not Figs 5-7. Phenology (number of records) of known from Scandinavia, Great Britain, Fran¬ Glischrochilus in The Netherlands. 5, G. quadripuncta- ce and the mediterranean area. The slow west¬ tus\ 6, G. hortensis; 7, G. quadriguttatus. wards dispersal of G. quadrisignatus since its introduction near Berlin in 1948 is strikingly bark of deciduous trees (Populus x canadensis different from its fast dispersal in the south¬ Moench, once; Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertner, eastern direction. once; Fagus sylvatica, once). The species is Glischrochilus quadrisignatus, the picnic occasionally taken in flight and once, in num¬ beetle, can be found under the bark of decidu¬ bers, in a bee-hive consisting of synthetic ma¬ ous trees (especially Quercus sp.) and on the terial (together with G. quadrisignatus). fruitbodies of decaying macrofungi (Audisio, Glischrochilus quadriguttatus has been 1993). In North America it is often reported as found in The Netherlands from February - a serious pest in agriculture (especially cul¬ October with a clear maximum from March - tures of raspberries, strawberries, tomatoes June (fig. 7). The data are in agreement with and ) (Miller & Williams, 1981; Audi¬ Audisio (1993) who mentions March - October. sio, 1985). In Europe damage to crops seems to be less common. In general all decompos¬ ing material that releases ethanol seems to be Glischrochilus quadrisignatus (Say) attractive for G. quadrisignatus. In pitfall- (fig. 4) traps with ethanol the species is occasionally Material collected in large numbers (Wagner, 1993). The few Dutch data suggest that adults of Friesland: Ooststellingwerf, Appelscha, Ravenswoud, under Brassica turnips, 27 <3, 5 9, 12.V.1994, J.G.M. G. quadrisignatus can be found the whole year Cuppen; Weststellingwerf, Noordwolde, Zandhuizen, in¬ round. Audisio (1993) reports adults from side tent, 2 9, 14.viii. 1994, P. Poot; idem, 2 3, lO.viii. February - November. 1995, P. Poot; Groningen: Leek, Zevenhuizen, Haspeler- wijk, floating in canal, 9, 1 Fix.1983, J.G.M. Cuppen; 6 Ent. Ber., Amst. 56 (1996)

ptera, Nitidulidae). -Zastita Bilia 35 (4), hr 170: 357- Discussion 362. Bolter, C.J. & R.K. Stewart, 1991. A simple method Glischrochilus quadrisignatus was first disco¬ for distinguishing between female and male four-spot¬ vered in Europe near Berlin in 1948 (Spom- ted sap beetles, Glischrochilus quadrisignatus Say (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). - Proc. ent. Soc. Ont. 122: raft, 1972). However, the species was until re¬ 101-102. cently (Spomraft, 1992; Audisio, 1993) not Brakman, P.J., 1966. Lijst van Coleoptera uit Nederland included in the most often used identification en het omliggend gebied. - Monogrn ned. ent. Ver. 2: keys. During the revision of the Dutch Gli¬ i-x, 1-219. Jelinek, J., 1984. Glischrochilus quadrisignatus, an over¬ schrochilus material some recent records of G. looked species in Czechoslovakia (Coleoptera, quadrisignatus in Nordrhein-Westfalen close Nitidulidae). - Acta ent. bohemoslov. 81: 70-72. to the Dutch border were published by Wag¬ Huubregts, J. & J. Krikken, 1985. Overzicht van wijzi¬ ner (1993). The presence of G. quadrisignatus gingen in de lijst van Nederlandse kevers (1966-1984). in The Netherlands fairly well fits in the recent -Nieuwsbr. eur. invert. Surv. Ned. 16: 23-30. Huubregts, J. & J. Krikken, 1988. Aanvullingen op de extension of its distribution area. Since 1979 lijst van Nederlandse kevers (1985-1986). -Nieuwsbr. the species has been found on several occa¬ eur. invert. Surv. Ned. 18: 7-8. sions. The most common species of the genus Koch, K., 1989. Die Käfer Mitteleuropas, Ökologie 2: 5- Glischrochilus in The Netherlands was and is 382. Goecke & Evers, Krefeld. Koval, A.G., 1987. Glischrochilus quadrisignatus (Say) - G. hortensis. Glischrochilus quadripunctatus A Nitidulid beetle (Coleoptera, Nitidulidae) new to the and G. quadrisignatus are nowadays equally fauna of USSR, (in Russian). - Ent. Obozr. 66: 351 - common. Glischrochilus quadriguttatus is, li¬ 352. ke in the past, the rarest of the Dutch Glischro¬ Lindelow, A., B. Risberg & K. Sjodin, 1992. Attraction chilus species. during flight of scolytids and other bark and wood¬ dwelling beetles to volatiles from fresh and stored Glischrochilus quadrisignatus has a bad spruce wood. - Can. J. Forest Research 22: 224-228. reputation in North America being a pest in¬ Lompe, A., 1976. 282. (Col. div.)- Käfemeufunde für sect in especially fruit cultures and maize Schleswig-Holstein und das Niederelbegebiet. fields. Despite its great expansion in Europe, Bombus, Hamburg 2 (56): 223-224. Miller, K.V. & R.N. Williams, 1981. An annotated bi¬ damage to crops seems to be very rare. How¬ bliography of the genus Glischrochilus Reitter (Coleo¬ ever, with 7% of the country covered by ptera: Nitidulidae, ). - Ohio Agric. Res. monocultures of maize, the beetle may wait a Develop. Center Res. Circular 226: 1-65. fruitfull future. Nüssler, H., 1973. Zwei Neuheiten der sächsischen Käferfauna (Coccinellidae, Nitidulidae). - Ent. Nachr. 17: 11-13. Acknowledgements Schroeder, L.M., 1988. Attraction of the Tomicus piniperda and some other bark- and wood¬ The authors thank all persons and curators of institutes, living beetles to the host volatiles alpha-pinene and mentioned under material and methods, for the loan of ethanol. - Entomologia exp. appl. 46: 203-210. Glischrochilus specimens. Schroeder, L.M. & A. Lindelow, 1989. Attraction of scolytids and associated beetles by different absolute References amounts and proportions of alpha-pinene and ethanol. -J. Chem.Ecol. 15: 807-817. Audisio, P., 1980. Magyarorszâg Allatvilâga VIII. Kötet, Spornraft, K., 1972. Glischrochilus quadrisignatus Coleoptera III.9 Fiizet: Nitidulidae. - Faun. Hung. (Say), eine neue Adventivart für Mitteleuropa (Coleo¬ 140: 1-171. ptera, Nitidulidae). - NachrBl. bayer. Ent. 21: 54-58. Audisio, P., 1985. La minacciosa diffusione in Europa Spornraft, K., 1992. 50. Familie: Nitidulidae. In: Die meridionale di Glischrochilus quadrisignatus (Say, Käfer Mitteleuropas (G.A. Lohse & W. Lucht eds) 13: 1835) (Col. Nitidulidae). - Frustula Ent., N.S. 6 (19): 91-110. Goecke & Evers, Krefeld. 369-378. Wagner, Th., 1993. Revision rheinischer Käfemach- Audisio, P., 1990. Prime segnalazioni in Italia di weise nach dem zweiten Supplementband zu den Glischrochilus quadrisignatus sulle colture orticole e Käfern Mitteleuropas. Teil II: Nitidulidae, Katere¬ frutticole. - Informatore fitopatol. 5: 27-28. tidae, Rhizophagidae, Cucujidae (Ins., Col.). - Mitt. Audisio, P., 1993. Coleoptera Nitidulidae - Kateretidae. - Arb.gern. Rhein. Koleopterologen (Bonn) 3: 99-110. Fauna Ital. 32: i-xvi, 1-971. Balarin, I., 1984. Novi clan stetne entomofaune Jugo- slavije. Glischrochilus quadrisignatus (Say) (Coleo¬ Accepted 13.ix. 1995.