Downloaded from Bioscientifica.Com at 09/25/2021 10:48:16PM Via Free Access
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
25 2 Endocrine-Related C Guerin et al. MEN2 and non-MEN2 PHEO 25:2 T15–T28 Cancer and HPTH THEMATIC REVIEW Looking beyond the thyroid: advances in the understanding of pheochromocytoma and hyperparathyroidism phenotypes in MEN2 and of non-MEN2 familial forms Carole Guerin1, Pauline Romanet2, David Taieb3, Thierry Brue4, André Lacroix5, Frederic Sebag1, Anne Barlier2 and Frederic Castinetti4 1Department of Endocrine Surgery, Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France 2Department of Molecular Biology, Aix Marseille University, CNRS UMR 7286, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France 3Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, La Timone Hospital, Marseille, France 4Department of Endocrinology, Aix Marseille University, CNRS UMR7286, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France 5Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Correspondence should be addressed to F Castinetti: [email protected] This paper is part of a thematic review section on 25 Years of RET and MEN2. The guest editors for this section were Lois Mulligan and Frank Weber. Abstract Over the last years, the knowledge of MEN2 and non-MEN2 familial forms of Key Words pheochromocytoma (PHEO) has increased. In MEN2, PHEO is the second most frequent f pheochromocytoma disease: the penetrance and age at diagnosis depend on the mutation of RET. Given f hyperparathyroidism the prevalence of bilateral PHEO (50% by age 50), adrenal sparing surgery, aimed f multiple endocrine at sparing a part of the adrenal cortex to avoid adrenal insufficiency, should be neoplasia systematically considered in patients with bilateral PHEO. Non-MEN2 familial forms of PHEO now include more than 20 genes: however, only small phenotypic series have been reported, suggesting that phenotypic features of isolated hereditary PHEO must be better explored, and follow-up series are needed to better understand the outcome of patients carrying mutations of these genes. The first part of this review will mainly focus on these points. In the second part, a focus will be given on MEN2 and non-MEN2 familial forms of hyperparathyroidism (HPTH). Again, the management of MEN2 HPTH should be aimed at curing the disease while preserving an optimal quality of life by a tailored parathyroidectomy. The phenotypes and outcome of MEN1-, MEN4- and HRPT2- related HPTH are briefly described, with a focus on the most recent literature data and is Endocrine-Related Cancer compared with familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. (2018) 25, T15–T28 Introduction The majority of the studies published on MEN2 focused outcome if undiagnosed or inappropriately treated (Wells on medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), as it represents the et al. 2013). However, in familial cases with early genetic first manifestation of the disease and can lead to a fatal diagnosis, the guidelines recommend prophylactic http://erc.endocrinology-journals.org © 2018 Society for Endocrinology https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-17-0266 Published by Bioscientifica Ltd. Printed in Great Britain Downloaded from Bioscientifica.com at 09/25/2021 10:48:16PM via free access 10.1530/ERC-17-0266 Endocrine-Related C Guerin et al. MEN2 and non-MEN2 PHEO 25:2 T16 Cancer and HPTH Table 1 Main characteristics of cluster 2 hereditary pheochromocytomas. Familial PPGL with TMEM127 gene Familial PPGL with Disease Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 Neurofibromatosis type 1 mutation MAX gene mutation Gene RET NF1 TMEM127 MAX Chromosomal 10q11.21 17q11.2 2q11.2 14q23.3 locus Gene function proto-oncogene tumor suppressor gene tumor suppressor tumor suppressor gene gene Genetic activating mutation inactivating mutation inactivating inactivating Mechanism mutation mutation Inheritance AD AD AD AD Phenotype Multiple Endocrine Multiple Endocrine Neurofibromas (95%), Single or bilateral Bilateral PHEO, Neoplasia type 2A Neoplasia type 2B café au lait spots (90%), PHEO (30–50%); thoraco-abdominal MTC (100%), PHEO MTC (100%), iris hamartomas (90%), PGL (0–4%), renal PGL, renal (50%), primary HPTH PHEO (50%), bony lesion, skinfold cell carcinoma, oncocytoma (25%), notalgia marfanoid freckling (80%), optic C cell hyperplasia habitus, mucosal pathway tumor (15%). neuromas PHEO (0, 1–10%) Secretion Both metanephrins and normetanephrins Both metanephrins and Mainly Mainly profile normetanephrins metanephrins normetanephrins secretion secretion PHEO Rare <10% Rare <25% malignancy AD, autosomal dominant; HPTH, hyperparathyroidism; MTC, medullary thyroid carcinoma; PHEO, pheochromocytoma; PGL, paraganglioma; PPGL, pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. thyroidectomy leading to the absence of residual thyroid MEN2 PHEO disease (Wells et al. 2015). Thus, the chronic disease risk Epidemiology and genetics of MEN2 is the development of pheochromocytoma PHEO is the second most frequent disease in patients (PHEO), and less frequently of hyperparathyroidism with MEN2. It is usually diagnosed in the 3rd–4th decade (HPTH). The aim of this review is first to detail the main (Nguyen et al. 2001). Even if some reports mentioned characteristics and the management of MEN2 PHEO and the possibility of PHEO first, with a delayed appearance then to define the main other etiologies of hereditary of MTC, PHEO is diagnosed concomitantly or after the bilateral PHEO (Table 1). A similar review will be made diagnosis of MTC in the very large majority of cases. Imai for HPTH. and coworkers reported that 17% of their 144 MEN2 patients were actually diagnosed with PHEO before MTC Pheochromocytoma in MEN2 and non-MEN2 (Imai et al. 2013), however, calcitonin measurement familial forms was not systematically performed, nor, obviously PHEO are neuroendocrine tumors arising from adrenal thyroidectomy, and it is thus not sure that these patients medulla cells. Paragangliomas (PGL) originate form indeed had normal C-cells at the time of PHEO diagnosis. sympathetic or parasympathetic paraganglia; they have The penetrance and age at diagnosis of PHEO in rarely been reported in MEN2 patients (less than 1% MEN2 seems to be dependent on the RET mutation. in our series of 1210 patients with MEN2) (Castinetti For instance, Imai and coworkers reported that the et al. 2014), but constitute a unique entity together penetrance of PHEO was 52% by age 50 years in with PHEO in other hereditary forms. Management codon 634 RET mutation carriers, while it was 36% at of pheochromocytoma requires highly-specialized last follow-up in patients with mutations other than teams: pre-operative management should be aimed at codons 634 and 918 (Imai et al. 2013). In our large normalizing blood pressure and heart rate, based on series based on 563 individuals presenting with MEN2 alpha-adrenergic receptor blockers, high sodium diet PHEO, while 60% patients with 634-RET mutations had and fluid intake, 7–14 days before surgery, with a careful at least one PHEO at last follow-up (median age at first monitoring of blood pressure, as stated by the Endocrine diagnosis, 35 years), less than 20% of patients carrying Society guidelines (Lenders et al. 2014). with RET exon 10 mutations presented with PHEO at http://erc.endocrinology-journals.org © 2018 Society for Endocrinology https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-17-0266 Published by Bioscientifica Ltd. Printed in Great Britain Downloaded from Bioscientifica.com at 09/25/2021 10:48:16PM via free access Endocrine-Related C Guerin et al. MEN2 and non-MEN2 PHEO 25:2 T17 Cancer and HPTH age 35 years (Castinetti et al. 2014). A strong genotype/ multifocal in the same adrenal gland (Korpershoek et al. phenotype correlation thus exists for PHEO penetrance 2014). Symptoms of catecholamine oversecretion can be in MEN2 patients. However, we recently reported that already seen at the stage of hyperplasia. The development the penetrance of PHEO in MEN2 was variable depending of PHEO in MEN2 is usually progressive, and bilateral on the geographic area, with an age at first diagnosis of PHEO are not always synchronous: metachronous PHEO PHEO significantly higher in South America than that have been reported in up to 25% cases after a mean period in Europe (Castinetti et al. 2017). The American Thyroid of 5–10 years (Thosani et al. 2013, Castinetti et al. 2014), Association (ATA) guidelines recommended screening requiring a prolonged follow-up after the first surgery. for PHEO beginning at 11 years for children in the ATA- Positive diagnosis is based on increased plasma or urinary high and highest risk (RET codons 634, 883 and 918) and fractionated metanephrine and normetanephrine (Bravo 16 years in the ATA-moderate risk (all the other codons) & Tagle 2003, Eisenhofer et al. 2011). Imaging should be (Wells et al. 2015). Of note, one case report described the performed only when biochemistry becomes positive. occurrence of PHEO in an 8-year-old boy carrying a 634 RET codon mutation (Rowland et al. 2013). Imaging Interestingly, in MEN2, patients within the same Once the biochemical diagnosis is established, the PHEO family, i.e. carrying the same mutation and theoretically needs to be localized. The commonest approach for exposed to the same environment, can present a different localizing PHEO is to perform anatomical imaging studies. penetrance of PHEO (absence, unilateral or bilateral): Although CT is a radiation-ionizing diagnostic imaging, it this might be