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ISSN:2456:4354 Review Article

UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPT OF SHUKRA DHATU Dr. Shrinivasraddi G.V1. Dr. Prashanth A.S2 1PG Scholar, 2Prof and Head, P.G Dept. Of Kayachikitsa, Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Hubballi.

ABSTRACT In Ayurvedic Science the one who has balanced Doshas, balanced , properly formed Dhatus, proper elimination of Malas, well-functioning of bodily processes and whose mind, soul, senses are full of bliss is called a healthy person1.So the formation of dhatu also good indicative good health there are seven dhatus explained in Samhitas, those are Rasa, Rakta, Mamsa ,Meda, Ashti, Majja and Shukra2 among all dhatus, Shukra is considered as the sara of all other dhatus. Shukra is located in entire body and it is the substance which is responsible for all systemic body activities including metabolic functions and part of which comes out of the body at the time of sexual act and performs specific functions of reproduction. KEY WORDS:Shukra dhatu,,Shukra utpatti, Rupadravya, Shukra karma.

INTRODUCTION From the Dhatu “Shuch” the word Shukra dhatu: „Shukra‟ is derived which means According to Ayurveda, Shukra is the cleanliness or Kledana. Then it is terminal tissue element of the body. It joining with “ran” pratyaya with the is considered as the Sara of all other use of Sutra “Rijendragravcceti”and Dhatus. makes the word „Shukra‟. Grammatical Consideration: “Shukram kli (Shuch klete + Grammatically the word „Shukra‟ is Rijendragravcceti una iti ran pratyyen derived as follows: sadhu.)”3

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The derived word Shukra is having body” and “ejaculatory silvery white multiple meanings. substance” appears to be most They include: relevant and acceptable. Bright, White, Resplendent It is clarified from the following Definition: reference: Shukra is the substance which is 1)“Aharasya param dhamam Shukram responsible for all systemic body tadrakshya atmanam.” 4 activities including metabolic functions Synonyms of Shukra: and part of which comes out of the Pumsatvam (Manliness), Paurusam body at the time of sexual act and (Vritility) Beejam (Sperm), Retas performs specific functions of (Semen), Veeryam (Potency), Tejah reproduction. Various lexicographers (Resplendid), Anand Samudhbhav have elucidated definition of word (Born out of pleasure),Majja “SHUKRA” according to different Samudbhava (Derived from marrow), contexts, Kitta Varjitam (contains no waste 1. A name of fire. materials), Majjarasa (Essence of 2. The (Shukra graha). Marrow), Balam (Strength) 3. Preceptor of . Dhaturasa, Roopadravya. 4. A disease of the eye. Panchamahabhautic 5. Silvery white substance that is Composition:- ejaculated Acharya Charaka considers that Shukra 6. The substance which is white and is composed of all the Bhuta except potent. Akasha Mahabhuta i.e. , Agni, 7. A very pure and taintless substance. Jala and Pruthvi5. Chakrapani clarifies 8. Seventh Dhatu of the body. that Akasha Mahabhuta also dwells in 9. Gold. Shukra due to its pervasive nature but 10. Tree of Ricinus communis. during the ejaculation this Mahabhuta Among all of these, “seventh Dhatu of is absent in the Shukra and thus the body”, “ejaculatory silvery white supports the Charaka statement.6 substance” and “disease of eye” are According to Acharya Sushruta, Shukra related to Ayurveda. But in present is principally Saumya (Jala Mahabhuta) context the “Seventh Dhatu of the as well as other Mahabhuta are also

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present in it, which can be proved by Production Shukra from Soma: their function. Pruthvi, Jala, Agni, Vayu As described earlier Bhautic origin of and Akasha perform the functions Shukra is considered to be Soma or Dharana (to hold), Samhanana Jala mahabhuta13.As Soma or Jala (binding), Parinama (metamorphosis), mahabhuta is the predominant basic Vyuha (blow), Avakasha (spatial element from which Kapha is derived. provision) respectively.7 So it can be said that Shukra has Embryological origin: originated from Jala or Soma According to Acharya Charaka, Shukra mahabhuta. is considered as Pitruja Bhava.8 Production of Shukra from Majja Doshik configuration: Dhatu: Acharya Vagbhatta stated Shukra as Shukra is seventh in order of Sapta Ashraya Sthana of Kapha Dosha.9 Dhatu and is quoted to be produced Rasa of Shukra: from evaluative metamorphosis of As per Acharya Charaka, Shukra Dhatu Majja Dhatu14 by the action of contains all the Shadrasa.10 Shukradhatvagni on Majja Dhatu. Shukra is one of vital spots of life: Shukra is produced from prasada Shukra Dhatu is one of Pranayatanas bhaga of Majja Dhatu15. Vayu and of Sharira.11 Akasa. Mahabhuta produce porosity in Shukra is one and ultimate Dhatu Asthi Dhatu. From this pores, Shukra of body: oozes out like water from a new In order of the Dhatu Utpatti, Shukra earthen pot and spreads all over is seventh and last Dhatu of the body body16. as an essence of all Dhatu. Shukra is Production of Shukra from Ahara produced as a result of successive Rasa: evaluative metamorphosis of Ahara Begining from Rasa Dhatu upto Shukra Rasa. all the Dhatu are produced in a fashion Quantity of Shukra: of progressive evolutive Quantity of Shukra in human body is metamorphosis. This means that Rasa half Anjali.12 Dhatu is basically produced from Physiological Consideration Of Ahara rasa which is ingested by the Shukra action of Jatharagni. Rasa Dhatu gets

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converted into Rakta Dhatu and so on. Dhatu converts itself completely to the Previous Dhatu is precursor to next Shukra Dhatu. This phenomenon is and higher by the action of respective exemplified by explaining the dhatvagni in it. So from Majja Dhatu, conversion of milk (Kshira) in to curd Shukra Dhatu is produced.17,18,19 (Dadhi), Dadhi in to Navnita and lastly The mode of conversion of Ahara rasa Navnita in to Ghrita. Acharya into Shukra is explained by three Arunadatta has also mentioned Ek Kala hypotheses namely - Dhatu Poshana Nyaya in his 1. Ksiradadhi Nyaya, commentary on Astanga Hridaya hold 2. Khalekapota Nyaya, the opinion that all Dhatu are 3. Kedarakulya Nyaya simultaneously nourished by the Ahara According to Kedarikulya Nyaya Rasa. each Dhatu is nourishing by Ahara Time Required For Production Of Rasa individually in the sequence, the Shukra Dhatu: same way as one single canal supplies Sushrutaacharya says that water to all plants, planted in rows. nearly one month is required for Khalekapota Nyaya explains different metamorphosis of ahara rasa on to pattern for the same. Khala means Shukra. Vagbhataacharya quoted all nest and Kapota means pegion. As the the view of different authors, either it pegion fly from the fields with food may take twenty four hours or six days grains towards their respective nests, or one month. Chakrapani has the pegion whose nest would be correlated all the above opinions and nearer would reach earlier. In the brought the concept according to similar fashion, the nearest Dhatu status of Dhatvagni. would get nutrition earlier in According to Cakrapani, if dhatvagni is comparision to the distal Dhatu from at optimum level, then process of the Ahara Rasa. Shukra production occurs at speed of In Kshiradadhi Nyaya, the Ahara 'Archi' and produced within eight days. Rasa converts itself into Rasa Dhatu, If dhatvagni is at moderate level, then Rasa Dhatu converts in to Rakta Shukra nirmana takes place at the Dhatu as a whole with help of the speed of ' Shabda' and produces concerned Agni. In the end Majja Shukra Dhatu within two to three

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. If Dhatvagni is at mild level, The production of ShukraDhatu from the process of Shukra production takes Ahara rasa and the time taken for it place at the speed of 'Jala' and it takes has been already explained production one month21. of shukra from soma,majjadhatu and 1 Month: Kshiradadhi nyaya , 6 day: from ahara rasa . Cakrapani clarified Kedarikullya nyaya , 1 day, the different opinions regarding the Immediately: Khalekapota nyaya time taken for production of Shukra as Upadhatu of Shukra Dhatu: follows. The time for transformation of Sharangadhara has mentioned Ojas as tissue elements depends on Agni. As Upadhatu of Shukra22. described by Sushruta in the context Shukra Mala: of movement of Rasa three grades of Ojas.23 speed can be imagined for the Physiological Stages of Formation transformation: of Shukra: a) Waves of water (Jala), b) Waves of From the above descriptions the sound (Shabda), c) Waves of Fire/ formation of Shukra may be light (Arci) understood in different stages. On the The transformation take place in slow basis of following explanations of speed as of water wave in the case of Chakrapani24 and Dalhana the power of Agni is less, in moderate formation of Shukra can be divided speed as of sound wave in a better into the following stages. status of Agni and will be fastest as 1. Shukrajanana (production of that of light in the excellent status of Shukra) Agni. A. Production of Shukra Dhatu The Shukra Dhatu formed by the (pervaded all over the body and evolutionary metamorphosis of Shukra invisible) pervades all over the body in the B. Transformation of Shukra Dhatu Shukradhara Kala. Shukradhara Kala into Rupadravya (visible) performs the following functions. 2. Shukra pravartana (Ejaculation 1. Abode for the pervading Shukra of Shukra – Rupa dravya) Dhatu. : It holds and provides the A. Production of Shukra Dhatu: abode for performing the whole body (Sarvadaihika) functions of Shukra.

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2. Helps further transformation of even), Prasanna - Snigdha- Shukra Dhatu into Rupadravya varnasara(pleasant - unctuous voice Transformation of ShukraDhatu and complexion), Bhrajisnuta (dazzling into Rupadravya: appearance), Mahaspica (large The ejaculated part of Shukra is buttocks), Stri-priya (loved bywomen), termed as Rupadravya25. It is the only Upabhoga balavana (virile), Sukha visible part of the Shukra Dhatu. The (endowed with happiness), Aishwarya formation of the “Rupadravya” takes (prosperity), Arogya (health), Vitta place in the Vrishana, the Moolasthana (money), Sammana (honour), of Shukravaha Strotas. Apatyabahula (many offspring). Explusion of Rupadravya: Feature of Ejaculatory (Retas) The formed Rupadravya is expelled Part: out from the tip of the Sepha (penis) Shukra is the representative principle by physical, physiological and of (Roopadravya) of Visvarupa (Atma) psychological varieties of stimuli. in human body. To achieve this Characters of Shukra: Visvarupa (Sharirarupa), Shukra is There are two important features of principal cause for it. As Shukra is also Shukra namely: covert form, but this Shukra trickles 1. Sarva Sariragata Shukra down during copulation between a 2. Functions of Ejaculatory or man and woman, caused by Chesta Rupadravya. (physical stimulus), Sankalpa (desire), Feature of Sarva Shariragata and Pidana (stimulation of erogenous Shukra: 26 area of body). The attributes of Shukra Sara As a result of Harsa (stimulation individual can be considered as (harsa), Tarsa (longing for women) Sarvasariragata Shukra Saumya Sarattva (fliuidity), Picchilata (gentleman), Saumyapreksinaha (slimness), Gaurava (heaviness), (gentlelook), Ksirapurnalocana (eyes Anuttva (automicity), Prvanattva appearing filled with milk), Praharsha (tendency to flow out) and Drutattvat bahula (cheerfulness), Snigdha- Marutasya ((pace of motion of Vata) vrittasamhata-Dasanaha (teeth which covert Shukra is ejaculated out of body are unctuous, round, strong, dense, as Roopadravya or Semen.

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Shukra dhara kala: A concept of Strotas is unique It is the seventh Kala and is pervaded contribution of Ayurveda to medical in the entire body of living beings. system. Strotas are minute hollow Shukra pervades all over body in pathways or passages through which Shukradhara Kala in such a way ghrita Parinamita Dhatus are transported is present in milk and iksu rasa present across body. Any Vikriti in Strotas in iksu. Shukradhara Kala is not an leads to diseases. All the Brihatrayis anatomical entity present in body, but have mentioned Shukravaha Strotas. is a physiological phenomenon taking Acharyas have differently opined about place in males, which has two main the Moolasthana (root) of Shukravaha functions, Strotas. It can be explained as under. Shukravaha strotas: Charaka Sushruta Astanga Samgraha Vrishna Sthana Mushka Shepha Vrishna Sthana ,majja

PHYSICAL CHARACTERS OF SHUKRA DHATU 27 Characteristics Charaka Sushruta Astanga Astang Hrdaya Sangraha A. Colour 1.Shukla 1. Taila Nibham 1.Shuklam white) 1. Shuklam (white) 2.Kshaudranibham 2.Ghrita (white) (resembling oil or tailakshoudra 2.Ghritamakshika Honey) anyatamavarna tailabham (resembling (resembling ghee, oil ghee, or honey etc.) honey or oil)

B. Taste 2.Madhuram 3. Madhuram 3. Madhuram 4. Madhuram (Sweet)

C. Smell 3.Avisram 4. Madhugandhi ----- (not having (smell of honey) 4. Madhungadhi bad odour)

D.Consistency 4. Bahalam- 5. Dravam (fluid) 5. Saumyam 5. Guru (heavy) (thick) 6. Snigdham (Jala 6. Snigdham 5. (unctuous) predominant) (unctuous) Snighdham 7. Sphatikabham 6. Snigdham 7. Bahalam (unctuous) (crystalloid in (unctuous) (thick)

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6. Guru appearance) 7. Guru (heavy) 8. Bahu (Large (heavy) (Su.Sha.2/11) 8. Pichcchilam quantity) 7. (Slimy) Pichcchilam 9. Bahu (large (slimy) amount) 8. Bahu 10.Bahalam (large in (thick) quantity) (Cha.Chi.2- 4/50) 9. Ghanam (dense) 10. Sphatika sannibham (crystalloid) [Cha.Chi. 30/145] 11. Sarattvam

SHUKRAVAHA DHAMANI:28 Sushruta Acharya explains There are two pairs of Shukravaha Shukraharini. dhamanis, out of which one pair does Functions of Shukra: Shukra pradurbhava, others do Besides the prime function of Shukravisarga. reproduction, Shukra possesses other SHUKRAVAHA SIRAS:29 functions too, which can be grouped There is one pair of Shukravaha Sira, as under - filling of which with blood facilitates (1) Sarvadaihika i.e., systemic function erection of penis, enables to have (2) Maithunagata i.e., related with sexual intercourse. sexual act SHUKRAVAHA NADI: (3) Rupa Dravyagata i.e., functions For the ejaculation of semen to the out related to seminal fluid of body, there is Shukravaha nadi. Explanation of this nadi is available in Charaka Samhita. In the context of 1) Sarvadaihika - Systemic Shukrashmari, Charakacharya Function: mentioned Shukra kshaya and The Shukradhara Kala is said to pervade the whole body and hence,

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the Shukra is spread throughout the imparted to Shukra. Madhura rasa of body just as ghee in milk and jaggery Shukra is due to fructose of the in sugarcane juice. This Shukra seminal plasma. pH of the semen may performs certain functions like- be referred to the term Avidahi of Dhairyam,Dehabalam,Ojoposaka etc Shukra i.e., not causing burning 2) Maithunagata Karma-Functions sensation during ejaculation indicating Related Sexual Behaviour: neither acidic pH, nor highly alkaline. The functions of Shukra pertaining to Normal consistency of shukra is the sexual act are not par independent indicated by the characters like Drava to the Sarvadaihika Shukra and these (liquid), Picchila (viscous), Snigdha are –Priti, Chyavan, Harsha etc., (unctuous) and Sara (fluid) due to DISCUSSION various constituents of seminal Shukra is the Param Sara of ahara plasma. rasa. The function attributed to Shukra Majja Dhatu is responsible for Dhatu as well as the semen is Shukrotapatti, this may be justified by Garbhotpadana. Because of the Erythropoisis, which takes places in similarities in the qualities as well as Red Bone Marrow along with the functions of both Shukra and the Leucopoiesis; this is having same semen, as explained below, the Shukra bearing on the Shukrotapatti. The cells mentioned in Ayurveda can be of the sertoli or substentacular cells of compared easily to that of semen of seminiferous tubules may be getting modern medicine. some stimulus from the Majja dhatu. Sphatikabham indicates the Thus the latter may be responsible for colour of semen which is white and the production of shukra. The sperm translucent. Bahala and Bahu indicate and semen are produced in the testes the adequate volume of semen and and accessory sexual glands. They are the sperm count respectively. In transported to the vagina through the Modern Medicine also, it is told that penis. Thus Shukra vaha Srotas can be the sperm count should be more than correlated with the Sperm- Semen 20 million with adequate volume and producing and transporting system. motility to get a progeny. Madhugandhi is the special odour CONCLUSION

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Shukra is the substance which is 5. Charaka samhita of Agnivesha, responsible for all systemic body By Vaidya H.C.Kushwaha Edited with activities including metabolic functions „Ayurveda Deepika‟ Hindi Commentary, and part of which comes out of the 1st volume, Chaukhamba Orientalia, body at the time of sexual act and Varanasi.2016 Shareer sthana performs specific functions of 2ndchapter, shloka no.4, page no-749. reproduction .It is considered as 6. Charaka samhita of Agnivesha, essence of all dhatus. and contents all By Vaidya Yadavji Trikamji Acharya panchaboutika components,it is Edited with „Ayurveda Deepika‟ Hindi sarvadaihika. Hence its level in body Commentary by Sri Cakrapanidatta, has to be maintained very carefully by Chaukhamba Surbharati consuming nourishing foods, leading a Prakashana,Varanasi.Shareer sthana healthy life and practicing healthy 2ndchapter, shloka no.4, page no-301. sexual life. 7. Sushruta Samhita, Dr Anant REFERENCE Ram Sharma, Susruta Vimarsini Hindi 1. Sushruta Samhita, Dr Anant commentary Varanasi Chaukhamba Ram Sharma, Susruta Vimarsini Hindi Surbharati Prakashana Varanasi 2nd commentary Varanasi Chaukhamba volume Shareera sthana chapter no 3rd Surbharati Prakashana Varanasi 1st sloka no 3 page no 29. volume Sutrasthana chapte5r no 15th 8. Charaka samhita of Agnivesha, sloka no 47 page no 130. By Vaidya H.C.Kushwaha Edited with 2. Astanga Hrudaya Sutrasthana, „Ayurveda Deepika‟ Hindi Commentary, by Dr T Sreekumar English translation 1st volume, Chaukhamba Orientalia, & Commentary 1st volume chapter No Varanasi.2016 Shareer sthana 3rd 1st sloka no 13 page no 38. chapter, shloka no.7, page no-772. 3. Shabdhakalpadruma 5th part 9. Astanga Hrudaya Sutrasthana, 4. Charaka samhita of Agnivesha, by Dr T Sreekumar English translation By Vaidya H.C.Kushwaha Edited with & Commentary 1st volume chapter No „Ayurveda Deepika‟ Hindi Commentary, 11 sloka no 26 page no 297. 1st volume, Chaukhamba Orientalia, 10. Charaka samhita of Agnivesha, Varanasi.2016 Nidana sthana 6th By Vaidya H.C.Kushwaha Edited with chapter, shloka no.9, page no-565. „Ayurveda Deepika‟ Hindi Commentary,

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1st volume, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi.2012 Chikitsa sthana 15th Varanasi.2016 Shareer sthana 2nd chapter, shloka no.15, page no-382. chapter, shloka no.4, page no-749. 16. Charaka samhita of Agnivesha, 11. Charaka samhita of Agnivesha, By Vaidya H.C.Kushwaha Edited with By Vaidya H.C.Kushwaha Edited with „Ayurveda Deepika‟ Hindi Commentary, „Ayurveda Deepika‟ Hindi Commentary, 2nd volume, Chaukhamba Orientalia, 1st volume, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi.2012 Chikitsa sthana 15th Varanasi.2016 Sutra sthana 29th chapter, shloka no.32-35, page no387. chapter, shloka no.3, page no-482. 17. Charaka samhita of Agnivesha, 12. Charaka samhita of Agnivesha, By Vaidya H.C.Kushwaha Edited with By Vaidya H.C.Kushwaha Edited with „Ayurveda Deepika‟ Hindi Commentary, „Ayurveda Deepika‟ Hindi Commentary, 2nd volume, Chaukhamba Orientalia, 1st volume, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi.2012 Chikitsa sthana 15th Varanasi.2016 Shareer sthana 7th chapter, shloka no.16, page no-383. chapter, shloka no.15, page no-849. 18. Sushruta Samhita, Dr Anant 13. Sushruta Samhita, Dr Anant Ram Sharma, Susruta Vimarsini Hindi Ram Sharma, Susruta Vimarsini Hindi commentary Varanasi Chaukhamba commentary Varanasi Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashana Varanasi 1st Surbharati Prakashana Varanasi 2nd volume Sustasthana chapter no 14th volume Shareera sthana chapter no 3rd sloka no 10 page no 103. sloka no 3 page no 29. 19. Astanga Hrudaya, Vidyotini 14. Charaka samhita of Agnivesha, Hindi Commentary by Kaviraja By Vaidya H.C.Kushwaha Edited with Atrideva Gupta, Chaukhambha „Ayurveda Deepika‟ Hindi Commentary, Prakashana 2016 edition, 2nd volume, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Shareerasthana 3rd chapter sloka no Varanasi.2012 Chikitsa sthana 15th 62, page no 257. chapter, shloka no.16, page no-383. 20. Astanga Hrudaya, Vidyotini 15. Charaka samhita of Agnivesha, Hindi Commentary by Kaviraja By Vaidya H.C.Kushwaha Edited with Atrideva Gupta, Chaukhambha „Ayurveda Deepika‟ Hindi Commentary, Prakashana 2016 edition, 2nd volume, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Shareerasthana 3rd chapter sloka no 65-66, page no 258.

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21. Charaka samhita of Agnivesha, 2nd volume, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi.2012 Chikitsa sthana 2/4th By Vaidya Yadavji Trikamji Acharya pada chapter, shloka no.46-49, page Edited with „Ayurveda Deepika‟ Hindi no-66. 26. Dr Abhinav Rathore- Clinical Commentary by Sri Cakrapanidatta, Management of Ksheen Shukra Chaukhamba Surbharati (Oligospermia) W.S.P to Ardhamatrika and Tritiya Baladi Vrishya Yapana Basti Prakashana,Varanasi.Chikitsa sthana – A Comparative Study, Ayurveda 15th chapter, shloka no.16, page no- Mahavidyalaya Hubballi, RGUHS Bangalore-2011 514. 27. Dr.Vinish Kumar Gupta- 22. Sarngadhara Samhita of Akarakarabhadi , in Kshipra Sarngadharacarya, English Translation Munchan of Shukragata Vata- by Dr.G.Prabhakar Rao,Chaukhambha Premature Ejaculation, Akandananda Publication New Delhi,purvakanda 5th Ayurveda college, Ahmedabad, GAU, chapter 16th sloka page no page no Jamnagar, Gujarat, 2009. 23. 28. Sushruta Samhita, Dr Anant 23. Astanga Hrudaya, Vidyotini Ram Sharma, Susruta Vimarsini Hindi Hindi Commentary by Kaviraja Atrideva Gupta, Chaukhambha commentary Varanasi Chaukhamba Prakashana 2016 edition, Surbharati Prakashana Varanasi 2nd Shareerasthana 3rd chapter sloka no 63, page no 258. volume Shareera sthana chapter no 9, 24. Charaka samhita of Agnivesha, sloka no 7 page no 120. By Vaidya Yadavji Trikamji Acharya Edited with „Ayurveda Deepika‟ Hindi 29. Sushruta Samhita, Dr Anant Commentary by Sri Cakrapanidatta, Ram Sharma, Susruta Vimarsini Hindi Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashana,Varanasi.Chikitsa sthana commentary Varanasi Chaukhamba 2nd chapter 4th pada, shloka no.51, Surbharati Prakashana Varanasi 2nd page no-398. 25. Charaka samhita of Agnivesha, volume Shareera sthana chapter no 2, By Vaidya H.C.Kushwaha Edited with sloka no 45 page no 25. „Ayurveda Deepika‟ Hindi Commentary,

Corresponding author: Source of Support: NIL Dr. Shrinivasraddi G.V. Conflict of Interest : None declared PG Scholar, Dept. Of Kayachikitsa, Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Hubballi. Email: [email protected]

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